Research and development of III-V semiconductor surfaces for improved device interfaces

This thesis is devoted to understanding and improving technologically important III-V compound semiconductor (e.g. GaAs, InAs, and InSb) surfaces and interfaces for devices. The surfaces and interfaces of crystalline III-V materials have a crucial role in the operation of field-effect-transistors (FET) and highefficiency solar-cells, for instance. However, the surfaces are also the most defective part of the semiconductor material and it is essential to decrease the amount of harmful surface or interface defects for the next-generation III-V semiconductor device applications. Any improvement in the crystal ordering at the semiconductor surface reduces the amount of defects and increases the material homogeneity. This is becoming more and more important when the semiconductor device structures decrease to atomic-scale dimensions. Toward that target, the effects of different adsorbates (i.e., Sn, In, and O) on the III-V surface structures and properties have been investigated in this work. Furthermore, novel thin-films have been synthesized, which show beneficial properties regarding the passivation of the reactive III-V surfaces. The work comprises ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) environment for the controlled fabrication of atomically ordered III-V(100) surfaces. The surface sensitive experimental methods [low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES)] and computational density-functionaltheory (DFT) calculations are utilized for elucidating the atomic and electronic properties of the crucial III-V surfaces. The basic research results are also transferred to actual device tests by fabricating metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors and utilizing the interface sensitive measurement techniques [capacitance voltage (CV) profiling, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy] for the characterization. This part of the thesis includes the instrumentation of home-made UHV-compatible atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) reactor for growing good quality insulator layers. The results of this thesis elucidate the atomic structures of technologically promising Sn- and In-stabilized III-V compound semiconductor surfaces. It is shown that the Sn adsorbate induces an atomic structure with (1×2)/(1×4) surface symmetry which is characterized by Sn-group III dimers. Furthermore, the stability of peculiar ζa structure is demonstrated for the GaAs(100)-In surface. The beneficial effects of these surface structures regarding the crucial III-V oxide interface are demonstrated. Namely, it is found that it is possible to passivate the III-V surface by a careful atomic-scale engineering of the III-V surface prior to the gate-dielectric deposition. The thin (1×2)/(1×4)-Sn layer is found to catalyze the removal of harmful amorphous III-V oxides. Also, novel crystalline III-V-oxide structures are synthesized and it is shown that these structures improve the device characteristics. The finding of crystalline oxide structures is exploited by solving the atomic structure of InSb(100)(1×2) and elucidating the electronic structure of oxidized InSb(100) for the first time.

Vauhtikausi. Autoilun sukupuoli 1920-luvun Suomessa

The Age of Speed:Automobility’s Gender in the 1920s Finland The aim of this study is to analyze the connections between automobility and gender in Finland in the 1920s. In this study it is argued that the 1920s was the significant era in the Finnish history of automobility when many of the long-lasting gendered notions and cultural understandings were constructed. This study combines cultural history of technology with gender analysis. As the previous research on gender and technology has recognized, technology is a significant site of gender negotiations. Both from the cultural historical perspective and a gender perspective it is important to understand both technology and gender as cultural constructions. They were linked together and constructed each other. In other words: technology shapes gender and gender shapes technology. Historians of technology like Nina Lerman, Ruth Oldenziel and Arwen Mohun have argued that both gender and technology are about power: social, cultural, economic and political. In this study automobility means technology that can be analyzed in layers of identity, structures, institutions and representations. The source material consists of various types of historical sources, magazines and journals, advertisements, archival material together with films and literature. In the previous studies of the history of automobility gender has often been neglected. The term “gender” has also quite often been misunderstood. Some studies in the field have only focused on the early female drivers. However, far too little attention has been paid to the question, why automobility was considered as masculine sphere only. This study aims to give new insights to the previous interpretations of the history of automobility. As in various other countries also in Finland, the decade of the 1920s is characterized as a period of “modern times.” It was also the era of the automobiles. Although the number of cars in Finland was still low compared to the other European countries and the USA, in press, films and literature, images of automobiles and new women – and men – on the wheel became as an emblem of a new era. The thesis consists of three main chapters. The first main chapter focuses on the conflicts between drivers and non-drivers. The study shows how in the debate of the automobility “a driver” was constantly referred as a man and “a pedestrian” accordingly a woman, even though in the reality there were as much men and women walking on the streets and the roads. Thus, the public debate constructed and reconstructed the gendered traffic system where men were playing the key role. The second main chapter of the study analyses the automobile clubs and the cultural representations. The chapter answers the question how the concept of a driver was gendered. The Automobile clubs and the organizations of professional drivers were in a significant role in developing the early history of traffic in Finland. The Finnish Automobile Club (Suomen Automobiili Klubi, founded in 1919) was the oldest and the most powerful of all automobile organizations. The Finnish Automobile Club accepted women as members from the very beginning. The membership was strictly limited to the upper class and the very first female members were wives and daughters of the male members. However, Doctor of medicine and surgery 316 Karolina Eskelin (1867-1936) the founding member of the Club was an exception to that convention. The male members of the Finnish Automobile Club attended official international meetings and consulted Finnish authorities in traffic and road questions, whereas, female members joined car trips, picnics and social gatherings arranged by the club. Few young female members of the club drove in races and gross-country-tours. The cultural representations of drivers in the Finnish media in the 1920s both deconstructed and reconstructed the concept of gender. In Finnish press in general, motoring was seen as male dominated area. Men were represented as the experts of the automobility. The drivers’ uniforms and the automobile clubs underlined professionalism and expertise which, thus, got masculine meaning. Women were beautiful accessories in the car ads, but they were also becoming a new consumer group in the market. The representations of the female and the male drivers influenced and shaped actively the understandings of femininity and masculinity. In the third main chapter the analysis focuses on the automobile as an artifact.The automobile was considered as an artifact that primarily belonged to the masculine domain. However, the representations of the automobiles were ambivalent. The automobile was both masculine and feminine depending on the context. The representations of the automobile were also used to construct the discourse of heteronormativity.

Journal pour tous : magazine hebdomadaire illustré

1877/12/14 (A21,N166).

Motoneuronitautiin liittyvä hengitysvajaus: hengitystoiminnan ja energia-aineenvaihdunnan mittaaminen

Tavoitteet: Tämän tutkimussarjan tavoitteena oli tutkia hengitystoiminnan sekä energia-aineen¬vaihdunnan muutoksia motoneuronitautia (amyotrofinen lateraaliskleroosi, ALS) sairastavilla potilailla. Erityisenä mielenkiinnon kohteena olivat kotihoitoon soveltuvan hengityslaitteen vai¬kutus elinajan ennusteeseen sekä hengitysvajauksen etenemistä kuvaavien keuhkotoimintakokei¬den arviointi ALS-potilailla, epäsuoran kalorimetrian mittaustarkkuus ja perusaineenvaihdunnan (PAV) suuruus kajoavaa hengityslaitetta käyttävillä ALS-potilailla. Aineisto ja menetelmät: Kajoamattoman hengityslaitteen käytön ja iän vaikutusta elinajan en¬nusteeseen arvioitiin 84:llä ja hengitystoiminnan muutoksia 42 ALS-potilaalla. Epäsuoran kalo¬rimetrian mittaustarkkuutta kajoamatonta hengityslaitetta käytettäessä arvioitiin hereillä olevilla 12 vapaaehtoisella mieshenkilöllä. PAV:n suuruutta arvioitiin viidellä kajoavaa hengityslaitetta käyttävällä ALS-potilaalla. Osatöistä kaksi ensimmäistä olivat luonteeltaan havainnoivia (retros¬pektiivisiä) ja kaksi viimeistä seurantatutkimuksia (prospektiivisia). Tulokset: Alle 65-vuotiailla ALS-potilailla ei havaittu eroa elinajan ennusteessa kajoamaton¬ta hengityslaitetta käyttävien ja käyttämättömien potilaiden välillä. Sen sijaan yli 65-vuotiail¬la ALS-potilailla elinajan ennuste piteni merkittävästi kajoamatonta hengityslaitetta käyttävillä potilailla (elinaika diagnoosin jälkeen 22 vs. 8 kk, Hazard Ratio = 0.25, 95 % luottamusväli 0.11 – 0.55, p <0.001). ALS-potilailla, joilla kajoamaton hengityslaite katsottiin tarpeelliseksi kuuden kuukauden kuluessa diagnoosihetkestä, hengitystiheys osoittautui diagnoosihetkellä mer-kittävästi kiihtyneeksi (21/min) ja rintakehän liike merkittävästi alentuneeksi (2.9 cm) verrattuna ALS-potilaisiin, joille kajoamaton hengityslaite katsottiin tarpeelliseksi myöhemmin (16/min ja 4.0 cm). Kajoamattoman hengityslaitehoidon aikana keskimääräinen mitattu PAV vapaaehtoisilla miehillä oli 1858 kcal/vrk kun PAV ilman hengityslaitetta oli 1852 kcal/vrk, p = 0.8. Kajoavaa hengityslaitehoitoa käyttävien viiden ALS-potilaan keskimääräinen PAV vastaavalla mittausase¬telmalla mitattaessa oli 1130 kcal/vrk, kun vastaava PAV laskettuna viidellä eri laskentakaavalla oli 1700 kcal/vrk, p < 0.001. Johtopäätökset: Yli 65-vuotiailla ALS-potilailla, jotka eivät sopeutuneet kajoamattomaan hen¬gityslaitehoitoon, oli nelinkertainen riski menehtyä aiemmin kuin kajoamattomaan hengityslai¬tehoitoon sopeutuneilla ALS-potilailla. Hengitystiheys osoittautui merkittävästi kiihtyneeksi ja rintakehän liike alentuneeksi ALS-potilailla, joille kajoamaton hengityslaitehoito katsottiin ai¬heelliseksi kuuden kuukauden kuluessa diagnoosihetkestä. Kajoamattoman hengityslaitehoidon aikana mitattu PAV ei poikennut mitatusta PAV:sta itsenäisen hengityksen aikana. Näin ollen epäsuoraa kalorimetriamenetelmää voidaan käyttää luotettavasti PAV:n määrittämiseen käytet¬täessä samanaikaisesti kotihoitoon soveltuvaa hengityslaitehoitoa. Elämää ylläpitävää kajoavaa hengityslaitehoitoa käyttävien ALS-potilaiden PAV oli merkittävästi hidastunut laskennallisella menetelmällä arvioituun PAV verrattuna.

Influência do horário de aplicação no comportamento de atrazine e misturas aplicadas em pós-emergência na cultura do milho

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a influência do horário de aplicação de herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas gramíneas e dicotiledôneas na cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 1991/92, na área experimental da Milenia Agro Ciências S/A, em Londrina, PR. O delineamento experimental empregado foi em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, utilizando atrazine a 2.400 g/ha + surfactante e as misturas formuladas de alachlor + atrazine (1.820 + 1.820), atrazine + óleo vegetal (2.400 + 1.800) g/ha aplicados as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 e 22 horas. A gramínea presente era a Brachiaria plantagineano estádio de 1 a 5 folhas, e as dicotiledôneas Amaranthus hybridus, Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia e Sida rhombifolia todas no estádio de 2 a 6 folhas. A aplicação foi realizada no dia 12 de outubro de 1991, estando o dia sem nuvens. Às 4:00 horas a UR era 68%; às 14:00 horas, 35% e as 22:00h, 65%. O solo estava seco e nas aplicações das 4:00 e 6:00 horas havia a presença de orvalho nas folhagens. Utilizou-se um pulverizador de precisão a CO2, bicos leque Teejet 110.03 e volume de calda 300 l/ha. Os resultados mostraram que houve influência do horário de aplicação nos resultados para os herbicidas alachlor + atrazine e atrazine + óleo vegetal no controle de B. plantaginea. Para os tratamentos alachlor + atrazine e atrazine + óleo vegetal, quando a umidade relativa do ar esteve acima de 65%, ou seja entre 4:00 e 8:00 horas e a partir das 20:00 horas, o controle foi superior a 90%. Quando a umidade relativa do ar baixou para 35%, no período das 10:00 às 18:00 horas, o controle para o alachlor + atrazine foi de 80% e o de atrazine + óleo vegetal próximo a 60%. O controle de gramíneas no tratamento atrazine + surfactante foi inferior a 40% em todos os horários de aplicação. Ainda para B. plantaginea, o alachlor + atrazine aos 95 DAA ( dias após aplicação) apresentou melhor controle em relação ao atrazine + óleo vegetal principalmente nos horários das 10:00 as 20:00 horas. Para as folhas largas, não houve influência dos horários e todos os tratamentos apresentaram 100% de eficiência. Todos os herbicidas foram seletivos à cultura sendo que as misturas formuladas apresentaram no máximo 10% de injúrias. O atrazine + óleo vegetal foi mais fitotóxico no período das 6:00 às 10:00 e o alachlor + atrazine no período das 10:00 as 14:00. Houve total relação entre o nível de controle, produção de biomassa seca das infestantes e a produção de grãos.

Journal pour tous : magazine hebdomadaire illustré

1867/12/14 (T21,N1065).

La Lanterne : journal politique quotidien

1884/12/14 (A8,N2794).

Subdoses de sulfosate sobre a inibição da atividade da EPSPs em plantas de milho

Para avaliar a absorção de subdoses do herbicida sulfosate e a inibição da atividade da EPSPs (5-enolpiruvilshiquimato-3-fosfato sintase), bem como os sintomas visuais de toxicidade na planta de milho (Zea mays), cultivar Cargill 435, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas-MG, no ano de 2001. No primeiro experimento utilizou-se 10% da dose recomendada (1,44 kg ha-1) para o controle das plantas daninhas, com o objetivo de determinar o tempo necessário de absorção do produto. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas nove subdoses de sulfosate nas concentrações de: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16% da dose recomendada para se determinar a inibição da atividade enzimática, assim como os sintomas de intoxicação das plantas de milho aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação. A planta de milho absorveu 25,2% do herbicida 24 horas após a aplicação, e essa absorção aumentou com o tempo, até atingir 65,4% 96 horas após a aplicação. Quanto maior a dose de sulfosate, maior foi a inibição da atividade da EPSPs, 24 horas após a aplicação. Aplicando-se 16% da dose recomendada, essa inibição atingiu 72,6% e causou os maiores efeitos fitotóxicos sobre a cultura do milho.

La Lanterne : journal politique quotidien

1923/12/14 (A49,N16936).

La Lanterne : journal politique quotidien

1885/12/14 (A9,N3159).

Comportamento de herbicidas com efeito residual em diferentes coberturas na cultura do feijoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de herbicidas com efeito residual em diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal no sistema plantio direto, antes da semeadura do feijoeiro. Cada herbicida foi aplicado isoladamente em cinco diferentes coberturas, totalizando 20 ensaios. Os herbicidas e as respectivas doses, em kg ha-1, foram: diclosulan (0,0125), sulfentrazone (0,300), dimethenamid (1,125) e S-metolachlor (1,152). Em Santo Antônio de Goiás utilizou-se a cobertura de Pennisetum glaucum seco e plantas daninhas secas (Commelina benghalensis e Bidens pilosa) no Sistema Integrado de Controle (SIC); e na localidade de Santa Helena de Goiás empregou-se a cobertura de sorgo seco no SIC e Pennisetum glaucum verde e plantas daninhas verdes (C. benghalensis e B. pilosa) no sistema Aplique e Plante, nos anos agrícolas de 1999 e 2000. Cada ensaio constituiu-se de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20 t ha-1 de biomassa com diferentes coberturas vegetais, as quais receberam os cinco herbicidas, separadamente, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. A quantificação dos herbicidas no solo foi determinada em bioensaio, usando-se o Sorghum bicolor como planta-teste. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que diclosulan e sulfentrazone foram encontrados no solo acima de 80% da dose aplicada, independentemente da quantidade e do tipo da cobertura do solo. Para dimethenamid e S-metolachlor, até aproximadamente 50% das doses aplicadas foram detectadas no solo com 8 t ha-1 de palha.

La Lanterne : journal politique quotidien

1895/12/14 (N986,A12).