994 resultados para Energia metabolizável
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Vinte e cinco leitoas dos 30 aos 60 kg PV, mantidas em temperatura ambiente baixa, foram usadas para avaliar o efeito de níveis de energia digestível de 3100 a 3700 kcal/kg de ração sobre desempenho, composição da carcaça e níveis séricos de hormônio da tireóide. O ganho de peso diário não foi influenciado pelo nível de energia digestível (ED) da ração, porém influiu de forma linear decrescente nos consumos de ração e proteína. A conversão alimentar melhorou de forma linear com o aumento do nível de ED da ração. O consumo de ED aumentou linearmente com a inclusão de óleo de soja na ração. Foi observado efeito do nível de ED da ração sobre a taxa de deposição de gordura e proteína, que aumentou e reduziu linearmente, respectivamente. As concentrações séricas de triiodotironina livre das leitoas aumentaram linearmente com o nível de energia da ração. O nível de energia da ração não influenciou os pesos absoluto e relativo dos órgãos avaliados.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Estudou-se o desempenho de bovinos machos não-castrados das raças Aberdeen Angus (AA) e Hereford (HE) em confinamento, submetidos a dois níveis de energia, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo o menor nível com 3,07 e o maior com 3,18 Mcal/kg de energia digestível (12 e 32% de concentrado na dieta, respectivamente). Foram utilizados oito animais da raça AA e oito HE, com idade inicial de nove meses e peso médio inicial de 220,31 kg, que permaneceram confinados até que o peso da carcaça atingiu o mínimo de 190 kg (estimativa). Os animais da raça AA apresentaram maior consumo de MS, em % PV (2,27 vs 2,10%) e em g/kg0,75 (91,4 vs 86,4 g). Os animais que consumiram o maior nível de energia na dieta apresentaram maiores consumos de MS/dia (6,31 vs 5,71 kg), em PV (2,26 vs 2,11%) e em g/kg0,75 (92,28 vs 85,44 g), de energia digestível (ED), em Mcal/dia (20,58 vs 18,13 Mcal), e de PB, em kg/dia (0,845 vs 0,759 kg), além de maior ganho médio diário de peso (1,409 vs 1,250 kg). Os animais que consumiram o menor nível apresentaram maiores consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), em kg/dia (2,23 vs 2,07 kg), e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), em kg/dia (1,13 vs 1,01 kg). Os consumos de MS/dia, de FDN e de FDA, nos animais que consumiram o menor nível de energia, tiveram comportamento linear e, naqueles que receberam o maior nível, comportamento quadrático, frente aos períodos de confinamento. Para as características consumo de MS, em %PV e em g/kg0,75, nos tratamentos com menor nível de energia, o comportamento foi de forma cúbica e naqueles de maior nível, de forma quadrática. O consumo de ED apresentou, nos períodos, comportamento linear para o menor nível energético e cúbico para o maior nível.
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Com o objetivo de estudar as características qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de bovinos machos não-castrados abatidos aos 13-14 meses de idade, foram utilizados 16 animais, oito Aberdeen Angus (AA) e oito Hereford (HE), alimentados na fase de terminação com dietas formuladas com dois níveis de energia digestível (ED), o menor 3,07 Mcal/kg de ED (12% de concentrado) e o maior 3,18 Mcal/kg de ED (32% de concentrado). Os animais foram confinados a partir dos 9 meses de idade com peso médio de 220,31 kg e foram abatidos quando, por estimativa, o peso da carcaça atingiu, no mínimo, 190 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas raças vs dois níveis de energia). A carne dos animais HE perdeu menos líquido durante os processos de descongelamento e cocção. Além disso, apresentou maior maciez pelo painel de avaliadores e pelo aparelho Shear Force. As carcaças dos animais que receberam o maior nível de energia na dieta apresentaram maior proporção de músculo e, durante o processo de descongelamento, perdeu menos líquido (2,54 vs 7,22%). Quando avaliada pelo aparelho Shear Force, a carne dos animais alimentados com maior nível de energia na dieta mostrou-se mais macia. Verificou-se interação significativa raça ´ nível de energia para o sabor e a coloração da carne, de modo que a carne dos animais AA, alimentados com menor nível de energia, mostrou-se mais saborosa e com melhor coloração.
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O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo e zootécnico e a deposição de lipídios no tecido hepático de machos de tilápia-do-nilo alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de energia digestível, obtidos com a inclusão de óleo de soja. Foram utilizados 400 reprodutores (300 fêmeas e 100 machos) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto de cinco níveis de energia digestível (2.700, 2.950, 3.200, 3.450 e 3.700 kcal.kg de ração-1) e quatro repetições. Os reprodutores foram alimentados com rações contendo 35% de proteína bruta e submetidos ao manejo reprodutivo em hapas por 101 dias. O melhor resultado de concentração espermática e percentual de espermatozoides normais foram obtidos para reprodutores alimentados com rações contendo 3.465,56 e 3.443,43 kcal. kg de ração-1, que produziram 7,98 × 10(9) espermatozoides.mL de sêmen-1 e 38,98% de espermatozoides normais, respectivamente. A produção de sêmen, o pH seminal, o índice de sobrevivência espermática e o tempo de ativação espermática não foram afetados pelos níveis energéticos das rações. Os níveis de energia das rações não influenciaram o desempenho zootécnico dos peixes, mas promoveram aumento linear na deposição de lipídios nos hepatócitos e afetaram a qualidade seminal, estimulando a produção de espermatozoides e a melhora dos índices de normalidade da morfologia espermática em níveis energéticos próximos a 3.450 kcal. kg de ração-1.
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The objectives of this work were to evaluate three protein sources - soybean meal, fish meal and feather meal - and two methods of calculation of rations - the calculated in terms of crude protein (CP), according to recommendations of NRC (1988); and the proposed by the AFRC (1993), and calculated in terms of metabolizable protein (MP) - through the performance of calves. The animals were confined and submitted to five diets, that varied only protein sources in its composition, thus discriminated: SM- Soybean Meal, FsM- Fish Meal, FeM- Feather Meal, FsMU- Fish Meal and Urea, and FeMU Feather Meal and Urea. A complete diet was supplied, composed of 40% of sorghum silage and 60% of concentrate. All treatments possessed about of 2.56 Mcal/kg DM of metabolizable energy, being the treatments SM, FsM and FeM calculated by the system of CP, with 18% of CP, and the treatments FsMU and FeMU, calculated by the system of MP, with 16.3% of CP and a same amount of metabolizable protein than the treatment SM, with 112.0 grams of MP/day. Individually, the treatments did not present significant differences (P > 0.05) in the final alive weight, in daily gain weight and in dry matter intake, having differences only in the feed:gain ratio. The best feed:gain ratio happened in the treatment FsM and the worst in the treatment FeMU. It is concluded that the MP method provides similar results to the method of CP. The treatments with fish meal provide larger weight gains, smaller intake and better feed:gain ratio than the treatments with feather meal, staying the treatment soybean meal with intermediary daily gain.
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The effect of electrical discharges without thermic effect and of energy field on Meloidogyne incognita Rara 1 larvae elimination in weir water was tested. on an average, 63,22% of larvae were killed by electrical discharges, in comparison with 53,12% of dead larvae in the control (water that received only ammonium sulphate) as an electrolyte. Water exposed to energy fields presented higher percentages of dead larvae (50,01% for electromagnetic field, 43,78% for variable electric field and 40,48% for static electric field) in comparison with control, represented by water without exposition to any energy field and without ammonium sulphate (34,27%).
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It was studied the effect of energy levels in the diet, obtained from vegetal oil inclusion, on the performance, diet cost per kilogram of broiler and fat content of the carcass, There were used 4,800 broiler chicks, 2,400 males and 2,400 females, and they were distributed in six treatment (energy levels in kcal ME/kg of diet) in three different phases: start diet from one to 20 days of age: A - 2930, B - 2980, C - 3030, D - 3080, E - 3130, F - 3180, growth diet from 21 to 40 days: A - 2980, B - 3030, C - 3050, D - 3130, E - 3150, F - 3230, finishing diet from 41 to 45 days of age: A - 3030, B - 3080, C - 3130,, D - 3180, E - 3230, F - 3280. The protein content was 22, 20 and 18% in each phase, respectively, There were evaluated the feed intake, energy intake, protein intake, weight gain, feed conversion mortality, diet cost per kg/bw. Sixty broilers were slaughtered, five males and five females per treatment, randomly chosen to determine the carcass composition considering the dry matter content, lipids content and protein content, total fat in carcass and fat per kilogram of broiler. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the means were compared using SNK. The broilers fed with medium and low levels of dietary energy showed the highest weight gain. At energy levels of the treatment D in the three phases, the lowest cost per kilogram of broiler was obtained. The females presented the highest fat content per kilogram of broiler produced.
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The utilization of energetic and protein feeds, highly digestible as well, becomes more and more necessary due to the quality of formulated rations, fish performance and relationship with the environment. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids of corn starch, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, and cottonseed meal, corn gluten and fish meal were determined for Nile tilapia. ADC was determined using a reference diet based on albumin, gelatin and corn starch, was used inert indicator chromium III oxide (Cr(2)O(3)). Each test diet composed by 70% of reference diet and 30% of the test diet. Feces were collected using mofied Guelph system. ADC values for protein and average ADC of amino acids were as follows: corn 89.76 and 96.43%, rice meal 95.88 and 92.26%, wheat meal 93.54 and 84.41%, fish meal 82.59 and 86.36%, corn gluten 89.82 and 87.98%, soybean meal 94.13 and 91.93%, cotton meal 87.10 and 77.47%, respectively. According to the results of this work, ADC of protein is not a reliable indicator of ADC values of amino acids, even more so for wheat meal, corn, and cotton meal. Among protein feeds, soybean meal was found to have the highest ADC for protein and amino acids, while corn was the energetic feed with the highest ADC (86.15%) for energy.
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This study was carried out to determine the best digestible energy and digestible protein ratio in feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles 30.0 +/- 4.21 g) based on digestible amino acids and the ideal protein concept). Twelve rations were formulated with protein levels 22.0; 26.0; 30.0 and 34.0% of digestible protein and levels 3,000, 3,300 and 3,600 kcal/kg digestible energy. The digestible energy/digestible protein ratio was between 8.94 and 15.19 kcal/g. Three hundred and twenty four tilapias were randomly distributed in thirty six 250 L circular tanks at a density of 9 fish/tank, a total of 12 treatments with three replications. After 60 days, there was no significant difference in weight gain, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio among the studied treatments. A linear increase was observed in fillet yield with increasing digestible protein. With respect to feed cost/kg weight gain, the treatment with 30.0% DP and 3,000 kcal/kg DE presented low cost and better cost effectiveness index. Therefore, it was concluded that digestible energy did not influence the productive performance parameters and that effective feeds can be formulated with DP levels lower than 34% when feeding juvenile tilapias. The ration should be formulated based on the concept of ideal protein.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate different dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on the blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen balances and crude metabolizable energy of swine in the initial phase. Sixteen barrows were used, averaging 27.95 kg of initial weight, allotted individually in metabolic cages in a randomized blocks design with four treatments (DEB of 160, 208, 257 and 305 mEq/kg) and 4 replicates. The blood biochemical parameters analyzed were chloride, potassium, sodium and urea in blood. Urine pH was also evaluated, and the parameters evaluated in nitrogen (N) balance were N intake, fecal N, N excreted in urine, absorbed N, N retention, retained N/absorbed N and total excretion of N. The gross energy digestibility and metabolizibility coefficients were determined, and the respectives values of digestible and metabolizable energy. The values of urinary pH increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increasing levels of DEB, ranging from 6.90 to 8.03. The results for chloride, potassium and nitrogen balances of variables and gross energy were similar (P > 0.05) between the evaluated DEB. A linear increase (P < 0.01) was also observed for sodium concentrations in blood serum due to the increase of DEB, with values of 2.91, 3.03, 3.27 and 3.18 g/l, respectively for the different treatments. Urea levels in blood serum increased linearly (P < 0.01), with values of 26.21, 28.64, 34.32 and 32.89 mg/dl. It was concluded that increasing the dietary electrolyte balance, from 160 to 305 mEq/kg resulted in higher concentrations of urea and sodium in blood serum, and higher pH values in the urine of swine in the initial phase.