Statistical Calculation of the Main Reliability Functions of GaAs Concentrator III-V Solar Cells

This paper presents some of the results of a method to determine the main reliability functions of concentrator solar cells. High concentrator GaAs single junction solar cells have been tested in an Accelerated Life Test. The method can be directly applied to multi-junction solar cells. The main conclusions of this test carried out show that these solar cells are robust devices with a very low probability of failure caused by degradation during their operation life (more than 30 years). The evaluation of the probability operation function (i.e. the reliability function R(t)) is obtained for two nominal operation conditions of these cells, namely simulated concentration ratios of 700 and 1050 suns. Preliminary determination of the Mean Time to Failure indicates a value much higher than the intended operation life time of the concentrator cells.

Historia apologética y descripción del Reyno de Navarra y de su mucha antigüedad, nobleza, calidades, y Reyes que dieron principio a su Real casa, y procuraron sus acrecentamientos... : dividida en III libros... / sacada a luz por García de Góngora y Torreblanca.

Sign.: [cruz latina]6, A8, B12, C-D8, E9, F-O8, P4, [calderón]2

ARXPS analysis of a GaAs/GaInP heterointerface with application in III-V multijunction solar cells

In this contribution, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to explore the extension and nature of a GaAs/GaInP heterointerface. This bilayer structure constitutes a very common interface in a multilayered III-V solar cell. Our results show a wide indium penetration into the GaAs layer, while phosphorous diffusion is much less important. The physico-chemical nature of such interface and its depth could deleteriously impact the solar cell performance. Our results probe the formation of spurious phases which may profoundly affect the interface behavior.

Preliminary temperature Accelerated Life Test (ALT) on III-V commercial concentrator triple-junction solar cells

A quantitative temperature accelerated life test on sixty GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple-junction commercial concentrator solar cells is being carried out. The final objective of this experiment is to evaluate the reliability, warranty period, and failure mechanism of high concentration solar cells in a moderate period of time. The acceleration of the degradation is realized by subjecting the solar cells at temperatures markedly higher than the nominal working temperature under a concentrator Three experiments at three different temperatures are necessary in order to obtain the acceleration factor which relates the time at the stress level with the time at nominal working conditions. . However, up to now only the test at the highest temperature has finished. Therefore, we can not provide complete reliability information but we have analyzed the life data and the failure mode of the solar cells inside the climatic chamber at the highest temperature. The failures have been all of them catastrophic. In fact, the solar cells have turned into short circuits. We have fitted the failure distribution to a two parameters Weibull function. The failures are wear-out type. We have observed that the busbar and the surrounding fingers are completely deteriorate

In-situ and Ex-situ characterization of III-V semiconductor materials and solar cells upon 10 MEV proton irradiation

In this work we present the results and analysis of a 10 MeV proton irradiation experiment performed on III-V semiconductor materials and solar cells. A set of representative devices including lattice-matched InGaP/GaInAs/Ge triple junction solar cells and single junction GaAs and InGaP component solar cells and a Ge diode were irradiated for different doses. The devices were studied in-situ before and after each exposure at dark and 1 sun AM0 illumination conditions, using a solar simulator connected to the irradiation chamber through a borosilicate glass window. Ex-situ characterization techniques included dark and 1 sun AM0 illumination I-V measurements. Furthermore, numerical simulation of the devices using D-AMPS-1D code together with calculations based on the TRIM software were performed in order to gain physical insight on the experimental results. The experiment also included the proton irradiation of an unprocessed Ge solar cell structure as well as the irradiation of a bare Ge(100) substrate. Ex-situ material characterization, after radioactive deactivation of the samples, includes Raman spectroscopy and spectral reflectivity.

Elogio conque la nacion española felicita a su monarca ... Carlos IV, en su glorisisima exaltacion al trono

Fecha : "1789" tomada del Palau, T. III nº 43398.

Case study in failure analysis of accelerated life tests (ALT) on III-V commercial triple-junction concentrator solar cells

In this work the failure analysis carried out in III-V concentrator multijunction solar cells after a temperature accelerated life test is presented. All the failures appeared have been catastrophic since all the solar cells turned into low shunt resistances. A case study in failure analysis based on characterization by optical microscope, SEM, EDX, EQE and XPS is presented in this paper, revealing metal deterioration in the bus bar and fingers as well as cracks in the semiconductor structure beneath or next to the bus bar. In fact, in regions far from the bus bar the semiconductor structure seems not to be damaged. SEM images have dismissed the presence of metal spikes inside the solar cell structure. Therefore, we think that for these particular solar cells, failures appear mainly as a consequence of a deficient electrolytic growth of the front metallization which also results in failures in the semiconductor structure close to the bus bars.

Para el estudio de la política monetaria durante Carlos I y Felipe II [Texto impreso] : La situación en el Reino de Valencia, de 1547 a 1566

Separata de : Numisma, año III, nº 9, 1953

Fin de ciclo: el Concurso de Buenas Prácticas ante la Cumbre Hábitat III

Se trata de uno de los cuatro informes del grupo de expertos encargados de seleccionar las buenas prácticas de sostenibilidad urbana españolas para el Concurso de Naciones Unidas de Dubai de 2014 (los otros tres artículos han sido elaborados por Margarita de Luxán, Graciela Malgesini y Raquel Aranguren).Estos artículos constituyen la introducción teórica al 10º catálogo de buenas prácticas españolas seleccionadas por el Comité Hábitat español Ante los preparativos de la Cumbre Hábitat III de 2016, en curso en el momento de redacción del texto, el artículo hace balance del ciclo iniciado con la anterior Cumbre Hábitat II de 1996 y formula las dudas que plantea la continuidad del Concurso de Buenas Prácticas y la propia Cumbre en cuanto a la incorporación de los avances más importantes experimentados en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad urbana.

Effects of nutrition on digestión efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing pigs: III. Influence of varying the dietary level of calcium soap of palm fatty acids distillate with or without orange pulp supplemention

The aim of this study was to establish the relationships between faecal fat concentration and gaseous emissions from pig slurry. Five diets were designed to meet essential nutrient requirements: a control and four experimental feeds including two levels (35 or 70 g/kg) of calcium soap fatty acids distillate (CSP) and 0 or 200 g/kg of orange pulp (OP) combined in a 2 × 2 factorial structure. Thirty growing pigs (six per treatment) were used to measure dry matter (DM) and N balance, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal and urine composition and potential emissions of ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4). Increasing dietary CSP level decreased DM, ether extract (EE) and crude protein (CP) CTTAD (by 4.0, 11.1 and 3.5%, respectively, P < 0.05), but did not influence those of fibrous constituents. It also led to a decrease (from 475 to 412 g/kg DM, P < 0.001) of faecal concentration of neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) and to an increment (from 138 to 204 g/kg, P < 0.001) of EE in faecal DM that was related to greater CH4 emissions, both per gram of organic matter (P = 0.021) or on a daily basis (P < 0.001). Level of CSP did not affect N content in faeces or urine, but increased daily DM (P < 0.001), and N (P = 0.031) faecal excretion with no effect on urine N excretion. This resulted in lesser (P = 0.036) NH3 potential emission per kg of slurry. Addition of OP decreased CTTAD of EE (by 7.9%, P = 0.044), but increased (P < 0.05) that of all the fibrous fractions. As a consequence, faecal EE content increased (from 165 to 177 g/kg DM; P = 0.012), and aNDFom decreased greatly (from 483 to 404 g/kg DM, P < 0.001), which in all resulted in a lack of effect of OP on CH4 potential emission. Inclusion of OP in the diet also led to a significant decrease of CP CTTAD (by 6.85%, P < 0.001), and to an increase of faecal CP concentration (from 174 to 226 g/kg DM, P < 0.001), with no significant influence on urine N content. These effects resulted in higher N faecal losses, especially those of the undigested dietary origin, without significant effects on potential NH3 emission. No significant interactions between CSP and OP supplementation were observed for the gaseous emissions measured.

III Colaboración con centros de secundaria para la formación experimental de alumnos de bachillerato

Comunicación y póster presentados en las X Jornadas de Redes de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, Alicante, 16-17 junio 2012.

Taller vertical entre las asignaturas Construcción III y Construcción IV de la titulación de Arquitectura

Debido a la futura implantación del nuevo Título de Grado de Arquitectura, es preciso potenciar nuevas metodologías docentes que respondan a las competencias específicas del arquitecto y a las crecientes demandas de la sociedad. Por ello, se ha propuesto la realización de un taller vertical vinculando las dos últimas asignaturas de construcción del plan de estudios de Arquitectura, ya que ambas comparten una mayor relación con la práctica profesional y con los requerimientos constructivos exigibles al futuro arquitecto. La metodología docente empleada consiste en la realización de trabajos prácticos vinculando alumnos entre ambas asignaturas. Trabajo supervisado mediante correcciones conjuntas con la participación del profesorado de las asignaturas implicadas. La puesta en común de conocimientos y habilidades entre los alumnos de los dos niveles de formación promueve la interacción y discusión pública en “talleres verticales” donde el alumno desarrolla su capacidad para transmitir sus ideas y soluciones en público, sabiendo argumentar y defender las resoluciones técnicas por él propuestas ante los compañeros y el profesorado. En conclusión, los alumnos de ambas asignaturas muestran un mayor interés por esta metodología docente ya que proporciona una visión constructiva más completa, proporcionando soluciones alternativas al trabajo de los compañeros.

Proyecto RE-Sahara: taller cooperativo entre las asignaturas de Proyectos I, Estructuras II y Construcción III de la titulación de Arquitectura

Tras los sustanciales cambios en el plan de estudios actual debido a la futura implantación del nuevo Título de Grado de Arquitectura, es preciso dar cabida a metodologías docentes que potencien las habilidades y competencias específicas del arquitecto al tiempo que respondan a las prestaciones que demanda la sociedad de la Arquitectura. Por ello, se ha propuesto, en distintas asignaturas de la titulación, un taller multidisciplinar que engloba tres de las áreas de conocimiento fundamentales para el desarrollo del alumno de arquitectura como son Proyectos, Estructuras y Construcción. Con ejercicios de este tipo, se pretende contribuir a una mayor coordinación entre estas áreas con el fin de que los estudiantes no perciban la docencia fragmentada en disciplinas estancas. La metodología docente empleada ha consistido en la realización de un trabajo práctico común con un tema de carácter social, con el objetivo de involucrar a los futuros arquitectos en el desarrollo de propuestas reales. Trabajo supervisado mediante correcciones conjuntas con la participación del profesorado de las tres asignaturas de manera coordinada. En conclusión, el alumnado ha mostrado una preferencia mayoritaria por esta metodología docente ya que proporciona una visión conjunta entre asignaturas, englobadas en un único trabajo vinculado a la práctica profesional real.