(Table 1) Enantiomer fractions of egg yolk and plasma samples from Svalbard glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus)

Glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and their eggs from Svalbard (Norwegian Arctic) have been used as biomonitors of contaminants in the marine environment. In this study, the enantiomer fractions (EFs) of chiral chlordanes and atropisomeric polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined in the blood plasma of adult male and female glaucous gulls from three breeding colonies in Svalbard. Plasma EFs were similar in magnitude and direction to EFs previously reported in glaucous gulls from other arctic food webs, suggesting overall similarities in the biochemical processes influencing the EFs of bioaccumulated organochlorine (OC) contaminants within the food webs at those locations. Additionally, EFs in yolk of eggs collected concurrently from within the same nesting colonies varied with location, laying date, and OC concentrations, and may be influenced by changes in the local feeding ecology between those colonies. No differences were found between the EFs for any analyte in female gulls compared to those found in egg yolk, indicating that processes involved in the maternal transfer of chlordanes and PCBs to eggs do not modulate the stereochemical ratio between enantiomers. Therefore, the use of eggs as a valuable and noninvasive means of OC biomonitoring may also extend to enantiomer compositions in glaucous gulls, and perhaps also in other seabird species from arctic regions.

Experimental evaluation of seaweeds as a vector for microplastics into marine food webs, supplementary material

The ingestion of microplastics has been shown for a great variety of marine organisms. However, benthic marine mesoherbivores such as the common periwinkle Littorina littorea have been largely disregarded in studies about the effects of microplastics on the marine biota, probably because the pathway for microplastics to this functional group of organisms was not obvious. In laboratory experiments we showed that the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus retains suspended microplastics on its surface. The numbers of microplastics that adhered to the algae correlated with the concentrations of suspended particles in the water. In choice feeding assays L. littorea did not distinguish between algae with adherent microplastics and clean algae without microplastics, indicating that the snails do not recognize solid nonfood particles in the submillimeter size range as deleterious. In periwinkles that were feeding on contaminated algae, microplastics were found in the stomach and in the gut. However, no microplastics were found in the midgut gland, which is the principle digestive organ of gastropods. Microplastics in the fecal pellets of the periwinkles indicate that the particles do not accumulate rapidly inside the animals but are mostly released with the feces. Our results provide the first evidence that seaweeds may represent an efficient pathway for microplastics from the water to marine benthic herbivores.

Territorio, ambiente y actores. Aportes metodológicos para la formulación de Códigos urbanos : Caso Paraná, Entre Ríos. Area de la Bajada

El tema central se vincula con el Ordenamiento territorial y su correlato en herramientas y metodologías de intervención y gestión urbanas, desde una visión del saber ambiental. A partir de los conceptos categoriales de territorio, actores y ambiente se propone aportar, por un lado metodologías para la comprensión, explicación y análisis del territorio y sus lugares, por el otro mecanismos de gestión para una normativa basada en la inteligencia territorial. Desde estos conceptos se pretende entonces, realizar una vinculación conceptual y normativa para la gestión sustentable del territorio que logre salvar las diferencias entre el estatismo normativo y la dinámica socio-espacial. El área objeto de estudio, es el aquella denominada aquí Area de La Bajada. Así, para un abordaje integral y conceptual del territorio se trabaja desde lo metodológico con los métodos Territorii y Stlocus. Incluyendo mecanismos participativos, como talleres y encuestas que aporten a la comprensión del territorio real, pensado, legal, vivido y posible, propuestos por Territorii que estructura el proceso de lectura y comprensión del lugar. Por su parte el método Stlocus en su ensamble con Territorii permite indagar y analizar el lugar, desde el reconocimiento de patrones de ocupación del lugar, apropiación territorial y vocaciones. Conceptos que llevarán a incoporar a la normativa categorías y dimensiones de urbanístico-territoriales. Desde lo ambiental, se cree de gran importancia el desarrollo del riesgo (vulnerabilidad + amenazas) como concepto operativo para la obtención de dos objetivos: la inclusión de los actores a la dinámica de gestión y la operativización de acciones ambientales directas sobre el territorio. Finalmente, luego del proceso de comprensión y análisis iniciado se arriba a tres cuestiones fundamentales: los métodos propuestos son herramientas flexibles que aportan a la comprensión del territorio desde conceptos categoriales de espacio se torna fundamental, los actores pueden ser incluidos en esta indagación en cualquier etapa del proceso. Sin embargo, aquí aparece la terca línea fundamental: la participación y la gestión de territorios sustentables. Para ello es necesario iniciar un proceso de gobernanza que logre minimizar los impactos de los procesos distorsivos del mercado mediante un Estado proactivo que regule de manera inclusiva, para reducir al mínimo las diferentes dinámicas entre los cuerpos normativos, y su vinculación directa con el territorio deseado por todos los ciudadanos a través de una normativa urbana con inteligencia territorial

Pore water and sediment geochemistry of the Bothian Sea

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and its biological conversion in marine sediments, largely controlled by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), is a crucial part of the global carbon cycle. However, little is known about the role of iron oxides as an oxidant for AOM. Here we provide the first field evidence for iron-dependent AOM in brackish coastal surface sediments and show that methane produced in Bothnian Sea sediments is oxidized in distinct zones of iron- and sulfate-dependent AOM. At our study site, anthropogenic eutrophication over recent decades has led to an upward migration of the sulfate/methane transition zone in the sediment. Abundant iron oxides and high dissolved ferrous iron indicate iron reduction in the methanogenic sediments below the newly established sulfate/methane transition. Laboratory incubation studies of these sediments strongly suggest that the in situ microbial community is capable of linking methane oxidation to iron oxide reduction. Eutrophication of coastal environments may therefore create geochemical conditions favorable for iron-mediated AOM and thus increase the relevance of iron-dependent methane oxidation in the future. Besides its role in mitigating methane emissions, iron-dependent AOM strongly impacts sedimentary iron cycling and related biogeochemical processes through the reduction of large quantities of iron oxides.