William Francis Thompson (1888–1965): a Preeminent Fishery Biologist of the Early and Mid Twentieth Century

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965) was a preeminent fishery scientist of the early to mid twentieth century. Educated at Stanford University in California (B.A. 1911, Ph.D. 1930), Thompson conducted pioneering research on the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, from 1914 to 1917 for the British Columbia Provincial Fisheries Department. He then directed marine fisheries research for the State of California from 1917 to 1924, was Director of Investigations for the International Fisheries Commission from 1924 to 1939, and Director of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission from 1937 to 1942. He was also Director of the School of Fisheries, University of Washing-ton, Seattle, from 1930 to 1947. Thompson was the founding director in 1947 of the Fisheries Research Institute at the University of Washington and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1958. He was a dominant figure in fisheries research of the Pacific Northwest and influenced a succession of fishery scientists with his yield-based analysis of fishery stocks, as opposed to studying the fishes’environment. Will Thompson was also a major figure in education, and many of his former students attained leadership positions in fisheries research and administration.

Symmetrical 2-D hermite-gaussian square launch for high bit rate transmission in multimode fiber links

A 2-D Hermite-Gaussian square launch is demonstrated to show improved systems capacity over multimode fiber links. It shows a bandwidth improvement over both center and offset launches and exhibits ±5 ìm misalignment tolerance. © OSA/OFC/NFOEC 2011.

Common evolutionary origin of aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses revealed by genome characterization of Golden shiner reovirus, Grass carp reovirus, Striped bass reovirus and golden ide reovirus (genus Aquareovirus, family Reoviridae)

Full-length and partial genome sequences of four members of the genus Aquareovirus, family Reoviridae (Golden shiner reovirus, Grass carp reovirus, Striped bass reovirus and golden ide reovirus) were characterized. Based on sequence comparison, the unclassified Grass carp reovirus was shown to be a member of the species Aquareovirus C The status of golden ide reovirus, another unclassified aquareovirus, was also examined. Sequence analysis showed that it did not belong to the species Aquareovirus A or C, but assessment of its relationship to the species Aquareovirus B, D, E and F was hampered by the absence of genetic data from these species. In agreement with previous reports of ultrastructural resemblance between aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses, genetic analysis revealed homology in the genes of the two groups. This homology concerned eight of the 11 segments of the aquareovirus genome (amino acid identity 17-42%), and similar genetic organization was observed in two other segments. The conserved terminal sequences in the genomes of members of the two groups were also similar. These data are undoubtedly an indication of the common evolutionary origin of these viruses. This clear genetic relatedness between members of distinct genera is unique within the family Reoviridae. Such a genetic relationship is usually observed between members of a single genus. However, the current taxonomic classification of aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses in two different genera is supported by a number of characteristics, including their distinct G+C contents, unequal numbers of genome segments, absence of an antigenic relationship, different cytopathic effects and specific econiches.

Suckers (Fish, Catostomidae) from the Eocene of China account for the family's current disjunct distributions

Unequivocal Eocene suckers from China are for the first time reported here. This discovery demonstrates that catostomids of the Eocene Epoch (some 55-35 Ma ago) are scattered widely on mainland Asia as well as western North America. The present day disjunct distribution pattern of catostomids, with 68 extant species widespread in North America and the northern part of Middle America and only two in the restricted areas of Asia, is the result of their post-Eocene decline in Asia due to the competitive pressure from cyprinids, their Late Cenozoic radiation in North America, and the vicariant and dispersal events triggered by the changed biogeographic landscape. All of these prove to be a historical product of the geological, biological, and climatic changes throughout the Cenozoic.

中国海蓝子鱼科Family Siganidae分类和动物地理学特点

蓝子鱼科鱼类隶属于鲈形目、刺尾鱼亚目，广泛分布于我国东海、南海及台湾海域。本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所多年来在我国海域采集并收藏的以及部分补充采集的蓝子鱼标本，参考国际最新研究资料，对我国海域蓝子鱼科鱼类进行分类和动物地理学研究，共记录中国海域蓝子鱼科鱼类1属2亚属11种。经研究分析，得到如下结论： 1.中国沿海蓝子鱼科鱼类的多样性问题。国内曾有13种蓝子鱼的分布记录，其中蠕纹蓝子鱼Siganus vermiculatus和暗体蓝子鱼S. punctatissimus仅以前的学者做过名录形式的记载，并无标本收藏，本文中不做介绍。此外尖嘴蓝子鱼Siganus unimaculatus也可能存在于中国海域，有待于进一步研究。目前确定在中国海域有分布的蓝子鱼为11种，约占世界总种数（27）的40％多，种的多样性较高。 2. 形态学比较研究说明，蓝子鱼在体形、体色、牙齿、头骨、椎骨、耳石等特征方面存在种间差异，可作为蓝子鱼科鱼类分类的有效鉴别特征。对于外部形态极其相似的种，可借助内部解剖特征相辅助予以区分。 3．对蓝子鱼动物地理学特点研究分析结论如下：a.中国海域存在的11种蓝子鱼在印度－太平洋海域均有分布，没有地方特有种。b.长鳍蓝子鱼和褐蓝子鱼在我国东海、台湾海域和南海均有分布，褐蓝子鱼在黄海北部亦有分布，种群数量较大；其它9种，除凹吻蓝子鱼仅分布于南海外，均分布于南海及台湾海域，种群数量较小。c.中国海域蓝子鱼种类组成与邻近的菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚海域比较相似，中国分布的种类在这些海域均有分布，且分布于这一区域而中国没有记录的有5种。与日本相比，种类组成也比较相似，中日共有种达9种，仅分布于中国海域2种，仅分布于日本海域1种。 4. 作者参照国际最新研究结果和较为公认的分类系统Nelson（1994），将蓝子鱼科置于刺尾鱼亚目，而不再使用国内学者长期惯用的蓝子鱼亚目。蓝子鱼科包括一属蓝子鱼属Siganus Forsskål, 1775，两亚属：蓝子鱼亚属Siganus Forsskål, 1775 和罗蓝子鱼亚属 Lo Seale, 1906，同时使全部种名的变动和确定与国际最新研究结果(Woodland, 1990; 2001）取得一致。

中国海豆蟹科Family Pinnotheridae分类学研究

本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所收藏的豆蟹科标本和国内外相关文献，进行了中国海域豆蟹科的分类学研究。作者克服了豆蟹科分类难度大，研究积累较少，种的界限不清等困难，在短期内初步查清了中国海域豆蟹科种类及分布情况，共记述5亚科12属 40种。发现4新记录属，9新记录种，和豆蟹属1未定种Pinnotheres sp.，丰富了中国海豆蟹科区系内容，列出了共栖种中国海域全部记录过的宿主。 作者对鉴定过程中出现的疑难问题：“中型三强蟹Tritodynamia intermedia Shen, 1935是否为霍氏三强蟹 Tritodynamia horvathi Nobili, 1905的同物异名” 进行了细致比较、研究，否定了通行多年的Sakai（1976）的“T. intermedia Shen为T. horvathi Nobili的次异名”的结论，肯定了二者均为有效种。 对中国海域豆蟹科种类地理分布初步研究表明其分布与日本海域和东南亚海域都有相似之处，但有显著不同：仅发现于中国海域而未见于日本海域的豆蟹属Pinnotheres多达8种：涨腹豆蟹Pinnotheres excussus Dai et al., 1980，球豆蟹Pinnotheres pilulus Dai et al., 1980，锯颚豆蟹Pinnotheres serrignathus Shen, 1932，宽豆蟹Pinnotheres dilatatus Shen, 1932，青岛豆蟹Pinnotheres tsingtaoensis Shen, 1932，海阳豆蟹Pinnotheres haiyangensis Shen, 1932，钝颚豆蟹Pinnotheres obtusidentata（Dai et al., 1980），光豆蟹Pinnotheres luminatus Dai et al., 1980）；仅发现于中国海域的三强蟹属Tritodynamia有4种：福建三强蟹Tritodynamia fujianensis Chen, 1979，长腿三强蟹Tritodynamia longipropodum Dai et al., 1980，宽身三强蟹 Tritodynamia dilatatum Yang et Sun,1996和海南三强蟹 Tritodynamia hainanensis Dai et al.g, 1980；而未发现于中国海域的日本特有种多达13种。结果表明这一类群由于共栖和地域分化程度较高乃至地区性特有种数显著较多。 论文通过对豆蟹科系统分类和初步的动物地理学研究，搞清了中国海豆蟹科的种和分布、多样性及其宿主等基本情况。为今后研究豆蟹科种类生物学、生态学特性提供了基础资料。

Anglo-Norman Dictionary: revised edition, A-C : D-E

Rothwell, W., S. Gregory and David Trotter, Anglo-Norman Dictionary: revised edition, A-C; D-E (MHRA, 2005) RAE2008

C 226 INST-D 2013. 388 Ilustraciones de procesos de talla en madera y trabajo en carpintería.

49 fotografías, cuarenta a color y nueve en tono de grises.

C 232 INST-D 2013. 394 Tallas zoomorfas de productos decorativos elaborados en madera de diversos tipos.

Documento de 76 fotografías, setenta y una a color.

Fast Learning VIEWNET Architectures for Recognizing 3-D Objects from Multiple 2-D Views

The recognition of 3-D objects from sequences of their 2-D views is modeled by a family of self-organizing neural architectures, called VIEWNET, that use View Information Encoded With NETworks. VIEWNET incorporates a preprocessor that generates a compressed but 2-D invariant representation of an image, a supervised incremental learning system that classifies the preprocessed representations into 2-D view categories whose outputs arc combined into 3-D invariant object categories, and a working memory that makes a 3-D object prediction by accumulating evidence from 3-D object category nodes as multiple 2-D views are experienced. The simplest VIEWNET achieves high recognition scores without the need to explicitly code the temporal order of 2-D views in working memory. Working memories are also discussed that save memory resources by implicitly coding temporal order in terms of the relative activity of 2-D view category nodes, rather than as explicit 2-D view transitions. Variants of the VIEWNET architecture may also be used for scene understanding by using a preprocessor and classifier that can determine both What objects are in a scene and Where they are located. The present VIEWNET preprocessor includes the CORT-X 2 filter, which discounts the illuminant, regularizes and completes figural boundaries, and suppresses image noise. This boundary segmentation is rendered invariant under 2-D translation, rotation, and dilation by use of a log-polar transform. The invariant spectra undergo Gaussian coarse coding to further reduce noise and 3-D foreshortening effects, and to increase generalization. These compressed codes are input into the classifier, a supervised learning system based on the fuzzy ARTMAP algorithm. Fuzzy ARTMAP learns 2-D view categories that are invariant under 2-D image translation, rotation, and dilation as well as 3-D image transformations that do not cause a predictive error. Evidence from sequence of 2-D view categories converges at 3-D object nodes that generate a response invariant under changes of 2-D view. These 3-D object nodes input to a working memory that accumulates evidence over time to improve object recognition. ln the simplest working memory, each occurrence (nonoccurrence) of a 2-D view category increases (decreases) the corresponding node's activity in working memory. The maximally active node is used to predict the 3-D object. Recognition is studied with noisy and clean image using slow and fast learning. Slow learning at the fuzzy ARTMAP map field is adapted to learn the conditional probability of the 3-D object given the selected 2-D view category. VIEWNET is demonstrated on an MIT Lincoln Laboratory database of l28x128 2-D views of aircraft with and without additive noise. A recognition rate of up to 90% is achieved with one 2-D view and of up to 98.5% correct with three 2-D views. The properties of 2-D view and 3-D object category nodes are compared with those of cells in monkey inferotemporal cortex.

3-D Object Recognition by the ART-EMAP Evidence Accumulation Network

ART-EMAP synthesizes adaptive resonance theory (AHT) and spatial and temporal evidence integration for dynamic predictive mapping (EMAP). The network extends the capabilities of fuzzy ARTMAP in four incremental stages. Stage I introduces distributed pattern representation at a view category field. Stage 2 adds a decision criterion to the mapping between view and object categories, delaying identification of ambiguous objects when faced with a low confidence prediction. Stage 3 augments the system with a field where evidence accumulates in medium-term memory (MTM). Stage 4 adds an unsupervised learning process to fine-tune performance after the limited initial period of supervised network training. Simulations of the four ART-EMAP stages demonstrate performance on a difficult 3-D object recognition problem.

A C-terminal motif found in the beta2-adrenergic receptor, P2Y1 receptor and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator determines binding to the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor family of PDZ proteins.

The Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) binds to the tail of the beta2-adrenergic receptor and plays a role in adrenergic regulation of Na+/H+ exchange. NHERF contains two PDZ domains, the first of which is required for its interaction with the beta2 receptor. Mutagenesis studies of the beta2 receptor tail revealed that the optimal C-terminal motif for binding to the first PDZ domain of NHERF is D-S/T-x-L, a motif distinct from those recognized by other PDZ domains. The first PDZ domain of NHERF-2, a protein that is 52% identical to NHERF and also known as E3KARP, SIP-1, and TKA-1, exhibits binding preferences very similar to those of the first PDZ domain of NHERF. The delineation of the preferred binding motif for the first PDZ domain of the NHERF family of proteins allows for predictions for other proteins that may interact with NHERF or NHERF-2. For example, as would be predicted from the beta2 receptor tail mutagenesis studies, NHERF binds to the tail of the purinergic P2Y1 receptor, a seven-transmembrane receptor with an intracellular C-terminal tail ending in D-T-S-L. NHERF also binds to the tail of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which ends in D-T-R-L. Because the preferred binding motif of the first PDZ domain of the NHERF family of proteins is found at the C termini of a variety of intracellular proteins, NHERF and NHERF-2 may be multifunctional adaptor proteins involved in many previously unsuspected aspects of intracellular signaling.

Facilitators and barriers to hypertension self-management in urban African Americans: perspectives of patients and family members.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to inform the design of behavioral interventions by identifying patients' and their family members' perceived facilitators and barriers to hypertension self-management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted focus groups of African American patients with hypertension and their family members to elicit their views about factors influencing patients' hypertension self-management. We recruited African American patients with hypertension (n = 18) and their family members (n = 12) from an urban, community-based clinical practice in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted four separate 90-minute focus groups among patients with controlled (one group) and uncontrolled (one group) hypertension, as well as their family members (two groups). Trained moderators used open-ended questions to assess participants' perceptions regarding patient, family, clinic, and community-level factors influencing patients' effective hypertension self-management. RESULTS: Patient participants identified several facilitators (including family members' support and positive relationships with doctors) and barriers (including competing health priorities, lack of knowledge about hypertension, and poor access to community resources) that influence their hypertension self-management. Family members also identified several facilitators (including their participation in patients' doctor's visits and discussions with patients' doctors outside of visits) and barriers (including their own limited health knowledge and patients' lack of motivation to sustain hypertension self-management behaviors) that affect their efforts to support patients' hypertension self-management. CONCLUSION: African American patients with hypertension and their family members reported numerous patient, family, clinic, and community-level facilitators and barriers to patients' hypertension self-management. Patients' and their family members' views may help guide efforts to tailor behavioral interventions designed to improve hypertension self-management behaviors and hypertension control in minority populations.