Legionelose associada a pneumopatias em São Paulo: estudo da comprovação etiológica por isolamento e sorologia

A presença de Legionella sp como patógeno atuante em nosso país não fora bem documentada, embora a literatura refira a importância deste agente em grande número de países. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a detecção do microrganismo ou evidenciar sua resposta imunológica em pacientes portadores de pneumopatias infecciosas na cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto foi introduzida metodologia laboratorial específica para o cultivo e identificação do agente e aplicada reação sorológica para verificação de níveis de anticorpos correspondentes. Foram estudados pacientes de 2 centros universitários em São Paulo, correspondentes a 100 do Hospital Universitário U.S.P. com pneumopatias infecciosas em geral e 100 do Hospital das Clínicas F.M.U.S.P. com pneumopatias infecciosas previamente selecionados para afastar outras etíologias bacterianas e dentre estes 30 pertencentes a Unidade de Transplante Renal. O material biológico destinado ao cultivo de Legionella sp foi constituído por: escarro, secreção traqueal, líquido pleural, lavado brônquico ou biópsia de tecido pulmonar. As tentativas de isolamento do agente foram realizadas em meio de BCYE com e sem antibióticos, a identificação das colônias, foram realizadas através de provas de crescimento em placas de BCYE sem cisteína, provas bioquímicas, imunofluorescência direta e soroaglutinação em lâmina. A pesquisa do agente em material biológico foi realizado pelo método de imunofluorescência direta. A pesquisa de anticorpos específicos para Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 foi efetuada pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Procedeu-se ainda a estudo sorológico) nos comunicantes de pacientes com legionelose para evidenciar possível transmissão do agente. Em 2 casos obteve-se isolamento em cultura e em 4 casos, somente reação de imunofluorescência direta positiva para L. pneumophila sorogrupo 1, à partir do material biológico, representando um total de 6% entre pacientes da comunidade e hospitalares, comprovando desta forma a existência do agente entre nós. A reação sorológica de imunofluorescência indireta permitiu estabelecer infecção atual ou pregressa por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1, em 16 dos 100 pacientes estudados no Hospital das Clínicas e em apenas 1 dos 100 pertencentes ao Hospital Universitário. Pacientes considerados como grupo de risco do Hospital das Clínicas correspondentes a transplantados renais mostraram evidências sorológicas de legionelose atual ou pregressa em 10 dos 30 estudados, isto é 33%, ficando com 8,5% para pacientes da comunidade, 6 dos 70 estudados, sendo 3 destes debilitados por doença sistêmica severa (4,28%). Nos profissionais de saúde comunicantes dos pacientes com legionelose internados no Hospital das Clínicas, apenas 1 em 28 revelou sorologia compatível com infecção pregressa, confirmando dados da literatura de não ser usual a transmissão de pessoa a pessoa

Environmental contamination by Toxocara sp. eggs in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

Toxocariasis is a zoonosis mainly caused by Toxocara canis, an intestinal nematode of dogs. Man acquires the infection through accidental ingestion of viable eggs, and the toxocariasis clinical manifestations may vary from an asymptomatic infection up to the Visceral Larva Migrans syndrome. Seventy eight public squares of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, including Bonfim Paulista district were visited aiming to evaluate the soil contamination by Toxocara eggs. The squares were divided in five different areas corresponding to the Sanitary Districts of the city. From May to December 2003, soil samples weighting about 250 g each were collected from five distinct sites of each public square. The laboratorial analysis was done by centrifugal-flotation techniques in magnesium sulphate solutions with 5% of potassium iodide (d = 1.33) and zinc sulphate (d = 1.20), and by the sedimentation- flotation in conic chalices with zinc sulphate (d = 1.20). Toxocara sp. eggs were found on 16 (20.5%) squares, with the lowest prevalence (12%) at the central area. From these results, it is expected that the legal authority will adopt protection measures for the city public areas, reducing thus the contamination risk by Toxocara sp. eggs.

Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in non diarrheal faeces from children, in a day care center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The protozoan Cryptosporidium sp. has been frequently detected in faeces from children with persistent diarrhoea. This work achieved to investigate an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, in a day care center, attending children of high socio-economic level, between 0 and six years old. The outbreak was detected through the network of public health, when stool samples, not diarrhoeic, were examined at the Parasitology Service of the Adolfo Lutz Institute. Among the 64 examined children, 13 (20.3%) showed oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in the faeces examined by Kinyoun technique: seven children one year old, three, two years old and three, three years old. Among the 23 examined adults, only a 22 years old woman, possibly having an immunocomprometiment, was positive. Clinical and epidemiological aspects were investigated by questionnaires, highlighting the occurrence of the outbreak in a very dry period.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a low-income community in the São Paulo municipality, SP, Brazil

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. The seroprevalence for T. gondii in human population from Brazil might range from 40 to 80%. The aim of this paper was to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in children from age one to 15 living in a low socioeconomic community, named community of Jardim São Remo in the year of 2002. The community is located in the West area of São Paulo municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 110 (32.4%, CI 95%: 27.5 - 37.7) of the 339 children tested with indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The titration of the samples revealed 29 children with serum titer equal to 16, 14 children with 32, 18 children with 64, 21 children with 128, 20 children with 256 and eight children with serum titer > 512. The age dependence of the prevalence of T. gondii infection and the association between seroprevalence for T. gondii and seroprevalence for T. canis suggest that the infection is chiefly postnatal. Seroconversion in infant population of community Jardim São Remo occurs in children as young as two years old, earlier than in the children attended at health centers of São Paulo city. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in children from Jardim São Remo was compared to the prevalence in children from other urban centers of Brazil.

Occurrence of enteroparasites in day care centers in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis

The occurrence of the enteroparasites was verified in 279 children (0 to 6 years) of four municipal day cares of Botucatu/SP. Three samples of each child's feces were collected and processed by the methods of Hoffman-Pons-Janner, Faust and Ritchie and subsequent coloration of the fecal smear by the methods of Auramina-O and Ziehl-Neelsen modified for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium sp. and Graham method for diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Of the analyzed children we verified a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in 53.40%, and the most frequent parasite was Giardia duodenalis (26.88%). Significant association was verified among enteroparasitosis, family income, maternal education and age; the lowest enteroparasite frequency occurred in children of families with larger income and higher education. It was observed that G. duodenalis is more prevalent in children from 0 to 4 years and E. vermicularis is more frequent in children between three and four years old. The high enteroparasite prevalence in day cares suggests complex structure in its epidemiology, where factors beyond sanitation should be considered.

Frequency of soil contamination by Toxocara canis eggs in the south region of São Paulo municipality (SP, Brazil) in a 18 month period

Soil contamination by embryonic eggs of Toxocara canis is the main source of human infection by this ascarid larvae resulting, sometimes, in the occurrence of visceral larva migrans syndrome. The objective of the present research is to determine the frequency of T. canis eggs in soil samples monthly collected in nine public places, located at the South Region of São Paulo municipality in a 18-month period, from February 2004 to July 2005. The soil samples collected were treated with a 30% antiformine solution and with a sodium dichromate solution (d = 1.40) and microscopic slides were prepared and examined under light microscopy for searching T. canis eggs. Two peaks of higher frequency had been found, one in February - May 2004 and the other in April - July 2005.

Pesquisa de oocistos de Cyclospora sp em fezes de cães da Grande São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Amostras de fezes de 140 cães adultos da Grande São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) foram examinadas com a finalidade de procurar oocistos de Cyclospora sp.. Nenhuma infecção por esse coccídeo ficou detectada.

Retrospective study of the occurrence of Cyclospora cayetanensis at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP

Cyclospora cayetanensis causes watery diarrhea in tropical countries, among travelers and after ingestion of contaminated water and food. Very little is known about its epidemiology, pathogenic aspects and reservoirs. In Brazil, its prevalence is unknown and to date there have been reports of three outbreaks. We report here a retrospective study of 5,015 stool samples from 4,869 patients attended at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil between April 1996 and January 2002, with 14 cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis being detected there was a prevalence of 0.3%. Of the 14 infected patients, the mean age was 38 years and 71.4% were female. Ten patients presented symptoms; six presented levels of immunological markers and five patients were immunodeficient.

Hechtiella lopesi sp. n. from São Paulo state, Brazil (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae)

Descriptions are given of the male and female of Hechtiella lopesi sp. n., collected on Proechimys sp. and Tayra barbara from Boracéia Ecological Station, Salesópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species is discussed in relation to Hechtiella lakoi and Hechtiella nitidus, species previously included in the genus Polygenis. The name is a tribute to the late Brazilian entomologist, Prof. Hugo de Souza Lopes.

Neotropical monogenoidea. 25. Anacanthorus penilabiatus n. sp. (Dactylogyridae, Anacanthorinae) from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes, Serrasalmidae), cultivated in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Anacanthorus penilabiatus n. sp. is described from the serrasalmid fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), cultivated in the Centro de Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista. The new species is characterized by having a relatively straight copulatory organ with a long "lip" on the distal margin and a median longitudinal flap, and a copulatory ligament. The large size of the infrapopulations of this species of parasite indicates that it should be considered a potential agent causing losses in aquaculture of the fish host.

Histophatology and ultrastructure of Henneguya caudalongula sp. n. infecting Prochilodus lineatus (Pisces: Prochilodontidae) cultivated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

The histological and ultrastructural characteristics of a new species of Henneguya and the host reactions to infection by this species are reported. Henneguya caudalongula sp. n. was found in the inter and intralamellar regions of the gills of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) cultivated at Center for the Research and Management of Continental Fishing Resources located in the municipality of Pirassununga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The plasmodia were white and round or ellipsoidal and measured 0.2 to 1 mm in length. The development of the parasite was asynchronous and the mature spores were fusiform, with a total length 71 ± 1.4 µm, body length of 16.6 ± 0.54 µm and width 4.6 ± 0.2 µm. The caudal process was 52.6 ± 1.5 µm long. The polar capsules were elongate (length 6.1 ± 0.19 µm, width 1.6 ± 0.15 µm) and of equal size. The polar filament was coiled in 10-11 turns. The prevalence of the parasite was 48.3% and did not vary significantly with the season or host size.

Molecular characterization of Leptospira sp. strains isolated from human subjects in São Paulo, Brazil using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay: a public health tool

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay which amplifies repetitive DNA elements present within bacterial genomes was used to characterize and differentiate Leptospira sp. Thirty-five strains from a reference culture collection and 18 clinical isolates which had been previously analyzed by cross agglutinin absorption test (CAAT) were evaluated by this technique. PCR results from analysis of the reference culture collection showed no bands corresponding to serogroups Australis, Autumnalis, Bataviae, Celledoni, Cynopteri, Djasiman, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, and Tarassovi. However, the PCR method was able to clearly discriminate the serogroups Andamana, Ballum, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Sejroe, Semaranga, and Shermani. Clinical isolates previously characterized by CAAT as serovar Copenhageni, serovar Castellonis, and as serovar Canicola were in agreement with PCR results. The clinical isolate previously characterized as serovar Pomona was not differentiated by PCR. Forty additional clinical isolates from patients with leptospirosis obtained in São Paulo, Brazil were also evaluated by this PCR method. Thirty-nine of these were determined to belong to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (97.5%) and one to serogroup Sejroe (2.5%). These results demonstrate that the PCR method described in this study has utility for rapid typing of Leptospira sp. at the serogroup level and can be used in epidemiological survey.

Análise dos stakeholders das empresas industriais do estado de São Paulo

Neste estudo, pretende-se analisar as relações entre as empresas industriais do estado de São Paulo e seus stakeholders, tendo como base conceitual a Teoria dos Stakeholders. A pesquisa, descritiva e quantitativa, parte de três atributos - poder, legitimidade e urgência - que definem a relação ou influência entre cada stakeholder e a organização. O levantamento de dados foi conduzido por meio de uma pesquisa do tipo survey eletrônica, com o uso de um questionário enviado a associados do Centro das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo. A amostragem adotada foi intencional e não probabilística, obtendo-se uma amostra com 149 respostas válidas. Apesar das restrições metodológicas, os resultados indicam que os stakeholders são vistos pelos respondentes de formas diversas, o que tornaria viável a diferenciação de tratamento e de priorização estratégica dos stakeholders por parte das organizações, com predomínio dos clientes e consumidores sobre os demais. Por meio de uma análise fatorial, agruparam-se as 11 classes de stakeholders analisadas em 3 categorias - relacionamento direto com o negócio, relacionamento indireto com o negócio e propriedade do negócio -, diferentes das classificações propostas em estudos anteriores.

A inteligência competitiva e a área de informação tecnológica no Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A.

O artigo apresenta uma avaliação da mudança de paradigma que está sendo implementada na atual gestão do Centro de Informação Tecnológica (Citec), do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT-SP). Busca-se demonstrar a atuação do profissional de informação como agente de mudança e as formas como pode intervir na cultura da organização, dentro da nova estratégia do IPT , de compartilhamento dos riscos e benefícios do desenvolvimento tecnológico entre os setores produtivo, privado e público.