Gibt es ein Europäisches Verwaltungsrecht?

Der Beitrag schildert an Beispielen aus der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs (EuGH), wie sich ausgehend von der Regel, dass jeder Mitgliedstaat das Gemeinschaftsrecht nach eigenem nationalstaatlichen Verwaltungsrecht vollzieht (sog. Vollzugskompetenz der Mitgliedstaaten) in den letzten Jahren gleichwohl Ansätze eines gemeinsamen Europäischen Verwaltungsrechts entwickelt haben. Hierbei werden zunächst die Wirkungsweisen des Effektivitätsgebotes und des Diskriminierungsverbotes erläutert, die als Grund legende Prinzipen dem nationalen Verwaltungsvollzug zugrunde liegen müssen. Daneben erläutert der Beitrag als weitere systematische Grundstrukturen, die für eine gleichmäßige Anwendung des Verwaltungsrechts in allen Mitgliedstaaten kennzeichnend sind, exemplarisch den Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit, den Grundsatz des Vertrauensschutzes und den Grundsatz der Rechtssicherheit. Im Fazit konstatiert der Verfasser eine durch den EuGH forcierte Rechtsfortbildung, die sich deutlich in Richtung auf ein sich ständig verdichtendes Europäisches Verwaltungsrecht weiterentwickelt.

Politique étrangère suisse

Le conseiller fédéral Didier Burkhalter a pris la direction du Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE). – Le parlement a octroyé un crédit de 11.35 milliards de francs pour la coopération internationale 2013-2016. – Le Conseil fédéral a activé la clause de sauvegarde envers les Etats de l’UE-8. – Les questions institutionnelles ont continué à bloquer les relations bilatérales avec l’UE. – L’Allemagne et les Etats-Unis ont maintenu la pression sur la place financière suisse lors des négociations d’accords de double-imposition. – Le peuple a refusé l’initiative de l’ASIN « La parole au peuple ! ». – La Suisse a pris position sur le conflit syrien en instaurant des sanctions contre le régime. – La Suisse a fêté ses 10 ans d’adhésion à l’ONU et a reçu son secrétaire général Ban Ki-Moon. – La Suisse a accueilli à Berne le Prix Nobel de la Paix Aung San Suu Kyi et a ouvert une ambassade au Myanmar.

Les Antilles et la représentation de l'espace transatlantique chez Maryse Condé

Si Maryse Condé, écrivain française originaire de la Guadeloupe, semble s’être sentie chez elle dans l’ensemble du monde atlantique (elle a résidé aux Antilles, en France, aux Etats-Unis, en Afrique), ainsi certaines de ses œuvres, alors même qu’elles prennent pour cadre de référence les Antilles, témoignent d’une rare capacité à s’approprier tout l’espace atlantique, que ce soit à travers les mouvements réels, libres ou forcés, des protagonistes ou au contraire par le biais de leurs souvenirs et rêveries. L’analyse des Derniers rois mages (1992), en particulier, nous permettra de dégager l’originalité de Maryse Condé en ce qui concerne la représentation de cet espace – espace non plus organisé en fonction des cartographies imaginaires figées fournies par l’impérialisme, la « négritude » ou la « créolité », mais traversé par une dynamique exploratoire, multifocale et non fusionnelle.

Los nuevos desafíos de América Latina en el mundo del siglo XXI

Con el resultado de la doctrina Monroe en 1823, el conjunto de América Latina estaba situado de facto bajo el protectorado de Estados Unidos y era considerado como un patio trasero. Por otra parte, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX se encontraba menos poblada que América del Norte y las riquezas económicas generadas en sus territorios siempre fueron menores. Sin embargo las relaciones demográficas evolucionan y modifican la geopolítica de las poblaciones. En los comienzos del siglo XXI, el peso demográfico de América Latina supera al de América del Norte. Brasil, el gigante del sector, está en el quinto lugar según la clasificación demográfica de los países, mientras que México se encuentra en la undécima posición. Tres megalópolis latinoamericanas, México, Sao Paulo y Buenos Aires están dentro de las ocho primeras ciudades del mundo. A ellos se le agrega un importante crecimiento de grupos diaspóricos, luego de que América Latina se ha vuelto un continente de emigración.

Methode pour apprendre facilement la geographie ... ; [tome premier -deuxieme]

Tit. en antep.: "... contenant un abbregé de la sphere, la diuision de la terre en ses continents, Empires, Royaumes, Etats, Republiques, Provinces, etc... et un traité de la nauigation ... diuisée en deux tomes ; tome premier"

Estrogenic responses in estrogen receptor-α deficient mice reveal a distinct estrogen signaling pathway

Estrogens are thought to regulate female reproductive functions by altering gene transcription in target organs primarily via the nuclear estrogen receptor-α (ER-α). By using ER-α “knock-out” (ERKO) mice, we demonstrate herein that a catecholestrogen, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17β (4-OH-E2), and an environmental estrogen, chlordecone (kepone), up-regulate the uterine expression of an estrogen-responsive gene, lactoferrin (LF), independent of ER-α. A primary estrogen, estradiol-17β (E2), did not induce this LF response. An estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI-182,780, or E2 failed to inhibit uterine LF gene expression induced by 4-OH-E2 or kepone in ERKO mice, which suggests that this estrogen signaling pathway is independent of both ER-α and the recently cloned ER-β. 4-OH-E2, but not E2, also stimulated increases in uterine water imbibition and macromolecule uptake in ovariectomized ERKO mice. The results strongly imply the presence of a distinct estrogen-signaling pathway in the mouse uterus that mediates the effects of both physiological and environmental estrogens. This estrogen response pathway will have profound implications for our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of female sex steroid hormone actions in target organs.

Interface between culturally based preferences and genetic preferences: female mate choice in Poecilia reticulata.

The relative contribution of genetic and socio-cultural factors in the shaping of behavior is of fundamental importance to biologists and social scientists, yet it has proven to be extremely difficult to study in a controlled, experimental fashion. Here I describe experiments that examined the strength of genetic and cultural (imitative) factors in determining female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Female guppies from the Paria River in Trinidad have a genetic, heritable preference for the amount of orange body color possessed by males. Female guppies will, however, also copy (imitate) the mate choice of other females in that when two males are matched for orange color, an "observer" female will copy the mate choice of another ("model") female. Three treatments were undertaken in which males differed by an average of 12%, 24%, or 40% of the total orange body color. In all cases, observer females viewed a model female prefer the less colorful male. When males differed by 12% or 24%, observer females preferred the less colorful male and thus copied the mate choice of others, despite a strong heritable preference for orange body color in males. When males differed by 40% orange body color, however, observer females preferred the more colorful male and did not copy the mate choice of the other female. In this system, then, imitation can "override" genetic preferences when the difference between orange body color in males is small or moderate, but genetic factors block out imitation effects when the difference in orange body color in males is large. This experiment provides the first attempt to experimentally examine the relative strength of cultural and genetic preferences for a particular trait and suggests that these two factors moderate one another in shaping social behavior.

Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor protein in the mouse blastocyst during normal and delayed implantation.

We previously showed that estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA is present in preimplantation mouse embryos. The apparent synthesis of ER mRNA by the blastocyst at the time of implantation when estrogen is required was of special interest. A demonstration of the presence of ER protein would support the idea that estrogen can act directly on the embryo. The mouse embryo at the blastocyst stage is differentiated into two cell types, the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass. To determine whether ER mRNA is translated into ER protein and its cell-specific distribution, immunocytochemical analyses were performed in mouse blastocysts. ER protein was detected in all cell types of the normal, dormant, or activated blastocyst. To trace the fate of ER in these cell types, immunocytochemistry was performed in implanting blastocysts and early egg cylinder stage embryos developed in culture. Again, ER was detected in all cells of the implanting blastocyst. At the early egg cylinder stage, continued expression of ER was observed in cells derived from the inner cell mass or the trophoblast. In trophoblast giant cells, ER was concentrated in small regions of the nucleus, possibly the nucleoli, which was similar to that observed in dormant and activated blastocysts. The embryonic expression of ER at such early stages in a broad array of cells suggests that ER may have a general role during early development.

The preimplantation mouse embryo is a target for cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling.

Using a reverse transcription-coupled PCR, we demonstrated that both brain and spleen type cannabinoid receptor (CB1-R and CB2-R, respectively) mRNAs are expressed in the preimplantation mouse embryo. The CB1-R mRNA expression was coincident with the activation of the embryonic genome late in the two-cell stage, whereas the CB2-R mRNA was present from the one-cell through the blastocyst stages. The major psychoactive component of marijuana (-)-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [(-)-THC] inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP generation in the blastocyst, and this inhibition was prevented by pertussis toxin. However, the inactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) failed to influence this response. These results suggest that cannabinoid receptors in the embryo are coupled to inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Further, the oviduct and uterus exhibited the enzymatic capacity to synthesize the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide). Synthetic and natural cannabinoid agonists [WIN 55,212-2, CP 55,940, (-)-THC, and anandamide], but not CBD or arachidonic acid, arrested the development of two-cell embryos primarily between the four-cell and eight-cell stages in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Anandamide also interfered with the development of eight-cell embryos to blastocysts in culture. The autoradiographic studies readily detected binding of [3H]anandamide in embryos at all stages of development. Positive signals were present in one-cell embryos and all blastomeres of two-cell through four-cell embryos. However, most of the binding sites in eight-cell embryos and morulae were present in the outer cells. In the blastocyst, these signals were primarily localized in the mural trophectoderm with low levels of signals in the polar trophectoderm, while little or no signals were noted in inner cell mass cells.These results establish that the preimplantation mouse embryo is a target for cannabinoid ligands. Consequently, many of the adverse effects of cannabinoids observed during pregnancy could be mediated via these cannabinoid receptors. Although the physiological significance of the cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling in normal preimplantation embryo development is not yet clear, the regulation of embryonic cAMP and/or Ca2+ levels via this signaling pathway may be important for normal embryonic development and/or implantation.

Cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling in the mouse uterus.

Using RNA (Northern) blot hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR, we demonstrate that the brain-type cannabinoid receptor (CB1-R) mRNA, but not the spleen-type cannabinoid receptor (CB2-R) mRNA, is expressed in the mouse uterus and that this organ has the capacity to synthesize the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide). The psychoactive cannabinoid component of marijuana--delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)--or anandamide, but not the inactive and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD), inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in the mouse uterus, which was prevented by pertussis toxin pretreatment. These results suggest that uterine CB1-R is coupled to inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein and is biologically active. Autoradiographic studies identified ligand binding sites ([3H]anandamide) in the uterine epithelium and stromal cells, suggesting that these cells are perhaps the targets for cannabinoid action. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]WIN 55212-2, another cannabinoid receptor ligand, showed a single class of high-affinity binding sites in the endometrium with an apparent Kd of 2.4 nM and Bmax of 5.4 x 10(9) molecules per mg of protein. The gene encoding lactoferrin is an estrogen-responsive gene in the mouse uterus that was rapidly and transiently up-regulated by THC, but not by CBD, in ovariectomized mice in the absence of ovarian steroids. This effect, unlike that of 17 beta-estradiol (E2), was not influenced by a pure antiestrogen, ICI 182780, suggesting that the THC-induced uterine lactoferrin gene expression does not involve estrogen receptors. We propose that the uterus is a new target for cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling.

Comunicación política y descolonización: el estatus político de Puerto Rico a través de la prensa entre 2007-2010

Esta tesis doctoral titulada: Comunicación política y descolonización: el estatus político de Puerto Rico a través de la prensa entre 2007-2010, se estructura en cinco partes. La primera parte está dedicada al contexto histórico, político, y judicial en la relación entre Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos de América, y está dividido en tres apartados, uno: del tratado de Paria de 1898 a la Ley Publica 600 de 1950 (P.L. 81-600) y la Lay de Relaciones Federales con Puerto Rico. El segundo apartado está dedicado al Estado Libre Asociado (ELA) y la constitución de Puerto Rico, la claúsula territorial de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América y los casos insulares de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. Y el tercer apartado señala hacia dónde va Puerto Rico y el debate sobre su futuro político. La segunda parte de esta tesis se trata de Puerto Rico en la prensa estadounidense. Específicamente Puerto Rico en el diario The New York Times y en el diario The Washington Post donde estudiaremos como cada periódico, a través de su encuadre sociopolítico y cultural presenta el estatus político entre Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos a través de imágenes, el análisis de tablas y gráficos, y el análisis de artículos relacionados. Y como estos periódicos presentan a Puerto Rico ante la nación norteamericana e incluso a escala internacional. La tercera parte, esta dedicada al estatus político entre Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos a través de la prensa nacional reflejado en el diario El Nuevo Día, el periódico semanal Claridad y el diario El Vocero. Y como estos, a través de su encuadre sociopolítico y cultural reflejan la realidad basada en los valores de los partidos políticos a que representan, De igual forma que en la parte anterior haremos un análisis del encuadre de cada periódico a través de sus imágenes en este caso incluyendo portadas, al igual que analizaremos tablas y gráficos y artículos. Para ver como los mismos moldean la realidad política dentro de su encuadre periodístico y político particular. Parte cuatro de esta tesis está dedicada a la visión institucional de las dos orillas; a través de entrevistas tanto en Puerto Rico como desde la diáspora. La quinta parte esta reservada para las conclusiones entre el caso de Puerto Rico ante los Estados Unidos de América.

Central Europe Region, 1730-1739 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Routes des postes et des voitures pour les marchandises et pour les voyages par l'Empire dans les principaux Etats de l'Europe, T. Stemmers, sculp. It was published by chez Reinier & Iosue Ottens, between 1730 and 1739. Scale [ca. 1:2,500,000]. Covers the Central Europe region. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial and administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Depths shown by shading.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Amsterdam, Netherlands, ca. 1780 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam = Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam, mise au jour par Ies Iean Covens & Corneille Mortier avec privilege de Mess.rs les Etats Generaux des Provinces Unies = nieuwelks uyt gegeven door Ioannes Covens en Cornelis Mortier met previl. van de Staaten Generaal]. It was published by Iean Covens & Corneille Mortier ca. 1780. Scale [1:53,000]. Map in Dutch and French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Dutch National Grid: RD (Rijksdriehoekstelsel) GCS Amersfoort (Bessel 1841) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, drainage, canals, wharves, docks, built-up areas and selected buildings pictorially, fortification, water mills, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes indexes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Introduction aux mémoires sur la révolution française, ou Tableau comparatif des mandats et pouvoirs donnés par les provinces à leurs députés aux États-généraux de 1789;

Mode of access: Internet.