Deformation mechanisms during superplastic testing of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy

Superplastic tensile tests on warm rolled and optimally annealed boron modified alloy Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B at a temperature of 850 degrees C and initial strain rate of 3 x 10(-4) s(-1) results in a higher elongation (similar to 500%) compared to the base alloy Ti-6Al-4V (similar to 400%). The improvement in superplasticity has been attributed to enhanced contribution from interfacial boundary sliding to the overall deformation for the boron modified alloy. The boundary sliding was facilitated by the starting microstructure which predominantly contains small equiaxed primary a grains with narrow size distribution. Dynamic processes such as coarsening and globularization of primary a phase occur under the test condition but do not significantly contribute to the observed difference in superplasticity between the two alloys. In spite of cavitation takes place around the TiB particles during deformation, they do not cause macroscopic cracking and early fracture by virtue of the cavities being extremely localized. Localized cavitation is found to correlate with increased material transfer due to faster diffusion.

State estimation in power systems using linear model infinity norm-based trust region approach

State estimation is one of the most important functions in an energy control centre. An computationally efficient state estimator which is free from numerical instability/ill-conditioning is essential for security assessment of electric power grid. Whereas approaches to successfully overcome the numerical ill-conditioning issues have been proposed, an efficient algorithm for addressing the convergence issues in the presence of topological errors is yet to be evolved. Trust region (TR) methods have been successfully employed to overcome the divergence problem to certain extent. In this study, case studies are presented where the conventional algorithms including the existing TR methods would fail to converge. A linearised model-based TR method for successfully overcoming the convergence issues is proposed. On the computational front, unlike the existing TR methods for state estimation which employ quadratic models, the proposed linear model-based estimator is computationally efficient because the model minimiser can be computed in a single step. The model minimiser at each step is computed by minimising the linearised model in the presence of TR and measurement mismatch constraints. The infinity norm is used to define the geometry of the TR. Measurement mismatch constraints are employed to improve the accuracy. The proposed algorithm is compared with the quadratic model-based TR algorithm with case studies on the IEEE 30-bus system, 205-bus and 514-bus equivalent systems of part of Indian grid.

Biological sulfate reduction of a sulfate-rich industrial waste liquor using sulfate reducing bacteria

An industrial waste liquor having high sulfate concentrations was subjected to biological treatment using the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Toxicity levels of different sulfate, cobalt and nickel concentrations toward growth of the SRB with respect to biological sulfate reduction kinetics was initially established. Optimum sulfate concentration to promote SRB growth amounted to 0.8 - 1 g/L. The strain of D. desulfuricans used in this study initially tolerated up to 4 -5 g/L of sulfate or 50 mg/L of cobalt and nickel, while its tolerance could be further enhanced through adaptation by serial subculturing in the presence of increasing concentrations of sulfate, cobalt and nickel. From the waste liquor, more than 70% of sulfate and 95% of cobalt and nickel could be precipitated as sulfides, using a preadapted strain of D. desulfuricans. Probable mechanisms involving biological sulfide precipitation and metal adsorption onto precipitates and bacterial cells are discussed.

A little more gauge mediation and the light Higgs mass

We consider minimal models of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking with an extra U(1) factor in addition to the Standard Model gauge group. A U(1) charged, Standard Model singlet is assumed to be present which allows for an additional NMSSM like coupling, lambda HuHdS. The U(1) is assumed to be flavour universal. Anomaly cancellation in the MSSM sector requires additional coloured degrees of freedom. The S field can get a large vacuum expectation value along with consistent electroweak symmetry breaking. It is shown that the lightest CP even Higgs boson can attain mass of the order of 125 GeV. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Temperature-Induced Reversible First-Order Single Crystal to Single Crystal Phase Transition in Boc-gamma(4)(R)Val-Val-OH: Interplay of Enthalpy and Entropy

Crystals of Boc-gamma y(4)(R)Val-Val-OH undergo a reversible first-order single crystal to single crystal phase transition at T-c approximate to 205 K from the orthorhombic space group P22(1)2(1) (Z' = 1) to the monoclinic space group P2(1) (Z' = 2) with a hysteresis of similar to 2.1 K. The low-temperature monoclinic form is best described as a nonmerohedral twin with similar to 50% contributions from its two components. The thermal behavior of the dipeptide crystals was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Visual changes in birefringence of the sample during heating and cooling cycles on a hot-stage microscope with polarized light supported the phase transition. Variable-temperature unit cell check measurements from 300 to 100 K showed discontinuity in the volume and cell parameters near the transition temperature, supporting the first-order behavior. A detailed comparison of the room-temperature orthorhombic form with the low-temperature (100 K) monoclinic form revealed that the strong hydrogen-bonding motif is retained in both crystal systems, whereas the non-covalent interactions involving side chains of the dipeptide differ significantly, leading to a small change in molecular conformation in the monoclinic form as well as a small reorientation of the molecules along the ac plane. A rigid-body thermal motion analysis (translation, libration, screw; correlation of translation and libration) was performed to study the crystal entropy. The reversible nature of the phase transition is probably the result of an interplay between enthalpy and entropy: the low-temperature monoclinic form is enthalpically favored, whereas the room-temperature orthorhombic form is entropically favored.

Adaptive evolution of a novel avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus

In China, the recent outbreak of novel influenza A/H7N9 virus has been assumed to be severe, and it may possibly turn brutal in the near future. In order to develop highly protective vaccines and drugs for the A/H7N9 virus, it is critical to find out the selection pressure of each amino acid site. In the present study, six different statistical methods consisting of four independent codon-based maximum likelihood (CML) methods, one hierarchical Bayesian (HB) method and one branch-site (BS) method, were employed to determine if each amino acid site of A/H7N9 virus is under natural selection pressure. Functions for both positively and negatively selected sites were inferred by annotating these sites with experimentally verified amino acid sites. Comprehensively, the single amino acid site 627 of PB2 protein was inferred as positively selected and it function was identified as a T-cell epitope (TCE). Among the 26 negatively selected amino acid sites of PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M1 and NS2 proteins, only 16 amino acid sites were identified to be involved in TCEs. In addition, 7 amino acid sites including, 608 and 609 of PA, 480 of NP, and 24, 25, 109 and 205 of M1, were identified to be involved in both B-cell epitopes (BCEs) and TCEs. Conversely, the function of positions 62 of PA, and, 43 and 113 of HA was unknown. In conclusion, the seven amino acid sites engaged in both BCEs and TCEs were identified as highly suitable targets, as these sites will be predicted to play a principal role in inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses against A/H7N9 virus. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enriching the annotation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv proteome using remote homology detection approaches: Insights into structure and function

The availability of the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv has encouraged determination of large numbers of protein structures and detailed definition of the biological information encoded therein; yet, the functions of many proteins in M. tuberculosis remain unknown. The emergence of multidrug resistant strains makes it a priority to exploit recent advances in homology recognition and structure prediction to re-analyse its gene products. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of gene products encoded in the M. tuberculosis genome, with the help of sensitive profile-based remote homology search and fold recognition algorithms resulting in an enhanced annotation of the proteome where 95% of the M. tuberculosis proteins were identified wholly or partly with information on structure or function. New information includes association of 244 proteins with 205 domain families and a separate set of new association of folds to 64 proteins. Extending structural information across uncharacterized protein families represented in the M. tuberculosis proteome, by determining superfamily relationships between families of known and unknown structures, has contributed to an enhancement in the knowledge of structural content. In retrospect, such superfamily relationships have facilitated recognition of probable structure and/or function for several uncharacterized protein families, eventually aiding recognition of probable functions for homologous proteins corresponding to such families. Gene products unique to mycobacteria for which no functions could be identified are 183. Of these 18 were determined to be M. tuberculosis specific. Such pathogen-specific proteins are speculated to harbour virulence factors required for pathogenesis. A re-annotated proteome of M. tuberculosis, with greater completeness of annotated proteins and domain assigned regions, provides a valuable basis for experimental endeavours designed to obtain a better understanding of pathogenesis and to accelerate the process of drug target discovery. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Comparative Study on Electrochemical Behaviour of Co3O4 and Co3O4-MWCNTs for Supercapacitors

Co3O4 and Co3O4/MWCNTs were prepared by hydrothermal process under autogenous pressure in Teflon lined autoclave and calcined at 250 degrees C. Both samples were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, TEM & FT-Raman to evaluate their surface and bulk properties. The PXRD pattern of the materials indicated the formation of cubic phase of Co3O4. FT-IR results showed the presence of metal oxygen bond in the samples. The SEM and TEM images of the Co3O4 / MWCNTs indicated spherical and cubic aggregates of metal oxide particles (10-30 nm) decorated both on the surface and inside the tubes of carbon nanotubes. The characteristic Ig and Id (graphitic and defects) Raman bands indicated the retention of tubular structure of MWCNTs even after the deposition of Co3O4. The calcined Co3O4-MWCNTs composites and Co3O4 exhibited specific capacitance of 284 & 205 F/g at a sweep rate of 2mVs(-1) in 6M KOH by cyclic voltammetry. The psuedocapacitance performances of calcined Co3O4-MWCNTs were found to be better than Co3O4. Chronopotentiometric studies made for the materials at a current density of 500mA/g indicated 100% columbic efficiency at 2000th cycle for Co3O4/ MWCNTs which is a better electrode material than Co3O4.

Medieval pulse of great earthquakes in the central Himalaya: Viewing past activities on the frontal thrust

The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Focus here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identified a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Historical data suggest damaging earthquakes in A.D. 1255, 1344, 1505, 1803, and 1833, although their sources and magnitudes remain debated. We present new evidence for a great earthquake from a trench across the base of a 13m high scarp near Ramnagar at the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. The section exposed four south verging fault strands and a backthrust offsetting a broad spectrum of lithounits, including colluvial deposits. Age data suggest that the last great earthquake in the central Himalaya most likely occurred between A.D. 1259 and 1433. While evidence for this rupture is unmistakable, the stratigraphic clues imply an earlier event, which can most tentatively be placed between A.D. 1050 and 1250. The postulated existence of this earlier event, however, requires further validation. If the two-earthquake scenario is realistic, then the successive ruptures may have occurred in close intervals and were sourced on adjacent segments that overlapped at the trench site. Rupture(s) identified in the trench closely correlate with two damaging earthquakes of 1255 and 1344 reported from Nepal. The present study suggests that the frontal thrust in central Himalaya may have remained seismically inactive during the last similar to 700years. Considering this long elapsed time, a great earthquake may be due in the region.

System reliability of randomly vibrating structures: Computational modeling and laboratory testing

The problem of determination of system reliability of randomly vibrating structures arises in many application areas of engineering. We discuss in this paper approaches based on Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory testing to tackle problems of time variant system reliability estimation. The strategy we adopt is based on the application of Girsanov's transformation to the governing stochastic differential equations which enables estimation of probability of failure with significantly reduced number of samples than what is needed in a direct simulation study. Notably, we show that the ideas from Girsanov's transformation based Monte Carlo simulations can be extended to conduct laboratory testing to assess system reliability of engineering structures with reduced number of samples and hence with reduced testing times. Illustrative examples include computational studies on a 10 degree of freedom nonlinear system model and laboratory/computational investigations on road load response of an automotive system tested on a four post Lest rig. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seismic characterization and dynamic site response of a municipal solid waste landfill in Bangalore, India

Seismic design of landfills requires an understanding of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the dynamic site response of landfill waste during seismic events. The dynamic response of the Mavallipura landfill situated in Bangalore, India, is investigated using field measurements, laboratory studies and recorded ground motions from the intraplate region. The dynamic shear modulus values for the MSW were established on the basis of field measurements of shear wave velocities. Cyclic triaxial testing was performed on reconstituted MSW samples and the shear modulus reduction and damping characteristics of MSW were studied. Ten ground motions were selected based on regional seismicity and site response parameters have been obtained considering one-dimensional non-linear analysis in the DEEPSOIL program. The surface spectral response varied from 0.6 to 2g and persisted only for a period of 1s for most of the ground motions. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained was 0.5g and the minimum and maximum amplifications are 1.35 and 4.05. Amplification of the base acceleration was observed at the top surface of the landfill underlined by a composite soil layer and bedrock for all ground motions. Dynamic seismic properties with amplification and site response parameters for MSW landfill in Bangalore, India, are presented in this paper. This study shows that MSW has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismic design of MSW landfills in India.

Seismic characterization and dynamic site response of a municipal solid waste landfill in Bangalore, India

Seismic design of landfills requires an understanding of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the dynamic site response of landfill waste during seismic events. The dynamic response of the Mavallipura landfill situated in Bangalore, India, is investigated using field measurements, laboratory studies and recorded ground motions from the intraplate region. The dynamic shear modulus values for the MSW were established on the basis of field measurements of shear wave velocities. Cyclic triaxial testing was performed on reconstituted MSW samples and the shear modulus reduction and damping characteristics of MSW were studied. Ten ground motions were selected based on regional seismicity and site response parameters have been obtained considering one-dimensional non-linear analysis in the DEEPSOIL program. The surface spectral response varied from 0.6 to 2g and persisted only for a period of 1s for most of the ground motions. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained was 0.5g and the minimum and maximum amplifications are 1.35 and 4.05. Amplification of the base acceleration was observed at the top surface of the landfill underlined by a composite soil layer and bedrock for all ground motions. Dynamic seismic properties with amplification and site response parameters for MSW landfill in Bangalore, India, are presented in this paper. This study shows that MSW has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismic design of MSW landfills in India.

Future collider signatures of the possible 750 GeV state

If the recent indications of a possible state I broken vertical bar with mass similar to 750 GeV decaying into two photons reported by ATLAS and CMS in LHC collisions at 13 TeV were to become confirmed, the prospects for future collider physics at the LHC and beyond would be affected radically, as we explore in this paper. Even minimal scenarios for the I broken vertical bar resonance and its gamma gamma decays require additional particles with masses . We consider here two benchmark scenarios that exemplify the range of possibilities: one in which I broken vertical bar is a singlet scalar or pseudoscalar boson whose production and gamma gamma decays are due to loops of coloured and charged fermions, and another benchmark scenario in which I broken vertical bar is a superposition of (nearly) degenerate CP-even and CP-odd Higgs bosons in a (possibly supersymmetric) two-Higgs doublet model also with additional fermions to account for the gamma gamma decay rate. We explore the implications of these benchmark scenarios for the production of I broken vertical bar and its new partners at colliders in future runs of the LHC and beyond, at higher-energy pp colliders and at e (+) e (-) and gamma gamma colliders, with emphasis on the bosonic partners expected in the doublet scenario and the fermionic partners expected in both scenarios.

Numerical Simulation of Transient Thermal Features in the Remelting Processing of Stainless Steel

应用有限元方法对层流等离子体射流不锈钢表面重熔工艺中的瞬态热物理现象进行了数值模拟研究.针对不同加热距离,确定了材料熔化和凝固过程中的瞬态温度场、温度梯度和凝固率的时间和空间分布特征.通过引入等效温度面积密度概念,研究了不锈钢重熔热处理的适合条件.结果表明,9～13mm的范围是较为适宜的加热距离,该结果与试验观察基本符合.

Evaluación final del Proyecto capacitación popular sobre el manejo del agroecosistema del trópico húmedo (PTH), Pancasan-Matagalpa, 1993-1996

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de Evaluar los resultados alcanzados por el Proyecto del Trópico Húmedo e:n la Zona de Pancasan del Departamento de Matagalpa quien fuera ejecutado por la Asociación Agrícola para el Desarrollo Agrícola Comunal (ADDAC) durante la segunda fase de ejecución del Proyecto, comprendida desde Septiembre de 1993 a Febrero de 1996, flnanciado por la Agencia Noruega para el Desarrollo (NORAD). La metodología empleada en el presente Estudio se basó en el tipo de Evaluación Ex­ post de la Dirección de Proyectos y Programación de Inversiones de las Naciones Unidas CEPAL y se resume en cuatro etapas: - Primera etapa Revisión de Información Escrita. - Segunda etapa Levantado de Datos de Campo. - Tercera etapa Procesamiento y Análisis de la Información de Campo. - Cuata y última etapa Elaboración y Presentacion del Informe Final. Los resultados alcanzados por el proyecto según el estudio, muestra que los ingresos percibidos por los productores participantes del Proyecto o Poblacion Meta (PM) se consideran que han aumentado en un 40% más con la incidencia del Proyecto Trópico Húmedo (PTH) con relación a los ingresos de los productores no participantes del Proyecto o Población No Meta (PNM). Este comportamiento refleja que los participantes del PTH han logrado mejorías sustanciales en la disponibilidad del recurso económico así como la creación de condiciones básicas para mejorar sus condiciones de vida. Además los procesos económicos dan lugar a una diferenciación económica entre los pobladores de la zona, pero por otro lado, establece un grado de interés y motivación para Integrarse de una manera activa como participantes del proyecto. En lo que se refiere a capacitación, se estima un 139% de sobrecumplimiento, según la planificación de eventos de capacitación, sobre todo en los años 1993 y 1994. Es importante destacar que este sobrecumplimiento de las capacitaciones tienen un producto y se refleja con la aplicación de las actividades del tipo agroforestal por parte de los participantes del proyecto y con la concepción creada en éstos sobre la preservación de los recursos naturales- Otro elemento Importante que pone de manifiesto el producto de las capacitaciones es el haber desarrollado capacidades en un buen grupo de productores estimados en 60 como futuros promotores de acciones de desarrollo. Por otro lado, han sido diversos los factores que determinaron una disminución en los rendimientos de los principales cultivos (maíz y frijol) entre ellos las variaciones climáticas y el mal manejo, sobre todo en la época de Apante de los productores de la PM con relación a los productores de la PNM. En el rubro Maíz los rendimientos del año 1995 disminuyeron en un 31% con relación a los del año de 1993, contrario a los rendimientos de la PNM que se incrementaron en un 2.1%. En el rubro frijol durante el mismo período, en las dos poblaciones en estudio, se redujo en un 35 y 34 % para la PM y la PNM respectivamente. Sin embargo, la tendencia de este comportamiento es revertirse, ya que los productores de la PNM realizan aplicaciones de agroquímicos para poder obtener estos resultados y los de la PM utilizan prácticas de Conservación de Suelo que a un corto plazo se reflejarán en un incremento de los rendimientos. El rubro pecuario mostró un comportamiento relativamente bajo con relación a los índices zootécnicos previstos, encontrándose mejores resultados en la PNM. Esto se atribuye fundamentalmente a la poca incidencia de las acciones que ha tenido el proyecto hacia este rubro justificado por el alto costo de Inversión que requiere tanto en material biológico como en Infraestructura. En las especies menores (cerdos y aves) no existen indicadores en los registros productivos ni en los resultados esperados por el proyecto. Esto puede valorarse como negativo y como debilidad manifiesta en el proceso de definición para la ampliación de las acciones del proyecto, de manera que no permite cuantificar ni cualificar el comportamiento de éstas ni el Impacto que pueden generar en los sistemas productivos de las unidades de producción. De tal manera que referirnos promedios de 2.66 cerdos por productor (de 13 productores), a diferencia de la PNM que 9 productores reportan un promedio de 1.33 unidades, a esto se agrega que ambas poblaciones reportan el suministro del mismo tipo de alimento (maíz, yuca, guineo, suero y sal). En aves se reportan productores de la PM con mayor número con relación a los de la PNM, con un promedio de 17 y 13 respectivamente. La alimentación suministrada por parte de la PM, se basa fundamentalmente en maíz y concentrados caseros (técnica promovida por el proyecto), este manejo aplicado a las aves por la PM tiene como resultado un aumento en la disponibilidad de alimento para la dieta familiar haciendo uso de los recursos locales de la unidad de producción, sucediendo lo contrario en los productores de la PNM, que para alimentar a las aves por lo general se destina el grano de maíz, compitiendo de esta manera, aves y familia por el alimento. Referente a la diversificación de la producción en la PM1 existe un fuerte predominio (del 32%) de 6 rubros establecidos en la finca y hay una tendencia (de un 21%) a incrementarse hasta 8 rubros como lo manifiestan las metas propuestas por el proyecto inicial. Un elemento importante que explica estos comportamientos la participación activa del personal técnico con los participantes del proyecto, ya que se establecen en un proceso de acción-reflexión-acción. Sucede lo contrario con los productores del grupo de la PNM que siendo 5 los rubros que mayor predominan en las fincas y con poca tendenda (16%) a incrementarse hasta 7 rubros por finca. En lo que adopción de tecnología se refiere, se manifiesta un número de productores (PM) que han adoptado de 3-4 prácticas por año y ha ido en aumento a lo largo de los tres años, desde el 11% en 1993 al 30% en 1995, y se establecen en los rubros de Maíz, Frijol y café. Mucho ha influido y de manera positiva en este proceso de adopción los niveles de comunicación desarrollados por los técnicos con los participantes del proyecto, sin embargo han sido diversos los factores que han influido de manera negativa en el proceso los cuales se reflejaron como: los resultados de las técnicas no son a corto plazo; hay mucha inversión de mano de obra; se hace uso de Insumas externos; hay una resistencia al uso de las tecnologías. La participación de la mujer de la PM en las actividades del proyecto es muy marcado, 124 jornales/año contra 62 jornales de la PNM, fundamentalmente en las actividades de carácter agropecuario, lo cual refleja una clara influencia del PTH en las mujeres de la comarca. A esto se le agrega el involucramiento en un 81% de las mujeres en al menos, un evento de capacitación del PTH a lo largo de tres años. Una evidencia de la diferencia en el comportamiento de las mujeres participantes en el Proyecto o PM es que al aplicar el Instrumento individual se evidencio una mayor fluidez, menor temor de expresión y un ambiente de mayor confianza, mientras que en la mayoría de las no participantes o PNM, se mostró mayor temor a expresar sus ideas y con muy poca alocución a las preguntas formuladas. La experiencia organizativa en la zona de Influencia del proyecto históricamente ha sido muy negativa, por la gran influencia política en dichas organizaciones. El proyecto influyó de una manera muy positiva en el aspecto de la organizacion campesina/ debido a la dinámica neutral de trabajo y en fundón de un bien colectivo, como es la preservación de los recursos naturales. Esto hace posible que en dinámicas de capacitación, surjan expresiones de participantes del proyecto sobre el beneficio de la organización, tales como "El pecado no está en la organización en sí, si no en la forma en cómo es concebida y coordinada"; es importante destacar que estas concepciones de los participantes, dan pautas para la valoración de que se han establecido las bases para desarrollar de una manera más efectiva las acciones impulsadas con un carácter sostenible. Considerando que los resultados obtenidos en el estudio muestran mejoras considerables y sustanciales en los aspectos socioeconómicos de las familias campesinas participantes del proyecto, es importante implementar una tercera fase de ejecución, de manera que se logre fortalecer y ampliar los componentes del proyecto, tomando en cuenta en la planificación una dotación de recursos humanos y económicos para garantizar la influencia a otras zonas aledañas a Pancasan.