Numerical analysis of mixe-mode fracture of brickwork masonry with embedded discontinuity elements

One of the common pathologies of brickwork masonry structural elements and walls is the cracking associated with the differential settlements and/or excessive deflections of the slabs along the life of the structure. The scarce capacity of the masonry in order to accompany the structural elements that surround it, such as floors, beams or foundations, in their movements makes the brickwork masonry to be an element that frequently presents this kind of problem. This problem is a fracture problem, where the wall is cracked under mixed mode fracture: tensile and shear stresses combination, under static loading. Consequently, it is necessary to advance in the simulation and prediction of brickwork masonry mechanical behaviour under tensile and shear loading. The quasi-brittle behaviour of the brickwork masonry can be studied using the cohesive crack model whose application to other quasibrittle materials like concrete has traditionally provided very satisfactory results.

Comparison on the durability of different portland cements after five years exposure to sulfate and to sea water attack

Experimental research has been performed to relate specific cement characteristics to deterioration due to sulfate and sea water attack after five year exposure, and to study different test method suitability for sulfate and marine resistance. Sulfate resistance testing have been performed on mortar specimens made with fifteen cement types of statistically diverse chemical composition according to European standard EN 197-1, most of them with sulfate resistant properties according to Spanish regulations. Chemical and mechanical characteristics were studied to determine the variation in properties of selected cements. SO3 content, type and amount of additions, C3A, and C4AF content were used to examine relationships between these characteristics and the results of sulfate resistance. Mortar specimens testing using Na2SO4 as the aggressive medium according to ASTM 1012 (with w/c ratio adapted to prENV 196-X:1995) was performed using each type of cement; identical specimens were also stored in sea water, and in lime saturated water (blank condition), up to five year age. Additionally these cements were tested conforming ASTM 452 and Koch and Steinegger test. Recommended acceptance limits for sulfate resistance of cements concerning to each used test method were evaluated in order to explore their suitability. Relationships between cement characteristics, degradation, expansive products obtained by X-ray diffraction techniques and maximum expansion after applied storage treatments, were correlated at final age, to redefine cement characteristics for sulfate resistant and marine resistant Portland cement

Characterization cement pastes degraded in lanoratory solutions and physiochemical parameters employed for modeling the process

Previously degradation studies carried out, over a number of different mortars by the research team, have shown that observed degradation does not exclusively depend on the solution equilibrium pH, nor the aggressive anions relative solubility. In our tests no reason was found that could allow us to explain, why same solubility anions with a lower pH are less aggressive than others. The aim of this paper is to study cement pastes behavior in aggressive environments. As observed in previous research, this cement pastes behaviors are not easily explained only taking into account only usual parameters, pH, solubility etc. Consequently the paper is about studying if solution physicochemical characteristics are more important in certain environments than specific pH values. The paper tries to obtain a degradation model, which starting from solution physicochemical parameters allows us to interpret the different behaviors shown by different composition cements. To that end, the rates of degradation of the solid phases were computed for each considered environment. Three cement have been studied: CEM I 42.5R/SR, CEM II/A-V 42.5R and CEM IV/B-(P-V) 32.5 N. The pastes have been exposed to five environments: sodium acetate/acetic acid 0.35 M, sodium sulfate solution 0.17 M, a solution representing natural water, saturated calcium hydroxide solution and laboratory environment. The attack mechanism was meant to be unidirectional, in order to achieve so; all sides of cylinders were sealed except from the attacked surface. The cylinders were taking out of the exposition environments after 2, 4, 7, 14, 30, 58 and 90 days. Both aggressive solution variations in solid phases and in different depths have been characterized. To each age and depth the calcium, magnesium and iron contents have been analyzed. Hydrated phases evolution studied, using thermal analysis, and crystalline compound changes, using X ray diffraction have been also analyzed. Sodium sulphate and water solutions stabilize an outer pH near to 8 in short time, however the stability of the most pH dependent phases is not the same. Although having similar pH and existing the possibility of forming a plaster layer near to the calcium leaching surface, this stability is greater than other sulphate solutions. Stability variations of solids formed by inverse diffusion, determine the rate of degradation.

Hydration of C3S, C2S and their Blends. Micro- and Nanoscale Characterization

This study forms part of wider research conducted under a EU 7 th Framework Programme (COmputationally Driven design of Innovative CEment-based materials or CODICE). The ultimate aim is the multi-scale modelling of the variations in mechanical performance in degraded and non-degraded cementitious matrices. The model is being experimentally validated by hydrating the main tri-calcium silicate (T1-C3S) and bi-calcium silicate (β-C2S), phases present in Portland cement and their blends. The present paper discusses micro- and nanoscale studies of the cementitious skeletons forming during the hydration of C3S, C2S and 70 % / 30 % blends of both C3S/C2S and C2S/C3S with a water/cement ratio of 0.4. The hydrated pastes were characterized at different curing ages with 29 Si NMR, SEM/TEM/EDS, BET, and nanoindentation. The findings served as a basis for the micro- and nanoscale characterization of the hydration products formed, especially C-S-H gels. Differences were identified in composition, structure and mechanical behaviour (nanoindentation), depending on whether the gels formed in C3S or C2S pastes. The C3S gels had more compact morphologies, smaller BET-N2 specific surface area and lesser porosity than the gels from C2S-rich pastes. The results of nanoindentation tests appear to indicate that the various C-S-H phases formed in hydrated C3S and C2S have the same mechanical properties as those formed in Portland cement paste. Compared to the C3S sample, the hydrated C2S specimen was dominated by the loose-packed (LP) and the low-density (LD) C-S-H phases, and had a much lower content of the high density (HD) C-S-H phase

Mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste microstructures

The presented study is related to the EU 7 th Framework Programme CODICE (COmputationally Driven design of Innovative CEment-based materials). The main aim of the project is the development of a multi-scale model for the computer based simulation of mechanical and durability performance of cementitious materials. This paper reports results of micro/nano scale characterisation and mechanical property mapping of cementitious skeletons formed by the cement hydration at different ages. Using the statistical nanoindentation and micro-mechanical property mapping technique, intrinsic properties of different hydrate phases, and also the possible interaction (or overlapping) of different phases (e.g. calcium-silcate-hydrates) has been studied. Results of the mapping and statistical indentation testing appear to suggest the possible existence of more hydrate phases than the commonly reported LD and HD C-S-H and CH phases

Aproximación cuantitativa a la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de las estructuras

El proceso de construcción incide sobre el medio ambiente desde la obtención de los recursos que utiliza, hasta la optimización del uso de la energía y el desecho de materiales y sustancias de diversa índole. Es ingente que el sector de la construcción considere su responsabilidad al respecto y cuente con herramientas de fácil aplicación, como la que pretende ofrecer esta investigación, que le permita determinar el impacto que tendrá sobre el ambiente una determinada solución estructural. A lo largo del presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de los principales instrumentos de evaluación y de las diferentes metodologías creadas para la evaluación del impacto ambiental, en base a estas se realiza la propuesta de un índice para la evaluación de las estructuras, la cual sirve para realizar una comparación entre dos soluciones estructurales. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: hacer una aproximación cuantitativa a la evaluación del impacto ambiental ocasionado por una estructura ; motivar a los proyectistas a tomar en cuenta los factores ambientales al momento de proyectar, por medio del uso de instrumentos de fácil aplicación ; realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los diferentes sistemas que existen a nivel mundial para cuantificar el impacto ambiental, específicamente buscando los sistemas que cuantifiquen el impacto de la estructura, entendiendo como estructura el conjunto de elementos (vigas, losa o forjado, columnas o pilares y cimentación) que soportan la estructura ; desarrollar un instrumento mediante el cual se pueda evaluar de manera cuantitativa y sencilla el impacto ambiental de una estructura. Que a su vez sirva a los proyectistas de una base o instrumento para poder evaluar la eficiencia de una estructura propuesta en base al impacto ambiental de la misma.

Análisis de los parámetros que definen un modelo de daño aplicado al deterioro de la capacidad resistente de paredes arteriales

El comportamiento mecánico de las paredes arteriales constituye un ingrediente fundamental para entender enfermedades cardiovasculares como las disecciones aórticas o la fisuración de placas de ateroma. El fenómeno mecánico que subyace en estas enfermedades es el fallo constitutivo del material, que puede deberse a la degradación de las propiedades mecánicas del tejido, a la aplicación de una carga excesiva o la concentración de tensiones que tiene lugar en traumatizaciones de la íntima. Un modelo que busque reproducir este comportamiento biomecánico debe incorporar además la información histológica de las paredes arteriales, formadas en una primera aproximación por una matriz acuosa incompresible y dos familias de fibras dispuestas helicoidalmente. De entre los modelos mecánicos existentes cabe destacar los modelos de daño, que con un conjunto pequeño de parámetros son capaces de reproducir la degradación de la capacidad resistente tanto en la matriz como en las fibras. Esta simplicidad convierte a esta clase de modelos en una herramienta muy útil para estudiar este fenómeno. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio para un modelo de daño de los parámetros que lo definen, asociados a la imposición de la incompresibilidad de la matriz acuosa y a las evoluciones del daño en dicha matriz y en las dos familias de fibras. Se incluye una revisión de las técnicas existentes para imponer la incompresibilidad, un resumen bibliográfico de la caracterización experimental de los parámetros materiales y un análisis de su influencia en el comportamiento estructural de la aorta, analizada mediante ensayos de tracción

A robust numerical framework for the analysis of material failure of fibre reinforced soft tissue

In this work, robustness and stability of continuum damage models applied to material failure in soft tissues are addressed. In the implicit damage models equipped with softening, the presence of negative eigenvalues in the tangent elemental matrix degrades the condition number of the global matrix, leading to a reduction of the computational performance of the numerical model. Two strategies have been adapted from literature to improve the aforementioned computational performance degradation: the IMPL-EX integration scheme [Oliver,2006], which renders the elemental matrix contribution definite positive, and arclength-type continuation methods [Carrera,1994], which allow to capture the unstable softening branch in brittle ruptures. The IMPL-EX integration scheme has as a major drawback the need to use small time steps to keep numerical error below an acceptable value. A convergence study, limiting the maximum allowed increment of internal variables in the damage model, is presented. Finally, numerical simulation of failure problems with fibre reinforced materials illustrates the performance of the adopted methodology.

Experiencias en España sobre el comportamiento de sistemas de pisos prefabricados a lo largo de más de 40 años

No es fácil transmitir en unas pocas páginas la importancia que los prefabricados de hormigón han alcanzado en España. La presencia de estos elementos es constante en cualquier campo, desde la edificación, en la que nos centraremos en adelante, hasta la obra civil (puentes, muros de contención de tierras -fotografía n° 1-), las obras hidráulicas (tuberías, arquetas, ...), marítimas, etc. También abarca desde los sectores tradicionales, como los propios puentes o las naves industriales, a los más novedosos como los aerogeneradores que muestra la fotografía n° 2 y desde los elementos de mayor importancia estructura! a los puramente arquitectónicos, sin ninguna participación resistente (paneles de fachada, mobiliario urbano, etc.) Con todo, quizás el éxito más notable de los prefabricados no haya sido tanto la difusión alcanzada como la permanencia conseguida a lo largo de los años. Hablamos, como se describirá mas adelante, de un siglo de presencia en un mundo en continua evolución, años en las que el sector ha atravesado crisis muy graves (la actual no es la menos importante) a las cuales ha sabido adaptarse

Influencia de la relación tensión-deslizamiento en el comportamiento de la interfase FRP-Hormigón

En el presente trabajo se han analizado los modelos tensión-deslizamiento más divulgados para estudiar las tensiones en la interfase FRP-Hormigón y la carga máxima mediante su irapíementación en una de las principales técnicas de cálculo numérico fácilmente programable y aplicable para el caso en el que se tiene tracción en ambos extremos de la banda FRP. Los resultados se comparan con las soluciones analíticas encontradas en la literatura, las cuales están limitadas a los casos de una función tensión-deslizamiento lineal y bilineal. Finalmente, se contrasta la teoría con los resultados experimentales obtenidos de ensayos de tipología análoga al método beamtest empleado comúnmente para medir la adherencia de barras de acero.

Dynamic response of hydro power plants for providing secondary regulation reserves considering elastic water column effects

In this paper, the dynamic response of a hydro power plant for providing secondary regulation reserve is studied in detail. Special emphasis is given to the elastic water column effects both in the penstock and the tailrace tunnel. For this purpose, a nonlinear model based on the analogy between mass and momentum conservation equations of a water conduit and those of wave propagation in transmission lines is used. The influence of the plant configuration and design parameters on the fulfilment of the Spanish Electrical System Operator requirements is analysed

Contribution of re-regulation reservoirs considering pumping capability to environmentally friendly hydropower operation

Environmental constraints imposed on hydropoweroperation are usually given in the form of minimum environmental flows and maximum and minimum rates of change of flows, or ramp rates. One solution proposed to mitigate the environmental impact caused by the flows discharged by a hydropower plant while reducing the economic impact of the above-mentioned constraints consists in building a re-regulationreservoir, or afterbay, downstream of the power plant. Adding pumpingcapability between the re-regulationreservoir and the main one could contribute both to reducing the size of the re-regulationreservoir, with the consequent environmental improvement, and to improving the economic feasibility of the project, always fulfilling the environmental constraints imposed to hydropoweroperation. The objective of this paper is studying the contribution of a re-regulationreservoir to fulfilling the environmental constraints while reducing the economic impact of said constraints. For that purpose, a revenue-driven optimization model based on mixed integer linear programming is used. Additionally, the advantages of adding pumpingcapability are analysed. In order to illustrate the applicability of the methodology, a case study based on a real hydropower plant is presented

Pond head level control in a run-of-river hydro power plant using fuzzy controller

The run-of-river hydro power plant usually have low or nil water storage capacity, and therefore an adequate control strategy is required to keep the water level constant in pond. This paper presents a novel technique based on TSK fuzzy controller to maintain the pond head constant. The performance is investigated over a wide range of hill curve of hydro turbine. The results are compared with PI controller as discussed in [1].

Experiencias docentes con la coevaluación en la asignatura de Materiales de Construcción

La motivación de los alumnos es fundamental para el estudio-aprendizaje, y el sistema de evaluación juega un papel básico en la misma. El planteamiento de actividades coevaluadas puede ayudar a que los alumnos tengan un mayor interés al ser evaluados por un igual. Por otro lado, el incremento de las reclamaciones que hemos observado últimamente, hace pensar que los criterios aplicados en la corrección y el grado de exigencia en los exámenes no han sido asumidos por el alumnado. En esta experiencia se han propuesto dos tipos de ejercicios a realizar y coevaluar por dos grupos el primero realizó una pregunta teórica a desarrollar y un problema, el segundo siete preguntas teóricas cortas. Los alumnos tenían total libertad para la elección de los criterios de corrección en todos los apartados y en el peso de cada apartado. Una vez corregidos por los alumnos, los ejercicios fueron corregidos por los profesores de la asignatura. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los criterios de corrección de los alumnos son menos exigentes que los de los profesores, especialmente en ejercicios abiertos. Además se han comprobado que en grupos donde hay poca interacción entre alumnos, éstos no muestran preocupación por quedar bien ante los compañeros

Dynamic effect of high speed railway traffic loads on the ballast track settlement

The traditional ballast track structures are still being used in high speed railways lines with success, however technical problems or performance features have led to non-ballast track solution in some cases. A considerable maintenance work is needed for ballasted tracks due to the track deterioration. Therefore it is very important to understand the mechanism of track deterioration and to predict the track settlement or track irregularity growth rate in order to reduce track maintenance costs and enable new track structures to be designed. The objective of this work is to develop the most adequate and efficient models for calculation of dynamic traffic load effects on railways track infrastructure, and then evaluate the dynamic effect on the ballast track settlement, using a ballast track settlement prediction model, which consists of the vehicle/track dynamic model previously selected and a track settlement law. The calculations are based on dynamic finite element models with direct time integration, contact between wheel and rail and interaction with railway cars. A initial irregularity profile is used in the prediction model. The track settlement law is considered to be a function of number of loading cycles and the magnitude of the loading, which represents the long-term behavior of ballast settlement. The results obtained include the track irregularity growth and the contact force in the final interaction of numerical simulation