825 resultados para Comportamento pró-ambiental
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O trabalho relata a avaliação socioambiental na cadeia produtiva da soja para geração de biodiesel, na região de Londrina/PR. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico uma oficina de trabalho com a aplicação de uma ferramenta de avaliação de impacto socioambiental, o Eco-cert.Rural (Sistema Base de Eco-certificação de Atividades Rurais). A oficina ocorreu em 17 de abril de 2008, na Embrapa Soja, reunindo 17 atores sociais envolvidos com a cadeia produtiva da soja, na região de Londrina/PR. A avaliação explicitou as principais tendências de desempenho dos indicadores de impacto socioambiental, segundo o conhecimento e experiência dos atores sociais envolvidos na época da avaliação. Houve alteração no objeto de avaliação do trabalho de cadeia produtiva da soja para geração de biodiesel para cadeia de produção da soja com práticas intensivas de plantio direto. Isto porque, os especialistas foram unânimes em afirmar que o processo produtivo agrícola de soja, na região de Londrina/PR, não se alterou em função do uso desta matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel. Constatou-se inicialmente que na região de Londrina/PR a produção de soja em sistema de plantio direto intensivo traz efeitos negativos sobre o Desempenho Ecológico, que são comuns em atividades agrícolas devido à dependência da agricultura de fontes e meios de produção externos. Ainda assim, há efeito positivo para o critério Recuperação Ambiental, dentro desta dimensão. O Desempenho Socioambiental beneficiado por essa cadeia produtiva com impactos positivos para a maioria dos critérios indicadores, destacando-se a capacitação dos produtores, a geração e diversidade de fontes de renda e o valor das propriedades.
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Os betões atuais são materiais com custos extremamente competitivos devido ao baixo custo do cimento Portland. Contudo, os elevados níveis de emissões de C02 gerados na sua produção provocam o aumento do custo final do produto, tanto económico como ambiental. Devido a esta situação algumas adições têm sido estudadas como alternativas para substituir parcialmente os conteúdos de cimento no fabrico de betão. Uma vez que existem grandes quantidades de pó de mármore inutilizadas na região de Évora decidiu-se avaliar o seu comportamento. O pó de mármore foi adicionado em certas percentagens de forma a reduzir os conteúdos de cimento, permitindo avaliar se este iria manter e/ou melhorar as características de resistência à compressão e trabalhabilidade do betão. Além de avaliado o comportamento desta adição, o mesmo foi também comparado com a adição de filer calcário nas mesmas percentagens. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a exequibilidade da utilização de ambas as adições. ABSTRACT: Concretes currently used in construction are materials with very competitive costs due to the low cost of Portland cement. However, high levels of C02 emissions generated in its production cause an increase of the final cost of the product, both economically and environmentally. Due to this situation, some additions have been studied as alternatives to replace partially cement contents in concrete production. Since there are large quantities of marble dust in the region of Évora, it was decided to evaluate his behavior. The marble dust was added in known percentages so the cement contents could be reduced, allowing evaluating if it will maintain and/or improve the characteristics of the compressive strength and workability of the concrete. ln addition to evaluating the behavior of marble dust, this addition was also compared with the addition of limestone filler in the same percentages. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using both additions.
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Studies indicate that a variation in the degree of crystallinity of the components of a polymer blend influences the mechanical properties. This variation can be obtained by subjecting the blend to heat treatments that lead to changes in the spherulitic structure. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of different heat treatments on the variation of the degree of crystallinity and to establish a relationship between this variation and the mechanical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled (PMMA / PETrec) with and without the use of compatibilizer agent poly(methyl methacrylate-al-glycidyl methacrylate-al-ethyl acrylate) (MMAGMA- EA). All compositions were subjected to two heat treatments. T1 heat treatment the samples were treated at 130 ° C for 30 minutes and cooled in air. In T2, the samples were treated at 230 ° C for 5 minutes and cooled to approximately -10 ° C. The variation of the degree of crystallinity was determined by the proportional relationship between crystallinity and density, with the density measured by pycnometry. The mechanical behavior was verified by tensile tests with and without the presence of notches and pre-cracks, and by method of fracture toughness in plane strain (KIC). We used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the fracture surface of the samples. The compositions subjected to heat treatment T1, in general, showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity in tensile strength and a tendency to decrease in toughness, while compositions undergoing treatment T2 showed that the opposite behavior. Therefore, this work showed that heat treatment can give a polymer blend further diversity of its properties, this being caused by changes in the crystal structure
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The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property
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Existe uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade e com o impacto ambiental da atividade da construção que, desde o início do séc. XXI, com o avanço exponencial da nanotecnologia e do estudo das nanopartículas (para incorporação em argamassas e betões), tem vindo a ser atendida de uma forma inovadora. As nanopartículas, quando substituindo pequenas percentagens da massa de cimento, conferem características melhoradas às misturas: resistência, durabilidade, entre outras. Os potenciais benefícios no betão são variados e estão, genericamente, identificados. Todavia, existem ainda algumas lacunas (e.g. estudos que incluam ensaios estruturais). Tendo este aspeto em conta, foi formado um consórcio entre a empresa Smart Inovation, Lda e o Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra por forma a conduzir uma investigação com o intuito de estudar o efeito da incorporação das nanopartículas em argamassas e betões. Inserindo-se a presente dissertação no âmbito desse projeto de investigação, decidiu-se estudar o comportamento de vigas de betão incorporando nanopartículas (ou nanobetão) quando sujeitas a esforços de corte e de flexão, comparando-o com o de betões de referência. Foram, então, realizados dois tipos de ensaios, para as mesmas misturas (que incluem betões simples, com nanopartículas, com fibras e com nanopartículas e fibras em conjunto): (i) ao corte – em que se submeteram oito vigas, simplesmente apoiadas, à aplicação de uma carga concentrada a 0,85 m do apoio mais afastado; (ii) à flexão – em que se submeteram também oito vigas, simplesmente apoiadas, à aplicação de uma carga concentrada a meio vão. Com base nos dados recolhidos durante os ensaios experimentais, estudou-se: a relação carga-deslocamento, os valores teóricos e experimentais do esforço transverso e do momento, a curvatura, a rigidez, a fendilhação e o tipo de rotura. Da análise de resultados, foi possível observar que o comportamento estrutural de vigas de betão incorporando nanopartículas não evidencia, de forma clara, as previsões dos ensaios de caracterização dos betões. Porém, verificou-se que existe alguma potencialidade da incorporação das nanopartículas (principalmente as nanopartículas de Al2O3) beneficiarem a resistência ao corte e à flexão. Foi ainda possível observar que a interação entre nanopartículas e fibras de aço induz efeitos negativos na resistência ao corte e a resistência à flexão
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The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural raw materials, and concrete is considered today the most used material wide. This accentuated consumption of natural resources has generated concern with the preservation of the environment, and has motivated various studies related to the use of resid ues, which can partially or entirely substitute, with satisfactory performance, some materials such as the aggregate, and in so doing, decrease the impact on the environment caused by the produced residues. Research has been done to better understand and improve the microstructure of concrete, as well as to understand the mechanism of corrosion in reinforced steel. In this context, this work was developed aiming at discovering the influence of the substitution of natural sand by artificial sand, with rega rd to mechanical resistance, microstructure, and durability. To obtain the electrochemical parameters, an adaptation was made to the galvanostatic electrochemical method to study the corrosion in reinforced steel. Concretes of categories 20 MPa and 40 MPa were produced, containing natural sand, and concretes of the same categories were produced with artificial sand substituting the natural sand, and with the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride. Due to the use of rock dust reject (artificial sand), an evaluation was made of its environmental risk. The results indicate that the concretes of category 20 MPa present a better performance than the concrete made with natural sand, thus making it a viable substitute. For the category 40 MPa, the better performance is from the concrete containing natural sand. The adaptation of the galvanostatic electrochemical technique to the study of the corrosion of reinforced steel within concrete proved to be valid for obtaining electrochemical parameters with a high degree of reliability, considering the number of degrees of freedom
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On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry
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Among the various effects caused by the climate change and human intervention, the mangrove ecosystem changes through of the years has been worth mentioning, which hasn t known which are the pros and cons for the adjacent coastal and estuarine environments yet. It happens due to the present dynamism in these areas, besides of the difficult understanding of the processes associated with evolution. This study aimed to environmentally evaluate adjacent mangroves from the Macau and Serra oil fields, located on Rio Grande do Norte northern coast, to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process, as well as, according to the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to assess the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by the studied ecosystem. An inventory was conducted through mangrouve mapping which has supplied this research, especially regarding to the structural characterization of mangrove areas. To understand the local mangrove behavior in a greater level detail, techniques of remote sensing, GIS and GPS were used to make an analogy between the current and past states of the mangrove studied, allowing to make anticipated projections for the future impacts or changes in that region. This study combined data from multispectral LANDSAT 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ with radar microwave data from SAR RADARSAT-1, which increased the interpretation capacity of the data from optical sensor systems. The interpretations have been supported by the data field, representing a better and innovative methodology for the environmental and taxonomic characterization of mangrove forests considered. The results reveal that mangroves of the Ponta do Tubarão Sustainable Development Reserve are biologically representative areas and providing a variety of benefits, especially for local communities, constituting the priority sites for actions development aimed at conservation. They also have been showing the necessity to make mitigating measures in order to recover degraded areas through reforestation or creating new areas of mangrove, as currently 7.1% of the mangrove forests studied are dead or in an advanced state of decomposition. The amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered proved very significant when analyzed for the whole area, which is able to sequester atmospheric 4,294,458 Ton CO2 per year
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The aim of this study was to test the sediment preference of L. vannamei shrimp. It was observed shrimp visit frequency, swimming and burying behaviour at different sediment compositions for 24h. Juvenile (0.93 ± 0.29g) and sub-adult shrimps (10.0 ± 1.18g) were obtained from the aquaculture station at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido UFERSA, and held in a plastic tank (water volume 500 L) supplied with aerated water and kept at constant temperature, pH, and salinity. Shrimp was fed by commercial shrimp dry food. The experimental substrates were composed by A: medium sand + thick sand + very thick sand + gravel; B: very fine sand + fine sand; and C: silt + clay. Thus, six different substrate combinations were tested: A, B, C, A+B, A+C, B+C. To test preference, it was used a cylindrical tank (40 l) divided into six differently substrate compartments. A single shrimp was introduced each tank and the frequency at which this shrimp visited each compartment was recorded over a 24h study period. It was tested 54 shrimp (18 sub-adult males, 18 subadult females and 18 juveniles). For each trial, sediment and water were changed to avoid pheromones and residues influence. Shrimp were weighted and sub-adults were divided by sex: males present petasma and females present thelycum. Data were collected on the experimental day at 19:30; 20:30; 00:30; 1:30; 05:30; 06:30; 13:30 and 14:30 h. At each time point, shrimp were observed for 20-min periods, in which we noted down which compartment the shrimp was occupying at 2-min intervals. Thus, for each period we had eleven observations (88 observations per day). For observations at night, it was used dim red light that did not affect shrimp behaviour. At each 20-min period, it was observed visit frequency in each substrate, if shrimp was burred or not or if it was swimming. There was not significant difference between light and dark burry activity for females. Swimming activity was significantly higher at night, mainly at 00:30 and 01:30 h. All L. vannamei shrimp showed preference for sediment B. This animal presents cyclic activity, spends the day light period buried and swims at night
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An economical solution for cementing oil wells is the use of pre-prepared dry mixtures containing cement and additives. The mixtures may be formulated, prepared and transported to the well where is added water to be pumped.Using this method, becomes dispensable to prepare the cement mixes containing additives in the cementing operation, reducing the possibility of error. In this way, the aim of this work is to study formulations of cement slurries containing solid additives for primary cementing of oil wells onshore for typical depths of 400, 800 and 1,200 meters. The formulations are comprised of Special Class Portland cement, mineral additions and solids chemical additives.The formulated mixtures have density of 1.67 g / cm ³ (14.0 lb / gal). Their optimization were made through the analysis of the rheological parameters, fluid loss results, free water, thickening time, stability test and mechanical properties.The results showed that mixtures are in conformity the specifications for cementing oil wells onshore studied depths
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Com o crescente avanço tecnológico as questões ambientais bem como a eficiência energética assumem cada vez maior relevância e, neste sentido, torna-se imperativo pensar de uma forma mais eficaz e eficiente tanto ao nível ambiental como energético, aliando a eficiência energética a um menor nível dos consumos energéticos. Uma das medidas para melhorar a eficiência energética passa pela construção de edifícios mais eficientes utilizando diversas tecnologias passivas. Assim sendo, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento térmico e as consequências da ventilação numa cobertura em telha cerâmica e subtelha com beiral ventilado, durante os meses de Outono e Inverno. Através de instrumentação diversa colocada numa célula-teste e no ambiente exterior envolvente obtiveram-se diversos dados experimentais relativos a fatores ambientais tais como: temperaturas, humidades relativas, velocidade do ar, radiação solar, entre outros. Fez-se uma avaliação dos dados experimentais recolhidos e da transferência de calor verificada nesses meses. Os resultados mostram que tanto o comportamento térmico bem como a ventilação da caixa-de-ar são fortemente dependentes das condições do ar exterior e da radiação solar, o que tendo em conta os meses de estudo ,permite concluir que a tipologia da cobertura pode não se tornar vantajosa neste período. No entanto, os valores de humidade relativa registados em toda a cobertura bem como no interior da célula demonstram que a ventilação na caixa-de-ar é um fator relevante que contribui para reduzir a possibilidade de ocorrência da condensação do vapor de água contido no ar, ou seja, não existem períodos muito longos com valores de humidade relativa elevados, contribuído para a sua salubridade.
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1997
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1997
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Com os objetivos de avaliar a distribuição, persistência e degradação dos herbicidas no solo, na água e seu escape para outros corpos de água e avaliar os mecanismos de absorção/dessorção no solo, foi instalado um experimento de campo no Município de Pelotas no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando-se os herbicidas propanil e clomazone na cultura de arroz alagado. O processo adotado para amostrar os produtos no solo foi aperfeiçoado, com a introdução de tubos de PVC perfurados que permitiam a ocorrência dos processos de troca no solo. Foram feitas as isotermas de adsorção para o propanil e clomazone, ajustadas por quatro modelos distintos. Fez-se também analise química dos grãos para os elementos N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, determinando-se o teor de proteína bruta.Os resultados obtidos para o clomazone mostram que não houve contaminação ambiental pelo produto uma vez que nao foi detectada sua presença nas amostras de solo e agua do experimento. A ocorrência do propanil somente foi detectada nas amostras de solo coletadas com os tubos perfurados aos 30 e 120 dias após a emergência das plantas. Dos modelos de curvas de adsorção testados e comparados pelo método dos resíduos padronizados, o modelo de Freundlich foi o que melhor descreveu o comportamento dos dois produtos.
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Muitas áreas com solos arenosos vêm sendo irrigadas de modo inadequado devido a falta de conhecimentos, particularmente físico-hídricos, causando desperdícios da água e insumos, concorrendo para o aumento do custo de produção agrícola e degradação ambiental. Com o objetivo de gerar conhecimentos sobre aspectos relacionados com parâmetros físicos e hídricos dos solos arenosos irrigados no Projeto de irrigação Apolônio Sales em Petrolândia - PE foram realizados estudos hidropedológicos centrados principalmente nas determinações do movimento e armazenamento da água no solo. Foram selecionados 05 lotes irrigados onde foram descritos e amostrados perfis de Neossolos Quartzarênicos e avaliada a velocidade de infiltração básica, a capacidade de infiltração capacidade de campo dos solos. Os perfis analisados apresentam pequenas diferenças quanto à textura em profundidade, diretamente relacionadas às variações dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos estudados. Nos solos com textura areia em superfície e tendendo a areia franca em subsuperfície, os valores médios das taxas de infiltração básica variaram entre 286 e 904 mm/h. Já nas repetições dos testes, iniciados com o solo no estado úmido (em torno da capacidade de campo), a faixa de variação dos valores médios de 228 e 413 mm/h. Solos com textura somente na classe areia, os valores médios dos testes situaram-se na faixa de 604 e 668 mm/h. Nas repetições dos testes, a variação média das taxas de infiltração foi de 190 e 292 mm/h. Tais valores caracterizam taxas de infiltração rápida a muito rápida. Com relação ao armazenamento hídrico, as diferenças mais notáveis entre os solos, indicam que estão relacionadas ao conteúdo e a distribuição das frações mais finas nos perfis dos solos.