Análisis a las reformas al impuesto a la renta ocurridas en los últimos cinco años, desde la expedición de la Ley de Reforma Tributaria, Decreto 242 del 29 de diciembre del 2007 y los efectos que genera sobre el gerente propietario o persona natural obligada a llevar contabilidad

El marco general de este análisis se basa en identificar los más importantes impactos que han tenido las reformas tributarias a partir del Decreto 242 del 29 de diciembre del 2007 sobre la persona natural obligada a llevar contabilidad, tanto sobre su operatividad como su relación con la Administración Tributaria. De las nueve reformas que han existido desde el decreto mencionado, se resaltó aquellas que tienen relación con la “persona natural obligada a llevar contabilidad”. Se realizó de manera general un análisis de cada una de ellas, para posteriormente, mediante cuantificaciones, casos reales y comparativos verificar si el impacto estimado fue significativo. Podemos ver que a la persona natural obligada a llevar contabilidad se le incluye en el mismo andarivel que a las sociedades, obligándole a preparar la misma información de control a la Administración Tributaria, sin que este contribuyente tenga la estructura administrativa, ni el conocimiento personal de las implicación quepor la falta de cumplimiento que las mismas tienen. Finalmente, vemos que la Administración Tributaria ha realizado avances en la implementación de cultura tributaria en busca de concientizar al contribuyente sobre sus deberes con la sociedad al momento de cumplir sus obligaciones, sobre todo en el trabajo con la juventud, por un lado; y por otro en la implementación de acciones para disminuir la evasión. También revisamos casos especiales en países de la región que sugerimos sean aplicados en el Ecuador.

The Court of Justice of the European Union as a fundamental rights tribunal: challenges for the effective delivery of fundamental rights in the area of freedom, security and justice. CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe No. 49, 29 August 2012

This paper reflects on the challenges facing the effective implementation of the new EU fundamental rights architecture that emerged from the Lisbon Treaty. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and its ability to function as a ‘fundamental rights tribunal’. The paper first analyses the praxis of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and its long-standing experience in overseeing the practical implementation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Against this analysis, it then examines the readiness of the CJEU to live up to its consolidated and strengthened mandate on fundamental rights as one of the prime guarantors of the effective implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. We specifically review the role of ‘third-party interventions’ by non-governmental organisations, international and regional human rights actors as well as ‘interim relief measures’ when ensuring effective judicial protection of vulnerable individuals in cases of alleged violations of fundamental human rights. To flesh out our arguments, we rely on examples within the scope of the relatively new and complex domain of EU legislation, the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), and its immigration, external border and asylum policies. In view of the fundamental rights-sensitive nature of these domains, which often encounter shifts of accountability and responsibility in their practical application, and the Lisbon Treaty’s expansion of the jurisdiction of the CJEU to interpret and review EU AFSJ legislation, this area can be seen as an excellent test case for the analyses at hand. The final section puts forth a set of policy suggestions that can assist the CJEU in the process of adjusting itself to the new fundamental rights context in a post-Lisbon Treaty setting.

Romanian politics: struggling with the grass roots and digging for democracy. EPIN Commentary No. 11, 29 August 2012

Romania was on a good trajectory to meet the European standards in democracy. This process began before the country’s accession to the EU in 2007 and has continued since thanks to the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM). The recent political turmoil has put in danger this trajectory. 2012 will continue to remain a very difficult year for Romania, economically and politically, especially in light of the referendum’s result invalidating the suspension of the President and the upcoming parliamentary elections due to take place at the end of this year. Now is time to restore the process of strengthening Romania’s democratic institutions and rule of law. There are important roles to be played in this process both by the Romanian political class and the European institutions.