Marine photosynthetic organisms from the Portuguese coast as sources of antitumoural compounds

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

UV-Vis, FTIR and antioxidant study of Persea Americana (Avocado) leaf and fruit: A comparison

El aguacate (Persea americana Miller) es una conocida fruta arb´orea con un alto contenido nutricional que crece en varias partes del mundo. El presente estudio compara los espectros del UV-Vis y del espectr´ometro infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) de la fruta y de la hoja de aguacate (c´ascara, pulpa y aceite) cultivado en Ecuador y posteriormente eval´ua su actividad antioxidante empleando el 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH•). El estudio de los espctros UV-Vis y FTIR revel´o que el aguacate tiene predominantemente flavonoides. Entre la hoja y el fruto del aguacate, se comprob´o mediante el ensayo DPPH• (captura de radicales libres), que la hoja tuvo una mayor actividad antioxidante, la que oscila entre 84,46% y 80,12%, con valores de 32.60-32.73 μg equivalentes de ´acido g´alico por mL. Se demostr´o que el orden de la actividad antioxidante de los extractos es: hoja de aguacate > c´ascara > aceite > pulpa. La actividad antioxidante tuvo una correlaci´on positiva con el contenido total de flavonoides y estos extractos de plantas (especialmente de las hojas del aguacate) son ´utiles para el desarrollo de futuros productos antioxidantes.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cytotoxicity of stem bark extracts of Genus dolichocarpa and Duguetia chrysocarpa (Annonaceae)

Purpose: To investigate the phytochemistry and cytotoxic activity of stem bark extracts from Genus dolichocarpa and Duguetia chrysocarpa - two species of the Annonaceae family. Methods: The crude ethanol bark extracts (EtOH) of the plants were obtained by maceration. The crude extracts were suspended in a mixture of methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O) (proportion 3:7 v/v) and partitioned with hexane, chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) in ascending order of polarity to obtain the respective fractions. The extracts were evaluated on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates of silica gel to highlight the main groups of secondary metabolites. Cytotoxicity was tested against human tumor cell lines - OVCAR-8 (ovarian), SF-295 (brain) and HCT-116 (colon) - using 3- (4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The screening results demonstrated that all the extracts were positive for the presence of flavonoids and tannins. The presence of alkaloids also was detected in some extracts. The hexane extract of A. dolichocarpa showed the strongest cytotoxicity against HCT-116 with cell growth inhibition of 89.02 %. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate for the first time the cytotoxic activity of the extracts of A. dolichocarpa and D. chrysocarpa, thus providing some evidence that plants of the Annonaceae family are a source of active secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity.

Anti-oxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of ethyl acetate extract fractions of Suaeda asparagoides MIq

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Suaeda asparagoides ethylacetate extract (SAE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Methods: The antioxidative activity of SAE was evaluated by measuring 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity spectrometrometrically. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4, 5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia were used to study the expression and production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α). Results: Pretreatment with SAE prior to LPS treatment significantly inhibited excessive production of NO (p < 0.001 at 20, 40, 80 and 100 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner, and was associated with down-regulation of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SAE also suppressed the LPSinduced increase in TNF-α level (p < 0.01at concentrations of 40 and 80 μg/mL) in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, DPPH-generated free radicals were inhibited by SAE in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results indicate that SAE possesses strong anti-oxidant properties, and inhibits excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, iNOS and TNF-α, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells

In vitro antioxidative activity of moss extract, and effect of moss on serum lipid level of mice fed with high-fat diet

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of active compounds derived from moss in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Methods: Three species of moss were extracted with deionized water at 95 °C, and with 70.5 % ethanol at 85 °C. Analysis of total phenolic contents (TPC) of the extracts were performed by FolinCiocalteu (FC) method. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined using three methods, namely, by 2,2\'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In vivo effects were evaluated in mice fed high fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 20 % ground moss. Cholesterol levels in HFD were evaluated by ophthalaldehyde method. Serum triglyceride levels were measured using triglyceride (TG) kit, while blood insulin level and leptin concentration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: The moss extracts exhibited antioxidative effects, as evidenced of . TPC of 47.20 ± 11.20 to 119.87 ± 11.51 mg GAE/mg, respectively. ABTS scavenging activity was 1078.11 ± 18.95 to 2587.33 ± 46.19 μmol Trolox/mg, DPPH scavenging activity of were 42.11 ± 8.22 to 298.78 ± 20.02 μmol Trolox/mg, and FRAP value of 393.19 ± 24.64 to 1070.14 ± 17.92 μmol Trolox/mg, respectively. Mice fed with 20 % ground moss did not show any significant effect (p < 0.05) on visceral weight and blood lipid levels of HFD, while leptin concentrations reduced significantly to 4.74 ± 0.00 and 0.20 ± 0.00 ng/dL) relative to HFD alone (26.72 ± 6.53 ng/dL). Conclusion: Moss can potentially be used as an antioxidative ingredient, for the improvement of overall human health, suggesting that important medical benefits associated with moss consumption. However, further investigations are required to ascertain this.

Development of measurement and modeling techniques to quantify atmospheric deposition of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes

Measurement and modeling techniques were developed to improve over-water gaseous air-water exchange measurements for persistent bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals (PBTs). Analytical methods were applied to atmospheric measurements of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Additionally, the sampling and analytical methods are well suited to study semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in air with applications related to secondary organic aerosol formation, urban, and indoor air quality. A novel gas-phase cleanup method is described for use with thermal desorption methods for analysis of atmospheric SOCs using multicapillary denuders. The cleanup selectively removed hydrogen-bonding chemicals from samples, including much of the background matrix of oxidized organic compounds in ambient air, and thereby improved precision and method detection limits for nonpolar analytes. A model is presented that predicts gas collection efficiency and particle collection artifact for SOCs in multicapillary denuders using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sorbent. An approach is presented to estimate the equilibrium PDMS-gas partition coefficient (Kpdms) from an Abraham solvation parameter model for any SOC. A high flow rate (300 L min-1) multicapillary denuder was designed for measurement of trace atmospheric SOCs. Overall method precision and detection limits were determined using field duplicates and compared to the conventional high-volume sampler method. The high-flow denuder is an alternative to high-volume or passive samplers when separation of gas and particle-associated SOCs upstream of a filter and short sample collection time are advantageous. A Lagrangian internal boundary layer transport exchange (IBLTE) Model is described. The model predicts the near-surface variation in several quantities with fetch in coastal, offshore flow: 1) modification in potential temperature and gas mixing ratio, 2) surface fluxes of sensible heat, water vapor, and trace gases using the NOAA COARE Bulk Algorithm and Gas Transfer Model, 3) vertical gradients in potential temperature and mixing ratio. The model was applied to interpret micrometeorological measurements of air-water exchange flux of HCB and several PCB congeners in Lake Superior. The IBLTE Model can be applied to any scalar, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, and other scalar quantities of interest with respect to hydrology, climate, and ecosystem science.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) almond oil obtained by handmade and cold-pressed processes.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to characterize physical and chemically and determine the antioxidant capacity of pequi almond oils (PAO) extracted by handmade and by cold-pressing. Both oils showed good quality by acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values. The fatty acid (FA) profile showed a significant presence of monounsaturated FA, mainly oleic acid (53.48 to 55.41%); saturated FA, such as palmitic acid (33.30 to 35.89 %); and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), such as linoleic acid (5.85 to 7.23%). The total phenolic (TP) and carotenoid content ranged in concentration from 87.56 to 392.00 mg GAE/100 g and 36.03 to 262.40 mg/100 g, respectively. The tocopherol and phytosterol results indicated the predominant presence of α-tocopherol (52 to 67%) and stigmasterol (63 to 68 %). The antioxidant capacity of PAO as measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH?) method oscillated from 58.48 mg/mL to 76.46 mg/mL (IC50), from 10.61 to 40.46 µmol TE/g by the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS?+) method, and from 113.93 to 280.85 µmol TE/100 g and 164.49 to 277.86 µmol TE/100 g, by the lipophilic and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods, respectively. The oils presented a good oxidative and thermal stability by Rancimat method (IP of 7.33 a 15.91 h) and curves thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (To 337-363 °C and 159-184 °C, respectively). The results confirmed the presence of compounds that conferred antioxidant capacity and oxidative and thermal resistance for PAO made by handmade or cold-pressing, indicating that these oils can potentially be used for food and non-food applications.

Antioxidant activity of jacaranda decurrens Cham.

Many diseases and related degenerative processes including heart, câncer and Parkinson diseases are associated with rcactive oxygen species (ROS). In an effort Io preveni diseases, search for com-pounds with antioxidant activity hás been a major interestof dif-ferent research groups in natural products research. The objective of this research was to investigatethe antioxidant activity of EtOH leaf extract ofjacarando decurrrens and its fractions using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay [lJ, that uses s pé ciro me t ric method to determine radical scavenging activity, Rutinattheconcçntrationof l.Omg-L was used as the standard. Our results ha vê shown lhat crude extract and fractions had anti-oxidant activities mainly if tested at concentrations of 5.0 to 10.0mg-L. such activities, however. were lesser or equal to the standard (Table 1). The triterpenes, ursolic and oleanohc acids, were detected in the crude extract, Jd-1 and Jd-2, Possibly, these triterpenes are the active constituents responsible for the antioxi-dant activity |2j. At lower concentrations (0,6mg-L than the standard. Jd-3 fraction was the most active. The presenceof flavo-noids and glycosilated compounds were detected in jcl-3 fraction (2], This is the first attempt to demonstrate antioxidant activities found i n Já cara n (ia decurrens leaf extracts. Acknowledgements. Re-search funded by FAPESP. The State of São Paulo Research Founda-tion. Brazil, Referentes: 11) Koleva I. et ai. (2002). Phytochem Anal. 13: 8-17, (2! Oh CJ, et ai. (2007)- Free Radie Rés. 41(6): 638-44.