Erosion-corrosion of mild steel in a temperature gradient

Thinning of heat-exchanger tubes by erosion-corrosion has been a problem in fluidized bed combustors (FBCs), particularly at lower metal temperatures where thicker, mechanically protective oxide scales are unable to form. Many laboratory-scale tests have shown a decrease in material loss at higher temperatures, in a similar manner to FBC boilers, but also show a decrease in wastage at low temperatures (e.g. 200°C) which has not been detected in boilers. It has been suggested that this difference is due to laboratory tests being carried out isothermally whereas in a FBC boiler the fluidized bed is considerably hotter than the metal heat exchanger tubing. In this laboratory study the simulation was therefore improved by internally cooling one of the two low carbon steel specimens. These were rotated in a horizontal plane within a lightly fluidized bed with relative particle velocities of 1.3-2.5 m s-1. Tests were carried out over a range of bed temperatures (200-500°C) and cooled specimen surface temperatures (115-500°C), with a maximum temperature difference between the two of 320°C. Although specimens exposed isothermally still showed maximum wastage at intermediate temperatures (about 350°C), those which were cooled showed high levels of wastage at temperatures as low as 200°C in a similar manner to FBC boilers. Cooling may modify the isothermal erosion-corrosion curve, causing it to broaden and the maximum wastage rate to shift to lower temperatures. © 1995.

Efecto de tres laminas de riego y momentos de aplicación de 150kg.ha-1 de nitrogeno, sobre el crecimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) variedad NB-S y rendimiento del chilote, a una densidad de 125000 Ptas.ha-1

El ensayo se estableció en los terrenos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el km 12 ½ carretera norte, Managua en Marzo-Mayo del año dos mil doce, para evaluar efecto de diferentes láminas de riego y momentos de aplicación de 150 kg. ha-1 de nitrógeno, sobre el crecimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) variedad NB-S, y rendimiento del chilote, a una densidad de 125,000 Ptas. ha-1. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones, y los factores en estudio fueron los siguientes, Factor A: Láminas de riego por goteo, con 3 niveles: 4.5 l de agua/m/día, 3.6 l de agua/m/día y 2.5 l de agua/m/día. Y el Factor B: Fraccionamiento de la dosis de nitrógeno de 150 kg. ha-1, con 3 niveles: b1 (100 % de la dosis aplicada a los 21 ddg); b2 dosis fraccionada (50% de la dosis aplicada a los 21 ddg y 50 % de la dosis aplicada a los42 ddg) y b3 dosis completa (100 % de la dosis aplicada a los 42 dds). Las variables de crecimiento evaluadasa los 14, 35 y 48 días después de la germinación fueron: altura de planta en cm, diámetro del tallo (cm) y numero de hojas por planta; para las variables del rendimiento del chilote y sus principales componentes fueron: altura de la primera y segunda inserción del chilote (cm), diámetro del chilote con y sin bráctea (cm), longitud del chilote con y sin bráctea (cm), peso de 10 chilotes con y sin bráctea (kg), y rendimiento de chilote con bráctea (kg. ha-1). El análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) realizado a todas las mediciones de crecimiento dio significativo para los niveles del Factor A, Factor B y la interacción A x B a los 35 y 48 días después de la germinación. El ANDEVA realizado a las variables del rendimiento y sus principales componentes dio significativas para los niveles del Factor A, Factor B y la interacción A x B a los 60 días después de la germinación. De los nueve tratamientos evaluados, el tratamiento a1 b2 indujo al mayor rendimiento de chilote con una producción de 2,129.16 kg de chilote. ha-1, con un total de costos variables de 4,568.00 C$.ha-1, un beneficio neto de 13,316.94 C$.ha-1 y una tasa de retorno marginal del 2,927.49 por ciento.

含源扩散方程的一种高精度差分方法(Ⅱ)

<正> ~~

反应烧结Si_3 N_4陶瓷断裂韧性的实验研究

本文对反应烧结氦化硅 Si_3N_4陶瓷的断裂韧性进行实验研究,用三种不同试件进行了测试,这三种试件是:山形切口双悬臂粱试件,山形切口三点弯曲梁试件和直穿透切口三点弯曲梁试件.用有限元方法分析了直穿透切口三点弯曲梁切口宽度对应力强度因子的影响,结合断裂载荷测定值估算了材料的断裂韧性值,指出直切口无预制裂纹试件的测定值必须用有限元法进行修正才能得到正确结果.

线性迭代算法基本定理

<正> 我们考虑非定线性方程组:Ax=b。 定理1 线性迭代法x~(k+1)=Sx~k+d,k=1,2,…对任意初值x~0都收敛的充要条件是: (1) x=Sx+d有解。

波射入等离子体的方式对波加热的影响

本文讨论了电子回旋波加热托卡马克等离子体问题,指出在考虑波加热时,除了要计算寻常波和非常波在等离子体内部的吸收效率外,还应计算入射电磁波从真空投射到磁化等离子休表面时,在边界处分裂成寻常波和非常波的能量分配。 数值计算结果表明,在入射角θ_i较小的情况下,当入射波的电场E~i平行入射平面时,入射波的能量主要转移为寻常波的能量,此时,寻常波的加热是有效的.当E~i垂直入射平面时,入射波的能量主要转移为非常波的能量,此时非常波的加热才是有效的。

E8410冲击波肾碎石治疗机临床前实验研究

本文扼要介绍了E8410冲击波肾碎石机工作原理和主要特性。动物实验采用人肾石标本植入法制备18只狗肾石模型,冲击治疗均获成功,动物健康存活。系统医学安全试验证明冲击治疗安全可靠。临床前实验报告了心电防护、提高冲击命中率的措施和正常人受试情况。

纤维增强层合板在单双面压缩下屈曲的优化设计

<正> 1979年,日本宇航研究所的Hirano发表了一篇纤维增强层合板铺层角度优化的研究论文。他把与x轴成α_k和—α_k(k表示某一层)方向所铺设的纤维同种、数目相等、基体同一的一个层片定义为一个单层。各个单层之间可以不完全满足单层所定义的条件,这样就考虑到了由N个单层迭合起来的层合板沿厚度方向异质的情况。同时,他还限定各个单层厚度是相等的。每个单层可以取任意的角度。给出层合板的层数,寻求一组铺层角度——各个单层的角度,使临界载荷值最大。由于与迭代起始值有关,他一般是给出8种起始值,然后再从8组结果中挑选临界载荷最大者为最优铺层角度。

Construindo o consenso econômico [finalmente?]

Apresenta resenha da publicação - Crônicas da convergência: ensaios sobre temas já não tão polêmicos - que reúne uma coletânea de artigos sobre temas da política econômica brasileira.

Fatigue crack-growth from a circular notch under high-levels of biaxial stress

A series of experiments have been conducted on cruciform specimens to investigate fatigue crack growth from circular notches under high levels of biaxial stress. Two stress levels (Δσ₁= 380 and 560 MPa) and five stress biaxialities (λ=+1.0, +0.5, 0, −0.5 and −1.0; where λ=σ₂/σ₁ were adopted in the fatigue tests in type 316 stainless steel having a monotonic yield strength of 243 MPa. The results reveal that fatigue crack growth rates are markedly influenced by both the stress amplitude and the stress biaxiality. A modified model has been developed to describe fatigue crack growth under high levels of biaxial stress.

第十四届国际材料强度大会简介

2006年6月5—9日，第十四届国际材料强度大会（14th International Conferenceon the Strength of Materials，IC-SMA14）在西安古都新世界大酒店举行，会议正式代表322人（其中境外代表200多人），这是该系列国际材料强度大会第一次在中国举办．大会由中国国家自然科学基金委员会、国家教育部、中国材料研究学会、西安交通大学、中国科学院沈阳金属研究所和西安市科技局等单位共同支持．大会主席为J．L．Martin教授，会议组织委员会主席由西安交通大学的孙军教授与中国科学院金属研究所的李守新研究员共同担任．

A política polissêmica: fazeres, dizeres e silêncio nos programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria da Câmara dos Deputados

Estudo sobre os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria da Câmara dos Deputados, a fim de se captarem representações, crenças e valores sobre a política. O trabalho assume a perspectiva de uma antropologia da política, desnaturalizando conceitos como democracia, participação e representação política, para captar as concepções dos sujeitos envolvidos no diálogo proposto pela Câmara dos Deputados, por intermédio desses canais de correio eletrônico. Assim, a tese não estuda os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria, mas nos programas. As mensagens enviadas, juntamente com os documentos produzidos pela Casa Legislativa acerca dos programas, bem como notícias e entrevistas com parlamentares e assessores sobre eles, são suportes de expressão de significados associados ao mundo da política, muitas vezes, concebidos como excludentes. Assim, eles são veículos de expressão, mas também de ação, que expõem combinações, normalmente contrapostas, por uma espécie de ficção construída em torno da noção de modernidade: indivíduo e pessoa, diretos e favores, particular e universal. Os documentos abordados revelam conciliações e embates discursivos que acenam para distintas maneiras de os atores fazerem a política, as quais acabam por revelar entendimentos sobre como se dá a gestão interna à Casa desses programas e questionamentos a respeito dos limites e possibilidades da Internet no fazer político.

Lengua y derecho a la educación en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco : reflexiones jurídicas sobre el tránsito hacia un nuevo modelo

The article analyzes the legal regime of Euskara in the education system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (capv). In the capv, the legislation recognizes the right to choose the language of study during the educational cycle. The students are separated into different classrooms based on their language preference. This system of separation (of language models) has made it possible to make great strides, although its implementation also suggests aspects which, from the perspective of a pluralistic Basque society on its way towards greater social, political and language integration, call for further reflection The general model for language planning in the capv was fashioned in the eighties as a model characterized by the guarantee of spaces of language freedom, and the educational system was charged with making the learning of the region’s autochthonous language more widespread. At this point, we already have a fair degree of evidence on which to base an analysis of the system of language models and we are in a position to conclude that perhaps the educational system was given too heavy a burden. Official studies on language performance of Basque schoolchildren show (in a way that is now fully verified) that not all the students who finish their mandatory period of schooling achieve the level of knowledge of Euskara required by the regulations. When faced with this reality, it becomes necessary for us to articulate some alternative to the current configuration of the system of language models, one that will make it possible in the future to have a Basque society that is linguistically more integrated, thereby avoiding having the knowledge or lack of knowledge of one of the official languages become a language barrier between two communities. Many sides have urged a reconsideration of the system of language models. The Basque Parliament itself has requested the Department of Education to design a new system. This article analyzes the legal foundations on which the current system is built and explores the potential avenues for legal cooperation that would make it possible to move towards a new system aimed at guaranteeing higher rates of bilingualism. The system would be sufficiently flexible so as to be able to respond to and accommodate the different sociolinguistic realities of the region.

两层流体热毛细对流空间实验研究

1999年，在我国实践5号卫星上完成了两层流体空间实验，实验研究两层不相混合流体的纯Marangoni对流（温度梯度与界面垂直）与热毛细对流（温度梯度方向与流体界面平行）。前者存在发生Marangoni对流的最小临界温差值ΔTc，低于该值流体系统处于静止状态；后者中只要存在沿界面的温度梯度便会产生热毛细对流。空间实验采用石蜡和氟化 液两层流体新体系，实现了平整的液－液交界面，并从卫星上传回上万幅数字图像 。通过多幅图像叠加处理得到了定量的流速场。数值模拟计算分析了相应工况时对流流动的速度场，两者的流场结构和速度大小基本一致，实验验证了理论模型。