Molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: a collaborative European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) evaluation.

The present study was performed to assess the interlaboratory reproducibility of the molecular detection and identification of species of Zygomycetes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney and brain tissues obtained from experimentally infected mice. Animals were infected with one of five species (Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus microsporus, Lichtheimia corymbifera, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Mucor circinelloides). Samples with 1, 10, or 30 slide cuts of the tissues were prepared from each paraffin block, the sample identities were blinded for analysis, and the samples were mailed to each of seven laboratories for the assessment of sensitivity. A protocol describing the extraction method and the PCR amplification procedure was provided. The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was amplified by PCR with the fungal universal primers ITS1 and ITS2 and sequenced. As negative results were obtained for 93% of the tissue specimens infected by M. circinelloides, the data for this species were excluded from the analysis. Positive PCR results were obtained for 93% (52/56), 89% (50/56), and 27% (15/56) of the samples with 30, 10, and 1 slide cuts, respectively. There were minor differences, depending on the organ tissue, fungal species, and laboratory. Correct species identification was possible for 100% (30 cuts), 98% (10 cuts), and 93% (1 cut) of the cases. With the protocol used in the present study, the interlaboratory reproducibility of ITS sequencing for the identification of major Zygomycetes species from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues can reach 100%, when enough material is available.

Cognition, mood and fatigue in patients in the early stage of multiple sclerosis.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: Cognitive impairment occurs during multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to the burden of the disease, but its effect in the initial phase of MS still needs to be better understood. METHODS: We prospectively studied 127 early MS patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or definite MS, a mean disease duration of 2.6 years, and with minor disability (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score 1.8). Patients were tested for long-term memory, executive functions, attention, fatigue, mood disorders, functional handicap and quality of life (QoL). Twenty-one CIS patients were excluded from study as the diagnosis of MS could not be confirmed. RESULTS: Over the 106 MS patients analysed, 31 (29.3%) were cognitively impaired (23.6% for memory, 10.4% for attention and 5.7% for executive functions). Cognitive deficits were already present in CIS patients in whom the diagnosis was not yet confirmed (20%). Impaired cognition was associated with anxiety (p = 0.05), depression(p = 0.004), fatigue (p = 0.03), handicap (p <0.001) and a lower QoL (p <0.001). After adjustment for QoL, handicap, depression, anxiety and fatigue were no longer associated with the presence of cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS: In this well-defined early MS group one third of the patients already exhibited cognitive deficits, which were usually apparent in an effortful learning situation and were generally mild. Mood disorders, fatigue, handicap and decreased QoL were all associated with the occurrence of cognitive deficits. QoL itself appeared to take all the other factors into account. Our results confirm the existence of an interplay between cognitive, affective and functional changes and fatigue in early MS.

Why are people liberal? : a motivated social cognition perspective

The present dissertation examined why people adopt or endorse certain political ideologies (i.e., liberal or conservative). According to a motivated social cognition perspective (Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, & Sulloway, 2003a; Kruglansl

Phonon spectra and thermal properties of some fcc metals using embedded-atom potentials /

By employing the embedded-atom potentials of Mei et ai.[l], we have calculated the dynamical matrices and phonon dispersion curves for six fee metals (Cu,Ag,Au,Ni,Pd and Pt). We have also investigated, within the quasiharmonic approximation, some other thermal properties of these metals which depend on the phonon density of states, such as the temperature dependence of lattice constant, coefficient of linear thermal expansion, isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli, heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure, Griineisen parameter and Debye temperature. The computed results are compared with the experimental findings wherever possible. The comparison shows a generally good agreement between the theoretical values and experimental data for all properties except the discrepancies of phonon frequencies and Debye temperature for Pd, Pt and Au. Further, we modify the parameters of this model for Pd and Pt and obtain the phonon dispersion curves which is in good agreement with experimental data.

A framework for understanding the factors that influence spectators' recall and recognition of embedded sponsorship stimuli

Now, more than ever, sponsors of athletic events demand to see evidence of a commercial return, such as enhanced brand awareness, for their investment of cash or non-cash resources (Lough et aI., 2000). The most common way to measure the impact of perimeter signage (Le., any billboard or sign that displays a company's brand name and/or logo and which surrounds the playing area) on spectators' awareness of event sponsors has been through the use of brand name recall and recognition tests (Shilbury & Berriman, 1996). Recall testing requires spectators to list all of the sponsors they can remember seeing at, for example, an athletic event, strictly from memory and without any help (Cuneen & Hannan, 1993). With recognition testing, spectators are required to identify sponsors from a prepared list which include "dummy" brand names (i.e., sponsors that are present in the list but which do not actually sponsor the event). In order to determine whether sponsors' brand awareness objectives are being met, it is important for sport and recreation marketers to understand what influences a spectator's ability to remember (Le., recall and/or recognize) the brand names of companies who advertise on perimeter signage. The purpose this study was to examine the factors that influence spectators' recall and recognition of embedded sponsorship stimuli (i.e., company brand names on perimeter signage surrounding the play area) at a Canadian University's men's basketball game and football game. These factors included the number of games spectators attended over the course of the season (i.e., repeated exposure to sponsorship stimuli), spectators' level of involvement with the event, and spectators' level of involvement with the advertisements (i.e., perimeter signage). This study also examined the differences between recall and recognition as a means of measuring spectators' awareness of sponsors, and attempted to determine if there are sport differences in spectators' recall and recognition of perimeter signage. Upon leaving the football stadium or gymnasium, spectators were approached, at random, by trained research assistants located at each exit and asked to complete a brief survey questionnaire. Respondents completed the survey on-site. A total of 358 completed surveys were collected from spectators who attended the football (N = 277) and basketball (N = 81) games. The data suggest that football and basketball respondents recognized more sponsors' brand names than they recalled. In addition, football respondents who were highly involved with the event (i.e., those individuals who viewed attending the events as fun, interesting and exciting) attended more games over the course of the season and had significantly higher brand name recognition of sponsors who advertised on perimeter signage than those individuals with low involvement with the athletic event. Football respondents who were highly involved with the sponsors' advertisements (i.e., those individuals who viewed sponsors' perimeter signage as appealing, valuable and important) had significantly higher brand name recall of event sponsors than those individuals with low involvement with these sponsors' advertisements. Repeated exposure to perimeter signage did not have a significant influence on football or basketball respondents' recall or recognition of sponsors. Finally, the data revealed that football respondents had significantly higher recall of sponsors' brand names than basketball respondents. Conversely, basketball respondents had significantly higher recognition of sponsors' brand names than did football respondents.

Hot cognition and activation of the medial prefrontal cortex: Self-regulating in contexts involving motivational pressures

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in performance-monitoring and has been implicated in the generation of several electrocortical responses associated with self-regulation. The error-related negativity (ERN), the inhibitory Nogo N2 (N2), and the feedback-related negativity (FRN) are event-related potential (ERP) components which reflect mPFC activity associated with feedback to behavioural (ERN, N2) and environmental (FRN) consequences. Our main goal was to determine whether or not rnPFC activation varies as a function of motivational context (e.g., those involving performance-related incentives) or the use of internally versus externally generated feedback signals (i.e., errors). Additionally, we assessed medial prefrontal activity in relation to individual differences in personality and temperament. Participants completed a combination of tasks in which performance-related incentives were associated with task performance and feedback generated from internal versus external responses. MPFC activity was indexed using both ERP scalp voltage peaks and intracerebral current source density (CSD) of dorsal and ventral regions. Additionally, participants completed several questionnaires assessing personality and temperament styles. Given previous studies have shown that enhanced mPFC activity to loss (or negative) feedback, we expected that activity in the mPFC would generally be greater during the Loss condition relative to the Win condition for both the ERN and N2. Also, due to the evidence that the (vmPFC) is engaged in arousing contexts, we hypothesized that activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) would be greater than activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), especially in the Loss condition of the GoNogo task (ERN). Similarly, loss feedback in the BART (FRN) was expected to engage the vmPFC more than the dmPFC. Finally, we predicted that persons rating themselves as more willing to engage in approach-related behaviours or to exhibit rigid cognitive styles would show reduced activity of the mPFC. Overall, our results emphasize the role of affective evaluations of behavioural and environmental consequences when self-regulating. Although there were no effects of context on brain activity, our data indicate that, during the time of the ERN and N2 on the MW Go-Nogo task and the FRN on the BART, the vrnPFC was more active compared to the dmPFC. Moreover, regional recruitment in the mPFC was similar across internally (ERN) and externally (FRN) generated errors signals associated with loss feedback, as reflected by relatively greater activity in the vmPFC than the dmPFC. Our data also suggest that greater activity in the mPFC is associated with better inhibitory control, as reflected by both scalp and CSD measures. Additionally, deactivation of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and lower levels of self-reported positive affect were both related to increased voluntary risk-taking on the BART. Finally, persons reporting higher levels of approach-related behaviour or cognitive rigidity showed reduced activity of the mPFC. These results are in line with previous research emphasizing that affect/motivation is central to the processes reflected by mediofrontal negativities (MFNs), that the vmPFC is involved in regulating demands on motivational/affective systems, and that the underlying mechanisms driving these functions vary across both individuals and contexts.

The Lived Experience of Nursing Students With Formative Assessment Formally Embedded in Clinical Courses: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study

The potential of formative assessment (FA) for informing learning in classroom-based nursing courses is clearly established in the literature; however, research on FA in clinical courses remains scarce. This inquiry explored the lived experience of nursing students using transcendental phenomenology and described the phenomenon of being assessed in clinical courses. The research question guiding the study was: How is the phenomenon of assessment experienced by nursing students when FA is formally embedded in clinical courses? Inherent in this question were the following issues: (a) the meaning of clinical experiences for nursing students, (b) the meaning of being assessed through FA, and (c) what it is like to be assessed when FA is formally embedded within clinical experiences. The noematic themes that illuminated the whatness of the participants’ experience were (a) enabled cognitive activity, (b) useful feedback, (c) freedom to be, (d) enhanced focus, (e) stress moderator, and (f) respectful mentorship. The noetic themes associated with how the phenomenon was experienced were related to bodyhood, temporality, spatiality, and relationship to others. The results suggest a fundamental paradigm shift from traditional nursing education to a more pervasive integration of FA in clinical courses so that students have time to learn before being graded on their practice. Furthermore, this inquiry and the literature consulted provide evidence that using cognitive science theory to inform and reform clinical nursing education is a timely option to address the repeated calls from nursing leaders to modernize nursing education. This inquiry contributes to reduce our reliance on assumptions derived from research on FA in nursing classrooms and provides evidence based on the reality of using formative assessment in clinical courses. Recommendations for future research are presented.

Cognition in Seemingly Riskless Choices and Judgments.

We instillate rational cognition and learning in seemingly riskless choices and judgments. Preferences and possibilities are given in a stochastic sense and based on revisable expectations. the theory predicts experimental preference reversals and passes a sharp econometric test of the status quo bias drawn from a field study.

Imagerie par résonance magnétique spectroscopique et exploration neurochimique de régions cérébrales d'individus atteints d'un trouble léger de la cognition.

Introduction : Les individus présentant des troubles cognitifs légers ou Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) sont plus à risque de développer une maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) que le reste de la population âgée. Objectif : Cette étude repose sur le recours à un devis de type étude de cas multiples dont l’objectif est de contribuer à l’identification d’indices biologiques en quantifiant, à l’aide de la résonance magnétique spectroscopique (MRS), des changements métaboliques précoces chez les individus avec MCI, susceptibles d’évoluer vers la MA. Méthodologie : Huit individus MCI sont comparés à huit individus âgés normaux. Chaque participant est soumis à un examen MRS. Résultats : Parmi les huit participants MCI recrutés, l’un d’entre eux présente désormais un profil cognitif concordant avec une MA. L’analyse spectrale des métabolites de cet individu montre des ratios de glutamate plus élevés au niveau du cortex préfrontal gauche et de la régioncingulaire postérieure gauche. Bien qu’une diminution de NAA/Cr soit fréquemment observée chez la population MCI en voie d’évoluer vers la démence, les résultats obtenus ne démontrent rien en ce sens. Discussion/Conclusion : Le rôle du glutamate dans les processus neurodégénératifs est encore mal établi. L’augmentation de glutamate observée est contraire à la diminution habituellement observée au cours de la MA. Ces résultats sont toutefois explicables par l’existence possible d’excitotoxicité précoce chez les MCI en voie de d’évoluervers la démence. Cela pourrait aussi illustrer des mécanismes de compensation présents avant qu’un déclin cognitif ne soit objectivable.

Évaluation de la durée des effets aigus de l'exercice sur la cognition

Objectif: Cette étude visait à évaluer les effets aigus d’une session d’exercice aérobie sur la performance à une tâche sollicitant les fonctions cognitives exécutives et à déterminer la durée de ces effets. Méthode: Quarante-huit participants universitaires ont été divisés en deux groupes expérimentaux et un groupe contrôle. L'intervention expérimentale consistait à 30 minutes d'exercice à une intensité sous-maximale sur tapis roulant. Les deux groupes expérimentaux ont complété la tâche de Stroop soit immédiatement (groupe 1) ou 10 minutes (groupe 2) après la session d’exercice. Le groupe contrôle a complété la même tâche cognitive mais sans pratique d'exercice. Résultats: Les analyses statistiques indiquent qu’il n’y a pas d’effet d’amélioration de la performance cognitive et ce, peu importe le délai d’exécution de la tâche de Stroop suite à l’exercice. Conclusion : Une seule session d’exercice n’a aucun effet sur les fonctions exécutives. Les limites de l’étude sont présentées en relation avec les résultats obtenus. Les implications des résultats sont discutées en terme de retombées pour les recherches futures.

Cognition sociale et traitement du contexte dans la schizophrénie : effets des stéréotypes

Un déficit de la cognition sociale incluant l’attribution d’états mentaux, la perception sociale et la perception des émotions est l’une des caractéristiques les plus handicapantes de la schizophrénie. Les résultats d’une étude par Hardy-Baylé et al. (2003) suggèrent que les difficultés des schizophrènes (SZ) à attribuer des intentions aux autres seraient dues à l’incapacité à utiliser l’information contextuelle. Certaines études (Ivanko & Pexman, 2003; Pexman & Olineck, 2002b) démontrent que des facteurs comme le degré d’incongruité entre le contexte et l’énoncé, l’intonation de la voix et les caractéristiques des personnages peuvent influencer la compréhension de l’intention ironique chez les sujets sains (CT). L’objectif de cette étude est de manipuler des informations contextuelles afin de déterminer si le type de métier du locuteur est un indice social facilitant la compréhension de l’intention du locuteur (théorie de l’esprit ; TdE) et de la perception sociale chez les patients SZ. Trente participants SZ appariés avec trente participants CT ont été recrutés. Ils ont été évalués sur la compréhension de l’ironie et sur la mémoire de travail. Les histoires étaient développées selon deux conditions de métier: un métier favorisant la compréhension de l’ironie (e.g. comédien) et un métier ne favorisant pas la compréhension de l’ironie (e.g. prêtre). Les résultats montrent que les patients SZ ont un trouble de TdE et ils ne semblent pas sensibles aux stéréotypes contrairement aux participants CT. Toutefois, les résultats indiquent que les participants SZ n’ont pas de déficit concernant la perception sociale.

Dynamique cérébrale et réserve cognitive en situation d’attention sélective dans le vieillissement normal et les troubles de la cognition : approche neurofonctionnelle

Réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Unité de Formation à la Recherche Lettres Arts et Sciences Humaines - Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis.

Évaluation de l'acuité visuelle chez la personne âgée atteinte de troubles de la cognition

Objectif : L'évaluation de l'acuité visuelle (AV) chez la personne âgée atteinte de troubles cognitifs peut être limitée par le manque de collaboration ou les difficultés de communication du patient. Très peu d'études ont examiné l'AV chez les patients atteints de déficits sévères de la cognition. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l'AV chez la personne âgée vulnérable ayant des troubles cognitifs à l'aide d'échelles variées afin de vérifier leur capacité à répondre à ces échelles. Méthodes: Trois groupes de 30 sujets chacun ont été recrutés. Le premier groupe était constitué de sujets jeunes (Moy.±ET: 24.9±3.5ans) et le second, de sujets âgés (70.0±4.5ans), ne présentant aucun trouble de la cognition ou de la communication. Le troisième groupe, composé de sujets atteints de démence faible à sévère (85.6±6.9ans), a été recruté au sein des unités de soins de longue durée de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal. Le test du Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) a été réalisé pour chaque sujet afin de déterminer leur niveau cognitif. L’AV de chaque participant a été mesurée à l’aide de six échelles validées (Snellen, cartes de Teller, ETDRS-lettres,-chiffres,-Patty Pics,-E directionnel) et présentées selon un ordre aléatoire. Des tests non paramétriques ont été utilisés afin de comparer les scores d’AV entre les différentes échelles, après une correction de Bonferroni-Holm pour comparaisons multiples. Résultats: Le score moyen au MMSE chez les sujets atteints de démence était de 9.8±7.5, alors qu’il était de 17.8±3.7 et 5.2±4.6 respectivement, chez les sujets atteints de démence faible à modérée (MMSE supérieur ou égal à 13; n=11) et sévère (MMSE inférieur à 13; n=19). Tous les sujets des groupes 1 et 2 ont répondu à chacune des échelles. Une grande majorité de sujets avec démence ont répondu à toutes les échelles (n=19) alors qu’un seul sujet n’a répondu à aucune échelle d’AV. Au sein du groupe 3, les échelles d’AV fournissant les scores les plus faibles ont été les cartes de Teller (20/65) et les Patty Pics (20/62), quelque soit le niveau cognitif du sujet, alors que les meilleurs scores d’AV ont été obtenus avec les échelles de Snellen (20/35) et les lettres ETDRS (20/36). Une grande proportion de sujets avec démence sévère ont répondu aux cartes de Teller (n=18) mais le score d’AV obtenu était le plus faible (20/73). Au sein des trois groupes, l’échelle de lettres-ETDRS était la seule dont les scores d’AV ne différaient pas de ceux obtenus avec l’échelle de Snellen traditionnelle. Conclusions: L’acuité visuelle peut être mesurée chez la personne âgée atteinte de troubles cognitifs ou de la communication. Nos résultats indiquent que les échelles les plus universelles, utilisant des lettres comme optotypes, peuvent être utilisées avec de bons résultats chez les personnes âgées atteintes de démence sévère. Nos résultats suggèrent de plus que la mesure d’acuité visuelle doit être tentée chez toutes les personnes, peu importe leur niveau cognitif.

SCIL processor : a common intermediate language processor for embedded systems

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Effets d'un traitement adjuvant de glycine versus un placebo sur les symptômes et la cognition dans la schizophrénie : analyse préliminaire

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.