Physical and sensory properties of regular and reduced-fat pound cakes with added amaranth flour

The sum of wheat flour and corn starch was replaced by 10, 20, or 30% whole amaranth flour in both conventional (C) and reduced fat (RF) pound cakes. and the effects on physical and sensory properties of the cakes were investigated. RF presented 33% fat reduction. The increasing amaranth levels darkened crust and crumb of cakes, which decreased color acceptability. Fresh amaranth-containing cakes had similar texture characteristics to (he controls, evaluated both instrumentally and sensorially. Sensory evaluation revealed that replacement by 30% amaranth flour decreased C cakes overall acceptability scores, clue to its lower specific volume and darker color. Amaranth flour levels had no significant effect on overall acceptability of RF cakes. Hence, the sum of wheat flour and corn starch could be successfully replaced by up to 20% amaranth flour in C and up to 30% in RF pound cakes without negatively affecting sensory quality in fresh cakes. Moisture losses for all the cakes were similar, approximate to 1% per day during storage. After six days of storage, both C and RF amaranth-containing cakes had higher hardness and chewiness values than control cakes. Further experiments involving sensory evaluation during storage are necessary to determine the exact limit of amaranth flour replacement.

Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from Nellore steers fed dry or high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle from carcasses of Nellore steers fed diets with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) and high moisture corn. Forty eight steers were fed during 70 days four diets containing dry corn (DC), high moisture corn (HM). dry corn plus CSFA (DC-CSFA) or high moisture corn plus CSFA (HM-CSFA). Fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle was determined by gas chromatography. Corn type had no effect on the ether extract percentage and in the content of the majority of the fatty acids, although steers fed HMC showed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratio. Feeding CSFA increased ether extract percentage but had no effect on total of saturated, unsaturated and saturated: unsaturated ratio. Both high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids increased CIA (cis9, trans11) and total CIA concentrations in intramuscular fat (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reduction of oil uptake in deep fat fried chicken nuggets using edible coatings based on cassava starch and methylcellulose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible coatings based on methylcellulose (MC) and cassava starch (CS) to reduce oil uptake and improve water retention of chicken nuggets during deep fat frying. Edible coatings were prepared with I g of MC/100 g solution and 4 g of CS/100 g solution, with 25 or 55 g glycerol/100 g biopolymer. These solutions were applied to nugget samples before battering. Pre-fried and fried nuggets were analyzed to determine lipid and water contents. Color and texture were also measured in the fried nuggets. In general, there was no effect of the two concentrations of plasticizer of either of the biopolymers on the water retention of whole nuggets. But, higher oil uptake reduction, and consequently, lower lipid content was observed on nuggets coated with CS and 25% plasticizer. The coated samples were darker and had a brighter yellow color when compared with the control. There was also a significant decrease in the shearing force of the fried coated samples, indicating reduced hardness of these samples.

High sodium intake enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat epididymal adipose tissue

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different sodium content diets on rat adipose tissue carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal- (0.5% Na+; NS), high- (3.12% Na+; HS), or low-sodium (0.06% Na+; LS) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. An intravenous insulin tolerance test (ivITT) was performed in fasted animals. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin determinations. The white adipose tissue (WAT) from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC) and periepididymal (PE) depots were weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation and measurement of in vitro rates of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-d-[H-3]-glucose uptake (2DGU) and conversion of -[U-C-14]-glucose into (CO2)-C-14. Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased the BP, SC and PE WAT masses, PE adipocyte size, and plasma insulin concentration. The sodium dietary content did not influence the whole-body insulin sensitivity. A higher half-maximal effective insulin concentration (EC50) from the dose - response curve of 2DGU and an increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation rate were observed in the isolated PE adipocytes from HS rats. Discussion: The chronic salt overload enhanced the adipocyte insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake and the insulin-induced glucose metabolization, contributing to promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the mass of several adipose depots, particularly the PE fat pad.

Alterations of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Rat Pancreatic Islets Induced by a High-Fat Diet

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity in rat pancreatic islets. We investigated if changes in NADPH oxidase are connected to beta cell dysfunction reported in obese animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed a HFD or control diet for 3 months. DNA fragmentation, insulin secretion, and [U-(14)C] glucose oxidation were examined in isolated pancreatic islets. The oxidative stress markers nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The protein content of gp91(phox) and p47(phox) was evaluated by Western blotting. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by a fluorescence assay using hydroethidine. Results: Occurrence of DNA fragmentation was reduced in pancreatic islets from HFD rats. There were no differences in oxidative stress markers between the groups. Glucose oxidation and insulin secretion were elevated due to high glucose in pancreatic islets from HFD rats. Protein concentrations of p47(phox) and gp91(phox) subunits were reduced and ROS production was diminished in pancreatic islets from HFD rats. Conclusions: The diminished content of NADPH oxidase subunits and ROS concentrations may be associated with increased glucose oxidation and insulin secretion in an attempt to compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance elicited by the HFD.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators contribute to endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

Objective We investigated the effects of high-fat diet-induced obesity on vascular proinflammatory factors and oxidative stress on endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta. Methods Female Swiss mice were submitted to a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, we evaluated blood pressure, relaxation in response to acetylcholine in aortic rings in the absence and the presence of the superoxide anion scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/ml), and the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B inhibitor, sodium salicylate (5 mmol/l). Aortic protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Cu/Zn-SOD, NF-kappa B, I kappa B-alpha, and proinflammatory cytokines were also evaluated. Results Obese mice presented higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than control mice (P<0.05). The relaxation of aortas to acetylcholine, but not to sodium nitroprusside, was significantly decreased in obese mice and was corrected by both SOD and sodium salicylate (P<0.05). The protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly decreased in aorta from obese mice (P<0.05). Total p65 NF-kappa B subunit protein expression was not affected by obesity, but the protein expression of NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B-alpha was lower in aorta from obese mice (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 protein expression between groups. In contrast, the expression of TNF-alpha was significantly increased in aortas from obese mice. Conclusion Our resultssuggest that the reducedantioxidant defense and the local NF-kappa B pathway play an important role in the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from obese mice. J Hypertens 28: 2111-2119 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Obesity induced by high-fat diet promotes insulin resistance in the ovary

Besides the effects on peripheral energy homeostasis, insulin also has an important role in ovarian function. Obesity has a negative effect on fertility, and may play a role in the development of the polycystic ovary syndrome in susceptible women. Since insulin resistance in the ovary could contribute to the impairment of reproductive function in obese women, we evaluated insulin signaling in the ovary of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Female Wistar rats were submitted to a high-fat diet for 120 or 180 days, and the insulin signaling pathway in the ovary was evaluated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. At the end of the diet period, we observed insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, an increase in progesterone serum levels, an extended estrus cycle, and altered ovarian morphology in obese female rats. Moreover, in female obese rats treated for 120 days with the high-fat diet, the increase in progesterone levels occurred together with enhancement of LH levels. The ovary from high-fat-fed female rats showed a reduction in the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT intracellular pathway, associated with an increase in FOXO3a, IL1B, and TNF alpha protein expression. These changes in the insulin signaling pathway may have a role in the infertile state associated with obesity. Journal of Endocrinology (2010) 206, 65-74

Hemopressins and other hemoglobin-derived peptides in mouse brain: comparison between brain, blood, and heart peptidome and regulation in Cpefat/fat mice

P>Many hemoglobin-derived peptides are present in mouse brain, and several of these have bioactive properties including the hemopressins, a related series of peptides that bind to cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Although hemoglobin is a major component of red blood cells, it is also present in neurons and glia. To examine whether the hemoglobin-derived peptides in brain are similar to those present in blood and heart, we used a peptidomics approach involving mass spectrometry. Many hemoglobin-derived peptides are found only in brain and not in blood, whereas all hemoglobin-derived peptides found in heart were also seen in blood. Thus, it is likely that the majority of the hemoglobin-derived peptides detected in brain are produced from brain hemoglobin and not erythrocytes. We also examined if the hemopressins and other major hemoglobin-derived peptides were regulated in the Cpefat/fat mouse; previously these mice were reported to have elevated levels of several hemoglobin-derived peptides. Many, but not all of the hemoglobin-derived peptides were elevated in several brain regions of the Cpefat/fat mouse. Taken together, these findings suggest that the post-translational processing of alpha and beta hemoglobin into the hemopressins, as well as other peptides, is up-regulated in some but not all Cpefat/fat mouse brain regions.

Leucine supplementation favors liver protein status but does not reduce body fat in rats during 1 week of food restriction

An important role in protein-energy metabolism has been attributed to leucine because of its long-term effects on body fat reduction and on the improvement of some indicators of protein status in rodents. The present study investigated the influence of leucine supplementation on the body composition and protein status of rats during the early phase of weight loss, which is characterized by a rapid loss of body weight. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups, a control and a leucine group (diet supplemented with 0.59% L-leucine), and were submitted to 1 week of 50% food restriction. The following parameters were evaluated: chemical carcass composition, protein and RNA content in liver and gastrocnemius muscle, and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 and corticosterone. A higher liver weight and liver protein content were observed in the supplemented group (p < 0.05). However, no difference in body fat was found between groups (p > 0.05). The results indicate that low-dose leucine supplementation favors liver protein status but does not reduce body fat in rats during the early phase of rapid weight loss.

XRCC1 haploinsufficiency in mice has little effect on aging, but adversely modifies exposure-dependent susceptibility

Oxidative DNA damage plays a role in disease development and the aging process. A prominent participant in orchestrating the repair of oxidative DNA damage, particularly single-strand breaks, is the scaffold protein XRCC1. A series of chronological and biological aging parameters in XRCC1 heterozygous (HZ) mice were examined. HZ and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice exhibit a similar median lifespan of similar to 26 months and a nearly identical maximal life expectancy of similar to 37 months. However, a number of HZ animals (7 of 92) showed a propensity for abdominal organ rupture, which may stem from developmental abnormalities given the prominent role of XRCC1 in endoderm and mesoderm formation. For other end-points evaluated-weight, fat composition, blood chemistries, condition of major organs, tissues and relevant cell types, behavior, brain volume and function, and chromosome and telomere integrity-HZ mice exhibited by-and-large a normal phenotype. Treatment of animals with the alkylating agent azoxymethane resulted in both liver toxicity and an increased incidence of precancerous lesions in the colon of HZ mice. Our study indicates that XRCC1 haploinsufficiency in mammals has little effect on chronological longevity and many key biological markers of aging in the absence of environmental challenges, but may adversely affect normal animal development or increase disease susceptibility to a relevant genotoxic exposure.

Effects of a high fat diet on liver mitochondria: increased ATP-sensitive K(+) channel activity and reactive oxygen species generation

High fat diets are extensively associated with health complications within the spectrum of the metabolic syndrome. Some of the most prevalent of these pathologies, often observed early in the development of high-fat dietary complications, are non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox state changes are also widely associated with alterations within the metabolic syndrome. We investigated the mitochondrial effects of a high fat diet leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. We found that the diet does not substantially alter respiratory rates, ADP/O ratios or membrane potentials of isolated liver mitochondria. However, H(2)O(2) release using different substrates and ATP-sensitive K(+) transport activities are increased in mitochondria from animals on high fat diets. The increase in H(2)O(2) release rates was observed with different respiratory substrates and was not altered by modulators of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, indicating it was not related to an observed increase in K(+) transport. Altogether, we demonstrate that mitochondria from animals with diet-induced steatosis do not present significant bioenergetic changes, but display altered ion transport and increased oxidant generation. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that ATP-sensitive K(+) transport in mitochondria can be modulated by diet.

Total abdominal hysterektomi och sexualitet

SammanfattningSyftet med föreliggande systematiska litteraturstudie var att undersöka om ingreppet total abdominal hysterektomi (TAH) påverkade kvinnors sexualitet. Ett andra syfte var att granska huruvida kvinnors psykiska välmående förändrades efter operationen. För att klarlägga problemen insamlades artiklar via databaserna Blackwell Synergy, CINAHL, Elin och Pubmed. Sammanlagt 18 artiklar bedömdes med granskningsmodeller utarbetade efter bedömningsmallar av Forsberg och Wengström (2003) för artiklar med kvantitativ respektive kvalitativ ansats. Inalles 13 artiklar bedömdes såsom godkända (G) och 5 artiklar såsom väl godkända (VG). Av 18 studier rapporterades i 10 artiklar förbättrad sexualitet. Det betyder upplevelsen av bättre orgasm, ökad sexuell tillfredställelse eller lust. Beträffande psykiska symptom rapporterades ökat välbefinnande och bättre livskvalitet i 3 artiklar samt minskad ångest och depression i 5 av artiklarna. Resultaten diskuterades i termer av vikten av informerat samtycke i samråd med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal vid fattandet av beslutet att avstå från livmodern.

Análise morfométrica da parede arterial após o implante de stent em aorta abdominal de suínos : estudo comparativo entre stents metálicos não recobertos e recobertos com politetrafluoroetileno

O espessamento intimal e a reestenose que ocorrem após os procedimentos de angioplastia transluminal percutânea e/ou o implante de stents representam uma causa freqüente de falência destes procedimentos. O principal achado patológico responsável pela reestenose parece ser a hiperplasia intimal, já que o dispositivo intravascular é resistente ao remodelamento arterial geométrico. O propósito deste estudo é avaliar, através da morfometria digital, o espessamento intimal presente nas regiões da parede arterial imediatamente proximal e distal ao implante de um stent metálico em configuração em “Z “ não recoberto ou recoberto com PTFE. Vinte e cinco suínos de raça mista, com seis a dez semanas de idade, pesando em média 20 kg foram divididos em três grupos. No grupo I, cinco animais foram submetidos à exposição cirúrgica retroperitoneal da aorta abdominal, aortotomia e manipulação com uma bainha introdutora de 12 F. O grupo II incluiu dez animais que foram submetidos ao implante de um stent metálico auto-expansível não recoberto. No grupo III, incluindo também dez animais, foram implantados stents recobertos com PTFE. Após quatro semanas, todos os animais foram sacrificados e o segmento aorto-ilíaco foi removido. Quatro animais foram excluídos do estudo por trombose da aorta (um animal do grupo II e três animais do grupo III). Para a análise morfométrica foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e de Kruskal-Wallis, para as comparações, respectivamente, no mesmo grupo e entre os grupos. Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5% ( p< 0,05). Quando os espécimes da parede arterial, imediatamente proximal e distal aos stents foram comparados, nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre as áreas luminal, intimal, média ou índice intimal em cada grupo. Na comparação entre os grupos, as áreas intimal, média e o índice intimal não demonstraram variação estatisticamente significativa. Foram identificadas diferenças entre os grupos quanto às áreas luminais proximais (p = 0,036) e distais (p=0,044). Pelo teste de comparações múltiplas para Kruskal-Wallis (Teste de Dunn) identificou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos I e II. Entretanto, quando estas variáveis foram controladas pelo fator peso (relação área luminal/peso) a diferença não foi mais observada. Concluímos que, após quatro semanas, stents recobertos com PTFE induzem um espessamento intimal justa-stent similar ao observado com stents não recobertos ou com a simples manipulação arterial com uma bainha introdutora. Neste modelo experimental suíno, de curto seguimento, o revestimento com PTFE não foi responsável por adicional espessamento intimal.