Change impact on a product and its redesign process: A tool for knowledge capture and reuse

Change propagates, potentially affecting many aspects of a design and requiring much rework to implement. This article introduces a cross-domain approach to decompose a design and identify possible change propagation linkages, complemented by an interactive tool that generates dynamic checklists to assess change impact. The approach considers the information domains of requirements, functions, components, and the detail design process. Laboratory experiments using a vacuum cleaner suggest that cross-domain modelling helps analyse a design to create and capture the information required for change prediction. Further experiments using an electronic product show that this information, coupled with the interactive tool, helps to quickly and consistently assess the impact of a proposed change. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.

葛仙米对丁草胺胁迫的响应

研究了丁草胺对可食用蓝藻葛仙米(Nostoc sphaeroides)生理和代谢活性的影响．用不同浓度的丁草胺处理葛仙米,结果显示低浓度(5 mg·L-1)丁草胺使其光合作用、呼吸作用和光合系统Ⅱ活性增强,高浓度丁草胺(>5 mg·L-1)限制其光合作用、呼吸作用和光合系统Ⅱ活性．同时丁草胺对葛仙米膜结构和功能具有破坏作用,随着丁草胺处理浓度增大,质膜透性不断增大,丙二醛和超氧自由基阴离子含量升高；在低浓度丁草胺处理时,类胡萝卜素含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增强,高浓度丁草胺处理时,类胡萝卜素含

锥虫系统发育的研究进展

锥虫(trypanosome)是最早在鱼类血液中发现、随后在几乎所有的脊椎动物血液里都有发现的原生动物寄生虫。它主要通过水蛭和吸血昆虫传播,使宿主受到不同程度的危害。为了较全面地了解锥虫系统发育的研究进展,本文综述了国内外有关锥虫系统发育研究的四个方面的内容锥虫的起源(介绍了锥虫起源于脊椎动物和起源于无脊椎动物的两种不同观点);锥虫的系统发育方式(单系发育);锥虫的进化是否与寄主存在协同性及进化史上分歧时间的差异性;目前研究中存在的问题。

细菌溶藻的初步研究

国家 973项目 (2 0 0 2CB412 3 0 0 ); 863项目 (2 0 0 2AA60 10 2 1); 中国科学院重大项目 (KZCX1 SW 12 ); 国家重大环境课题 (K99 0 5 3 5 0 1); 中国科学院方向性创新课题 (2 2 0 3 16)资助

鲫不同种系线粒体DNA物理图谱的构建

用13种限制性内切酶对鲫鱼三个亚种共七个品系的线粒体DNA进行分析，其中有9种酶在种系间或种系内产生限制性片断长度多态性，发现了16个线粒体DNA组合单倍型，通过双酶切分析，构建了16个线粒体DNA组合单倍型的13种限制性内切酶的切点的物理图谱。

中国囊裸藻属的新种类

国家自然科学基金

团藻目新资料

本文报道湖北省武汉市团藻目7个属的5个新种,2个新变种,2个中国新记录

团头鲂的胚胎及成体组织中八种同工酶系统的研究

用垂直的淀粉凝胶电泳方法分析了胚胎发育阶段(0—105小时)和成体6种组织中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)、酯酶(EST)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)等8种同工酶系统的酶带。共约有23个基因座位在其胚胎发育期和成体组织中表达。所分析的大多数同工酶在团头鲂个体发生过程中表达的情况大致可分为3种类型:①胚胎发育期间持续存在的同工酶类,它们在成体组织中无特异性分布;②到胚胎发育后期才开始表达的同工

The role of glutathione metabolism in tolerance of tobacco BY-2 suspension cells to microcystin-RR

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the glutathione-involved detoxifying mechanism in defending the tobacco BY-2 suspension cells against microcystin-RR (MC-RR). Analysis showed that exposure of the cells to different concentrations of MC-RR (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g/mL) for 0-6 days resulted in a time and concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione (tGSH) content as well as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly increased after 3-4 days exposure in the highest two concentration treated groups, while decreased until reaching the control values except for GPX at day 6. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content markedly increased compared with control in high concentration MC-RR treated group after 6 days exposure. The GSH/GSSG ratio was much higher than control in 10 mu g/mL MC-RR treated group at day 4, but after 6 days exposure, the ratios in all treated groups were lower than that of the control group.

Oxidative damage in unfertilized eggs of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to nonylphenol

In the present study, female Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were used as in vivo models and exposed to nonylphenol (NP) at concentrations of 1 to 200 mu g/L for 21 d under semistatic conditions. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured in unfertilized eggs and included reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS] and protein carbonyl), superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione. Cathepsin D activity as an indicator of egg viability also was assayed. Nonylphenol induced ROS formation in unfertilized eggs in all exposed groups compared to the controls. The levels of protein carbonyl and TBARS in unfertilized eggs were significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 10 to 200 and 100 to 200 mu g/L, respectively. Good positive correlations were shown between ROS induction and levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl in eggs (R = 0.918, p < 0.05 and R = 0.784, p < 0.05, respectively). Superoxide dismutase activity in eggs was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in the 50 to 200 mu g/L exposure groups. Glutathione levels in eggs were significantly depleted (p < 0.05) at 100 to 200 mu g/L concentrations. In addition, ROS induction resulted in oxidative damage to lipid and protein in chorions. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) of the protein and lipid contents in chorions were both found in the 50 to 200 mu g/L exposure groups. A previous study found that NP exposure could lead to chorion thinning in zebra fish. Thus, the reductions in protein and lipid contents in chorion could be the reason for chorion thinning by NP exposure. Meanwhile, cathepsin D activity was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in all exposure groups. The results demonstrated that NP-induced oxidative stress could damage the chorion of unfertilized eggs and lead to a decline in gamete quality in female Chinese rare minnow.

Differential expression and dynamic changes of SOX3 during gametogenesis and sex reversal in protogynous hermaphroditic fish

SOX3 has been suggested to play significant roles in gametogenesis and gonad differentiation of vertebrates, but the exact cellular localization evidence is insufficient and controversial. In this study, a protogynous hermaphrodite fish Epinephelus coioides is selected to analyze EcSox3 differential expression and the expression pattern in both processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis by utilizing the advantages that gonad development undergoes transition from ovary to intersexual gonad and then to testis, and primordial germ cells and different stage cells during oogenesis and spermatogenesis are synchronously observed in the transitional gonads. The detailed and clear immunofluoresence localization indicates that significantly differential expression and dynamic changes of Sox3 occur in the progresses of gametogenesis and sex reversal, and EcSOX3 protein exists in the differentiating primordial germ cells, oogonia, and different stage oocytes of ovaries, and also in the differentiating primordial germ cells and the Sertoli cells of testis. One important finding is that the EcSox3 expression is a significant time point for enterable gametogenesis of primordial germ cells because EcSOX3 is obviously expressed and localized in primordial germ cells. As EcSox3 continues to express, the EcSOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward oogonia and then oocytes, whereas when EcSox3 expression is ceased, the EcSOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward spermatogonia. Therefore, the current finding of EcSOX3 in the differentiating primordial germ cells again confirms the potential regulatory role in oogenesis and germ cell differentiation. The data further suggest that SOX3, as a transcription factor, might have more important roles in oogenesis than in spermatogenesis.