Solar radiation over and under sea ice during the POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc) in summer 2011

Arctic sea ice has declined and become thinner and younger (more seasonal) during the last decade. One consequence of this is that the surface energy budget of the Arctic Ocean is changing. While the role of surface albedo has been studied intensively, it is still widely unknown how much light penetrates through sea ice into the upper ocean, affecting sea-ice mass balance, ecosystems, and geochemical processes. Here we present the first large-scale under-ice light measurements, operating spectral radiometers on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) under Arctic sea ice in summer. This data set is used to produce an Arctic-wide map of light distribution under summer sea ice. Our results show that transmittance through first-year ice (FYI, 0.11) was almost three times larger than through multi-year ice (MYI, 0.04), and that this is mostly caused by the larger melt-pond coverage of FYI (42 vs. 23%). Also energy absorption was 50% larger in FYI than in MYI. Thus, a continuation of the observed sea-ice changes will increase the amount of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea-ice melt and affecting sea-ice and upper-ocean ecosystems.

Obras poeticas posthumas que ... escrivio el maestro Don Manuel de Leon Marchante ... divididas en tres classes, sagradas, humanas y cómicas ...

Contiene: Loa al redemptor patriarca San Pedro Nolasco, que compuso para el Collegio de la Concepción de Mercenarios Calçados de Alcalá de Henares (pp. 209-216) ; Loa de planetas y signos para principio de temporada en esta Corte (pp. 216-220) ; Loa del relox (pp. 221-225) ; Entremés del Gato y la montera (pp. 394-400) ; Entremés de Las barbas de valde (pp. 400-405) ; Entremés de La estafeta (pp. 405-411) ; Entremés del Día de compadres (pp. 412-418) ; Entremés del Refugio de los poetas (pp. 418-424) ; Entremés del Abad del Campillo (pp. 425-430) ; Entremés de los Pages golosos (pp. 430-435) ; Mogiganga de Los alcaldes (pp. 436-440) ; Entremés de los espejos (pp. 441-445) ; Bayle de la Pulga y la Chispa (pp. 446-447) ; Bayle del borracho y Talaverón (pp. 448-450) ; Xácara entremesada de Gargolla (pp. 450-452) / Del maestro don Manuel de León. La Virgen de la Salceda (pp. 225-266) ; Las dos estrellas de Francia (pp. 267-311) ; Los dos mejores hermanos, S. Justo y Pastor (pp. 312-353) ; No ay amar como fingir (pp. 354-393) / Del maestro don Manuel de León Marchante y del lic. Don Diego Calleja.

Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : printing press, offset, web-fed, motor driven, 208V, 60 hertz, Hess and Barker model 3CX, FSN 3610-617-7566.

Includes index.

Operator, organizational, direct support, general support, and depot maintenance manual : motor-generator PU-724/G (NSN 6125-00-617-1435).

"July 1971."

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools) for motor generator PU-724/G (NSN 6125-00-617-1435).

"May 1978."