Modelos de programação linear inteira mista para resolver problemas de otimização de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Análise da área de vulnerabilidade e estabilidade de tensão em sistemas elétricos com a inserção de parques eólicos

A presente dissertação de mestrado avalia os afundamentos e a estabilidade de tensão de um sistema elétrico real com inserção de parques eólicos. Os estudos de afundamentos de tensão servem de base para a determinação das áreas de vulnerabilidade do sistema elétrico, nas quais, por sua vez, são investigados os aspectos referentes à instabilidade de tensão ocasionada pela integração de parques eólicos com geradores assíncronos. Para este fim, é utilizado o programa computacional ANAQUALI, desenvolvido pelo CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica). No estudo do comportamento dinâmico da tensão decorrente de curto-circuito, no qual o sistema eólico é inserido nas concepções de velocidade fixa e velocidade variável, utiliza-se um programa computacional desenvolvido no aplicativo MATLABTM. Os resultados dessas simulações evidenciam que o sistema eólico de velocidade variável proporciona uma maior margem de estabilidade de tensão ao sistema elétrico, devido à presença do controle de velocidade e de tensão. Estes estudos não são comumente aplicados aos sistemas de geração distribuída, e por isso, esta dissertação contribui também neste aspecto, podendo seus resultados servir de base para o planejamento de centrais cólicas inseridas em sistemas elétricos convencionais.

Avaliação de estratégias de controle de potência reativa de aerogeradores síncronos em redes elétricas

No presente trabalho é avaliada uma metodologia de injeção de potência reativa em redes elétricas durante afundamentos de tensão provocados por curto-circuito, em parques eólicos interligados, adotada em alguns países com maturidade tecnológica na produção de energia eólica. Nos estudos desenvolvidos, foi utilizado o aerogerador síncrono a imã permanente com conversor pleno em função da grande controlabilidade do conversor interligado à rede e por possuir elevada capacidade de fornecimento de potência reativa, comparada a outras tecnologias de aerogeradores. No Brasil, os requisitos de interligação de parques eólicos as redes elétricas, definido pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema, ainda não estipula a necessidade de adoção de tal metodologia durante defeitos na rede elétrica, apenas especifica a curva de capacidade de afundamentos de tensão que os aerogeradores devem seguir para evitar o desligamento frente a afundamentos de tensão. Os critérios de proteção do aerogerador síncrono são avaliados a partir de simulações de curto-circuito em uma rede de teste adotando-se os requisitos do Brasil, sem injeção de potência reativa, sendo comparados com o de outros países que adotam curvas de injeção de potência reativa.

Análise computacional dos campos de velocidade e temperatura do ambiente interno da usina termelétrica Santana - Amapá

A simulação numérica do escoamento de ar em ambientes internos é na atualidade o método mais apropriado para análise de conforto térmico em ambientes internos. O escoamento de ar nesses ambientes configura-se como um escoamento complexo, pois, em regra geral, é uma combinação de escoamentos cisalhantes livres (jatos) e cisalhantes de parede, além disso, esses escoamentos são governados por forças de inércia e forças de empuxo, caracterizando-o como de convecção mista. A combinação desses mecanismos cria um escoamento com características complexas, como zonas de recirculação, vórtices, descolamento e recolamento de camada-limite dentre outras. Portanto, a precisão da solução estará diretamente ligada, principalmente, na habilidade do modelo de turbulência adotado de reproduzir as características turbulentas do escoamento de ar e da transferência térmica. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi a simulação computacional do ambiente térmico interno do galpão que abriga os geradores e motores Wärtzilä da Usina Termelétrica Santana no estado do Amapá. A formulação matemática baseada na solução das equações gerais de conservação inclui uma análise dos principais modelos de turbulência aplicados ao escoamento de ar em ambientes internos, assim como os processos de transferência de calor associados. Na modelagem numérica o método de volumes finitos é usado na discretização das equações de conservação, através do código comercial Fluent-Airpak, que foi usado nas simulações computacionais para a análise dos campos de velocidade e temperatura do ar. A utilização correta do programa computacional foi testada e validada para o problema através da simulação precisa de casos retirados da literatura. Os resultados numéricos foram comparados a dados obtidos de medições experimentais realizados no galpão e apresentou boa concordância, considerando a complexidade do problema simulado, o objetivo da simulação em face da diminuição da temperatura no interior do galpão e, também, em função das limitações encontradas quando da tomada das medições experimentais. Além disso, foram feitas simulações de estratégias de melhoria do ambiente térmico da Usina, baseadas na realidade levantada e nos resultados da simulação numérica. Finalmente, foram realizadas simulações do protótipo de solução proposto para a diminuição da temperatura interna do galpão o que possibilitará um aumento, na faixa de 20 a 30%, do tempo de permanência no interior do galpão.

Electric charge rotating around a black hole

We consider an electric charge rotating around a Schwarzschild black hole. We compute, using quantum field theory in curved spacetime at the tree level, the power emitted by the rotating charge minimally coupled to the Maxwell field. We also compute how much of the radiation emitted by the swirling charge is absorbed by the black hole.

QoS management in smart grids: a Markovian approach

In Smart Grids, a variety of new applications are available to users of the electrical system (from consumers to the electric system operators and market operators). Some applications such as the SCADA systems, which control generators or substations, have consequences, for example, with a communication delay. The result of a failure to deliver a control message due to noncompliance of the time constraint can be catastrophic. On the other hand, applications such as smart metering of consumption have fewer restrictions. Since each type of application has different quality of service requirements (importance, delay, and amount of data to transmit) to transmit its messages, the policy to control and share the resources of the data communication network must consider them. In this paper Markov Decision Process Theory is employed to determine optimal policies to explore as much as possible the availability of throughput in order to transmit all kinds of messages, considering the quality of service requirements defined to each kind of message. First a non-preemptive model is formulated and after that a preemptive model is derived. Numerical results are used to compare FIFO, non-preemptive and preemptive policies.

X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome systems in the Neotropical Gymnotiformes electric fish of the genus Brachyhypopomus

Several types of sex chromosome systems have been recorded among Gymnotiformes, including male and female heterogamety, simple and multiple sex chromosomes, and different mechanisms of origin and evolution. The ₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y systems identified in three species of this order are considered homoplasic for the group. In the genus Brachyhypopomus, only B. gauderio presented this type of system. Herein we describe the karyotypes of Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus and B. n. sp. FLAV, which have an X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y sex chromosome system that evolved via fusion between an autosome and the Y chromosome. The morphology of the chromosomes and the meiotic pairing suggest that the sex chromosomes of B. gauderio and B. pinnicaudatus have a common origin, whereas in B. n. sp. FLAV the sex chromosome system evolved independently. However, we cannot discard the possibility of common origin followed by distinct processes of differentiation. The identification of two new karyotypes with an X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y sex chromosome system in Gymnotiformes makes it the most common among the karyotyped species of the group. Comparisons of these karyotypes and the evolutionary history of the taxa indicate independent origins for their sex chromosomes systems. The recurrent emergence of the X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y system may represent sex chromosomes turnover events in Gymnotiformes.

Chromosomal diversity in three species of electric fish (Apteronotidae, Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon Basin

Cytogenetic studies were carried out on samples of Parapteronotus hasemani, Sternarchogiton preto and Sternarchorhamphus muelleri (Apteronotidae, Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon basin. The first two species exhibited both a 2n = 52 karyotype, but differed in their karyotypic formulae, distribution of constitutive heterochromatin, and chromosomal location of the NOR. The third species, Sternarchorhamphus muelleri, was found to have a 2n = 32 karyotype. In all three species the DAPI and chromomycin A3 staining results were consistent with the C-banding results and nucleolar organizer region (NOR) localization. The 18S rDNA probe confirmed that there was only one pair of ribosomal DNA cistron bearers per species. The telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS). The karyotypic differences among these species can be used for taxonomic identification. These data will be useful in future studies of these fishes and help understanding the phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal evolution of the Apteronotidae.

Profile of micronucleus frequencies and nuclear abnormalities in different species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) from the Eastern Amazon

The frequency of spontaneous micronucleus (MN) formation in fish species needs to be determined to evaluate their usefulness for genotoxic biomonitoring. The definition of a good bioindicator takes into account the current knowledge of its metabolic traits as well as other factors including its feeding behavior and relationship to the environment. In this study, we compared the basal frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes and nuclear abnormalities (NA) among different species of the fish Order Gymnotiformes (Rhamphichthys marmoratus, Steatogenys elegans, Sternopygus macrurus, Parapteronotus hasemani, Gymnotus mamiraua, Gymnotus arapaima, Brachyhypopomus beebei, Brachyhypopomus n. sp. BENN) sampled in several localities of the Eastern Amazon. A baseline of MN and NA frequency in these fish was determined, enabling the identification of potentially useful species as models for genotoxicity studies. Only one impacted sample collected at a site in the River Caripetuba showed a significant number of NAs, which may be due to the release of wastewater by neighbouring mining industries and by the burnt fuel released by the small boats used by a local community. Our results may provide support for further studies in areas of the Eastern Amazon affected by mining, deforestation and other anthropogenic activities.

Capacity of Active Power Reserve for Frequency Control Enhanced by Distributed Generators

Usually, ancillary services are provided by large conventional generators; however, with the growing interest in distributed generation to satisfy energy and environmental requirements, it seems reasonable to assume that these services could also be provided by distributed generators in an economical and efficient way. In this paper, a proposal for enhancement of the capacity of active power reserve for frequency control using distributed generators is presented. The goal is to minimize the payments done by the transmission system operator to conventional and distributed generators for this ancillary service and for the energy needed to satisfy loads and system losses, subject to a set of constraints. In order to perform analysis, the proposal was implemented using data of the IEEE 30-bus transmission test system. Comparisons were performed considering conventional generators without and with distributed generators installed in the system.

Correspondence between the one-loop three-point vertex and the Y and Delta electric resistor networks

Different mathematical methods have been applied to obtain the analytic result for the massless triangle Feynman diagram yielding a sum of four linearly independent (LI) hypergeometric functions of two variables F-4. This result is not physically acceptable when it is embedded in higher loops, because all four hypergeometric functions in the triangle result have the same region of convergence and further integration means going outside those regions of convergence. We could go outside those regions by using the well-known analytic continuation formulas obeyed by the F-4, but there are at least two ways we can do this. Which is the correct one? Whichever continuation one uses, it reduces a number of F-4 from four to three. This reduction in the number of hypergeometric functions can be understood by taking into account the fundamental physical constraint imposed by the conservation of momenta flowing along the three legs of the diagram. With this, the number of overall LI functions that enter the most general solution must reduce accordingly. It remains to determine which set of three LI solutions needs to be taken. To determine the exact structure and content of the analytic solution for the three-point function that can be embedded in higher loops, we use the analogy that exists between Feynman diagrams and electric circuit networks, in which the electric current flowing in the network plays the role of the momentum flowing in the lines of a Feynman diagram. This analogy is employed to define exactly which three out of the four hypergeometric functions are relevant to the analytic solution for the Feynman diagram. The analogy is built based on the equivalence between electric resistance circuit networks of types Y and Delta in which flows a conserved current. The equivalence is established via the theorem of minimum energy dissipation within circuits having these structures.

Transmission Expansion Planning Via a Constructive Heuristic Algorithm in Restructured Electricity Industry

The transmission expansion planning problem in modern power systems is a large-scale, mixed-integer, nonlinear and non-convex problem. this paper presents a new mathematical model and a constructive heuristic algorithm (CHA) for solving transmission expansion planning problem under new environment of electricity restructuring. CHA finds an acceptable solution in an iterative process, where in each step a circuit is chosen using a sensitivity index and added to the system. The proposed model consider multiple generation scenarios therefore the methodology finds high quality solution in which it allows the power system operate adequacy in an environment with multiple generators scenarios. Case studies and simulation results using test systems show possibility of using Constructive heuristic algorithm in an open access system.

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS FOR THE COMPREHENSION OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA INVOLVED IN ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY OF MASONRY STRUCTURES

The paper describes the preliminary studies of University of Minho on the use of Electric Impedance/Resistance Tomography to assess masonry structures. The study is focused on the analysis of values of current and voltage resulting from the use of an electrical source with voltage and frequency values from a distribution network. The analysis is made from results obtained through computer simulations, using a three-dimensional model of the idealized masonry structures. A finite element program was used for the simulations. Three types of electrodes were used in simulations, and the analysis of the results led to significant conclusions. Later masonry specimens were built and a series of preliminary tests were carried out in the laboratory. The comparative analysis of simulated and experimental results allowed identifying the factors that have influence on the physical results.

Geração de energia renovável em residências: aplicação de tecnologias existentes

Due to the high value of the bill that the Brazilian has been paying, one of the most expensive in the world, is becoming increasingly attractive the option for renewable energy in form of distributed micro and minigeneration. In other words, the renewable energy sources are becoming attractive not only because of environmental concerns, but also due to economic issues. This has become even more relevant and concrete after approval of rules by National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) on 4/17/2012 (Normative Resolution n ° 482/2012 of 04/17/2012) aimed at reducing barriers to installation of small distributed generation, including microgeneration, with up to 100 kW of power, and minigeneration, 100 kW to 1 MW. The Normative Resolution n ° 482/2012 creates the Energy Clearing System, which allows consumers to install small generators in its consumer unit and exchange energy with the local distributor. The rule applies to generators that use renewable sources of energy (hydro, solar, biomass, wind and cogeneration qualified). In this context, this paper presents a technical and economic analysis of installing a residential microgenerating plant composed of photovoltaic cells, solar panels and small wind turbines

Estudo comparativo do desgaste de ferramentas cerâmicas de Al2O3 em relação às de B4C + TiB2

Due to the high value of the bill that the Brazilian has been paying, one of the most expensive in the world, is becoming increasingly attractive the option for renewable energy in form of distributed micro and minigeneration. In other words, the renewable energy sources are becoming attractive not only because of environmental concerns, but also due to economic issues. This has become even more relevant and concrete after approval of rules by National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) on 4/17/2012 (Normative Resolution n ° 482/2012 of 04/17/2012) aimed at reducing barriers to installation of small distributed generation, including microgeneration, with up to 100 kW of power, and minigeneration, 100 kW to 1 MW. The Normative Resolution n ° 482/2012 creates the Energy Clearing System, which allows consumers to install small generators in its consumer unit and exchange energy with the local distributor. The rule applies to generators that use renewable sources of energy (hydro, solar, biomass, wind and cogeneration qualified). In this context, this paper presents a technical and economic analysis of installing a residential microgenerating plant composed of photovoltaic cells, solar panels and small wind turbines