农药对土壤脲酶活性的影响

通过模拟方法,研究了豆磺隆和呋喃丹对草甸棕壤和黑土6个土样脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,两种农药对土壤脲酶均有不同程度的激活作用,其中豆磺隆对草甸棕壤和黑土脲酶活性的最大增幅分别为46.95%和39.36%,呋喃丹分别为21.08%和12.70%.豆磺隆和呋喃丹浓度与土壤脲酶活性之间用二元一次方程拟和效果较好,分别有5个和3个土样的方程达到了显著或极显著相关水平,且二次项系数为负,总体上表现为先增加后降低的规律性变化.从两种农药对土壤脲酶的增幅和方程系数来看,豆磺隆对土壤脲酶活性的影响比呋喃丹明显.

塔叶苔属(SchiffneriaSteph.)(Hepaticae)的研究

塔叶苔属(Schiffneria Steph.)建立于1894年。作者在研究中国标本时,发现一新种———Schiffneria yunnanensis C.Gao& W.Li sp.nov.。塔叶苔属的配子体为叶状体,生殖枝具茎叶返祖现象,应置于叶苔亚纲的叶状体无组织分化类群———带叶苔目(Pallaviciniales)之中。

土壤资源信息共享的WEBGIS实现

如何使用和共享现有的土壤科学数据一直是一个重要问题。为提高土壤资源信息的共享和利用效率,文章阐述了在因特网环境下实现土壤资源信息发布的体系结构及关键技术,讨论了其实现方法。采用WebGIS技术,以ARCIMS为平台,以广东省土壤系列图件为基础,构建土壤信息共享系统,通过WEBGIS进行土壤资源信息的发布和共享,并介绍了系统的主要功能。

Differentiation of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) by the AFLP-derived SCAR

A species-specific SCAR marker for rainbow trout, which was used to detect adulteration and fraudulent labeling in Atlantic salmon products, has been developed based on the AFLP analysis and evaluated in this study. The SCAR marker could be amplified and visualized in 1% agarose gel in all tested rainbow trout samples and absent in all salmon samples. Using DNA admixtures, the detection of 1% (0.5 ng), 10% (5 ng) rainbow trout DNA in Atlantic salmon DNA for fresh and processed samples, respectively was readily achieved. The molecular approach was sensitive and demonstrated to be a rapid and reliable method for identifying frauds in salmon products and could be extended for applications of species identification in food industry.

Optimization of conditions for cell cultivation of Porphyra haitanensis conchocelis in a bubble-column bioreactor

Process conditions for cell cultures derived from conchocelis of female red macroalga Porphyra haitanensis were optimized in an illuminated 0.3-l bubble-column photobioreactor, using CO2 in air as the sole carbon source during a 20-day cultivation period. It reached the highest growth rate when the initial cell density was 700 mg l(-1)(dry weight), the optional aeration rate was 1.2 v/v/min, inorganic nitrate concentration was 15 mM and inorganic phosphate concentration was 0.6 mM. This is the first reported bioreactor cultivation study of cell cultures derived from conchocelis of Porphyra haitanensis.

Species identification in salted products of red snappers by semi-nested PCR-RFLP based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence

A molecular approach was developed to distinguish species of red snappers among commercial salted fish products. The specific fragments of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, which were about 450bp, were obtained using the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested PCR). Subsequently, PCR arnplicons were sequenced, aiming to select restriction endonucleases that generated species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles. Discrimination of red snappers Lutjanus sanguineus, Lutjanus erythopterus from Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Lutjanus malabarius and other morphologically similar fishes such as Lethrinus leutjanus and Pinjalo pinjalo was feasible by one restriction digestion reaction with three endonucleases Hae III, Sca I and SnaB I, however, for discrimination of L. sanguineus and L. erythopterus, another restriction digestion reaction with single restriction endonuclease Mae II was needed. The semi-nested PCR-RFLP was demonstrated to be reliable in species identification of salted fish products in this study. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta

Hydrological statistical data, remote sensing images, and bathymetric charts were used to study the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta under human-induced interventions. It was clear that water and sediment discharge from the Huanghe River had dropped rapidly since 1970, particularly after 1986. The water and sediment discharges for the period of 1986-2000 were found to have been reduced to only 29.2% and 31.2% of those in the period of 1950-69. This was caused by human factors in the upper and middle reaches of the Huanghe River, including water diversion, damming and reservoir construction, and water and soil conservation. Based on the results from visual interpretation of processed Landsat (MSS or TMJETM+) images dated from 1976 to 2001 and two digital elevation models generated from bathymetric charts surveyed in 1976 and 1992, we found that human-induced reduction of water and sediment discharge led to coastline retrogradation, with the maximum mean recession rate of -0.51 km yr-1 over the period of 1976-98, and seabed erosion beyond the -20 m isobath between 1976 and 1992. Other impacts of human activities on the recent evolution of the Huanghe River delta, including tidal flats shrinking, artificial coastline increasing, land surface sinking and so on, were also analyzed. We found that: (i) the whole delta, including subaerial and subaqueous, has turned from a highly constructive period to a destructive phase; (ii) channelization and dredging were two of the main causes of delta destruction; (iii) land loss in the Huanghe River delta caused by submersion will be increased in the near future; (iv) the Huanghe River delta was becoming more fragile and susceptible to natural hazards.

Interactions between the bloom-forming dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarense in laboratory cultures

Interactions between Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarens, two bloom-forming dinoflagellates, were investigated using bi-algal cultures. All R donghaiense died, but A. tamarense was hardly affected by the end of the experiment when the initial cell density was set at 1.0 X 10(4) cells mL(-1) for P. donghaiense and 0.28 x 10(4) cells mL(-1) for A. tamarense. However, significant growth suppression occurred in either species when the initial cell density of P donghaiense increased to I. 0 X 105 Cells mL(-1) in the bi-algal culture, but no out-competement was observed. The simultaneous assay on the culture filtrates showed that P donghaiense filtrate prepared at a lower initial density (1.0 X 10(4) cells mL(-1)) stimulated growth of the co-cultured A. tanzarense (0.28 x 10(4) cells mL(-1)), but filtrate at a higher initial density (1.0 x 10(5) cells mL(-1)) depressed its growth. The filtrate of A. tamarense at a density of 0.28 x 10(4) cells mL(-1) killed all R donghaiense at a lower density (1.0 x 10(4) cells mL(-1)), but only exhibited an inhibitory effect on it at a higher density (1.0 x 10(5) cells mL(-1)). It is likely that these two species of microalgae interfere with each other mainly by releasing allelochemical substance(s) into the culture medium, and a direct cell-to-cell contact was not necessary for their mutual interaction. The allelopathic test further proved that A. tamarense could affect the growth of co-cultured P. donghaiense by producing allelochemical(s); moreover, A. tamarense culture filtrate at the stationary growth phase (SP) had a strongly inhibitory effect on P donghaiense compared to that at the exponential phase (EP). Results also demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between the microalgal initial cell density and the degree of the allelopathic effect. The growth of R donghaiense and A. tamarense in the bi-algal cultures was simulated using a mathematical model to quantify the interaction. The estimated parameters from the model showed that the inhibition exerted by A. tamarense on P. donghaiense was about 17 and 8 times stronger than the inhibition P. donghaiense exerted on A. tamarense, when the initial cell density was set at 1.0 X 10(4) and 1.0 X 10(5) cells mL(-1) for P donghaiense, respectively. and 0.28 x 10(4) cells mL(-1) for A. tamarense in the bi-algal cultures. A. tamarense seems to have a survival strategy that is superior to that of P. donghaiense in bi-algal cultures under controlled laboratory conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biosorption of copper (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions by nonliving green algae Cladophora fascicularis: Equilibrium, kinetics and environmental effects

Biosorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by Cladophora fascicularis was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial heavy metal concentrations, temperature and other co-existing ions. Adsorption equilibriums were well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.61 mmol/ g for Cu2+ and 0.96 mmol/ g for Pb2+ at 298K and pH 5.0. The adsorption processes were endothermic and biosorption heats calculated by the Langmuir constant b were 39.0 and 29.6 kJ/ mol for Cu2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo- second order model. No significant effect on the uptake of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by co-existing cations and anions was observed, except EDTA. Desorption experiments indicated that Na(2)EDTA was an efficient desorbent for the recovery of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from biomass. The results showed that Cladophora fascicularis was an effective and economical biosorbent material for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

A preliminary genetic linkage map of the pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Preliminary genetic linkage maps were constructed for the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and microsatellite markers segregating in a F, family. Nine microsatellite loci, 41 RAPD, and 2688 AFLP markers were genotyped in the parents and 86 progeny of the mapping family. Among the 2738 markers, 384 (including 365 AFLP markers, 10 RAPD markers, and 9 microsatellite loci) were polymorphic and segregated in one or both parents: 241 in the female and 146 in the male. The majority of these markers, 232 in the female and 134 in the male, segregated according to the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio (alpha = 0.05). Two genetic linkage maps were constructed using markers segregating in the female or the male parent. The female framework map consisted of 119 markers in 22 linkage groups, covering 1773.6 cM with an average intermarker space of 18.3 cM. The male framework map contained 94 markers in 19 linkage groups, spanning 1365.9 cM with an average intermarker space of 18.2 cM. The sex determination locus was mapped to the male map but not to the female map, suggesting a XY-male determination mechanism. Distorted markers showing excess of homozygotes were mapped in clusters, probably because of their linkage to a gene that is incompatible between two parental populations.

城市生活垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的通量及形态研究——以贵阳市和武汉市为例

城市生活垃圾填埋场作为大多数国家生活垃圾的主要处理场所，也常常成为一些有毒有害元素的最终归宿地。很多含汞的废弃产品，如荧光灯管、电池、水银温度计、压力计、电开关、恒温器等，在缺乏分类回收的情况下，大多混入城市生活垃圾并最终进入垃圾填埋场。在填埋场这一特殊场合，汞可以通过物理途径、化学途径、生物途径或不同途径的结合而向大气释放，并且还可能在填埋场内形成毒性很高的甲基形态汞而释放到大气中。国外对垃圾的焚烧处理已经造成了严重的大气汞污染，但是目前对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的研究在国内外还不多见，我国几乎还是空白。作为城市生活垃圾的生产大国，我国每年的生活垃圾产量超过1.5亿吨，占世界的1/4以上，且近九成是以填埋法进行处理的，因此研究垃圾填埋场这一人为源向大气排放汞的通量和形态、排放汞的特点以及相关的影响因素，必将为认识该释放源对大气汞的贡献以及评估其对生态环境的影响程度提供重要的参考依据，并为制定控制垃圾填埋场汞污染的相关措施提供指导，本文在理论上和现实上都具有重要意义。 2003年10月份到2006年1月份，我们对贵阳市和武汉市的5座城市生活垃圾填埋场进行了野外实地研究。这几个填埋场包括贵阳市的高雁、大转弯、仙人脚，以及武汉市的金口和岱山垃圾填埋场，它们采用不同的垃圾填埋方式（卫生填埋和简易填埋）并处于不同的运行阶段（封闭的和运行中的）。本文从两个方面开展研究：（1）垃圾填埋场通过地表向大气释放汞的通量；（2）垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的形态。前者利用低汞空白的石英玻璃动力学通量箱法，结合高时间分辨率的大气自动测汞仪（Tekran 2537A），现场对填埋场内不同特征的地表区域（绿化区、覆土地表、裸露生活垃圾、工作面等）进行了测定；后者利用不同的捕集材料（金管、稀HCl溶液和CarbotrapTM捕集管），对排气筒垃圾填埋气中的不同形态汞（气态总汞、单甲基汞和二甲基汞）进行预富集，并结合气相色谱、冷原子荧光等检测技术进行测定。根据同步测定的相关参数对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的过程和影响机制进行了探讨，对垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量进行了估算。另外对垃圾填埋场周围环境介质中的汞分布特征进行了探讨。通过两年多的野外工作，得到以下主要结论： （1）垃圾填埋场地表与大气间的汞交换通量主要以向大气的释放为主，少数情况下（如降雨、大气汞浓度较高时）也会出现大气向地表的沉降。地表/大气间的汞交换过程具有明显的日变化特征，一般在白天中午前后达到最高，夜间降至最低，并维持在稳定的水平。汞交换过程主要与光照等气象因子有关，通量强度白天高于夜间、晴天高于阴雨天。另外，通量还与基质中的汞含量密切相关，汞含量越高，排放强度越大，生活垃圾的汞含量一般高于覆盖土壤，因而裸露的生活垃圾或工作面区域汞释放强度明显高于有土壤覆盖的区域。绿化措施（植草和种树）有效的降低了汞的释放。垃圾填埋场地表汞的释放强度暖季节高出冷季节数倍。地表/大气间的汞交换通量特征显示，垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的主要来源为上层基质，而非填埋场内部，由于覆土隔离层的屏障作用使得填埋场内部的气态汞很难垂直向上迁移和释放。垃圾填埋场的汞释放强度与城市规模以及经济发展水平没有直接相关性。 （2）垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量强度由于以上因素的影响，在不同地表区域以及不同时段内都可能发生很大变化。封闭的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高出现在汞污染的覆土区，其次为未污染的覆土区，最低为绿化区，三种区域平均的汞交换通量分别为112.8~559.1、50.7~53.6、19.7 ng Hg m-2 h-1。运行中的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高为裸露垃圾区和工作面，最高达5609.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1，平均为57.5~664.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1；其次为老的覆土区，平均为19.6~192.5 ng Hg m-2 h-1；新盖覆土区最低，平均为-1.4~27.8 ng Hg m-2 h-1。垃圾填埋场的工作面具有最大的汞释放潜力，但是因大气汞浓度较高以及波动较大等原因，动力学通量箱法无法真实测定该区域的汞释放强度，运用美国环保局提供的面状复合工业污染源模型（ISCST3）对工作面的汞释放强度估算显示，不同天气状况下的平均释汞因子为0.93 mg Hg t-1垃圾。与全球以及区域背景土壤相比，垃圾填埋场向大气的单位面积释汞强度要高出数倍乃至数千倍。因而城市生活填埋场必将对大气汞环境，特别是局域大气汞环境造成一定影响。 （3）垃圾填埋场排气筒释放的垃圾填埋气中不同形态汞的浓度差别很大。高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场排气筒的气态总汞浓度为2.0~1406.0 ng Hg m-3，3座填埋场平均分别为89.8、24.6和14.2 ng Hg m-3。气态总汞浓度主要与排气筒附近的垃圾汞含量有关，并表现出一定的日变化特征，晴天比较稳定，降雨过程中上升很快，降雨过后又恢复到降雨前的水平。这一有趣现象主要与降雨时雨水置换填埋场内的含汞气体、大气压下降、通过地表释放的通道受阻有关。高雁垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋气中的单甲基汞和二甲基汞平均浓度为1.93 ng Hg m-3和9.21 ng Hg m-3，分别占同期气态总汞的0.51％和1.79％。垃圾填埋气中的甲基形态汞浓度高出背景区域大气3个数量级以上，使得垃圾填埋场成为大气甲基汞已知不多的、重要的释放来源之一。 （4）结合垃圾填埋场不同特征地表的面积以及对应的汞交换通量强度、工作面的垃圾处理量以及汞的释放因子，估算本研究的5座垃圾填埋场每年通过地表向大气的释汞量为17~1111 g Hg yr-1，工作面贡献67％~91％，覆土区较少，绿化区最少。根据垃圾填埋气的产量以及其中不同形态汞的含量，估算高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场每年通过排气筒向大气的排汞量在1~2 g Hg yr-1之间；高雁填埋场通过排气筒每年向大气释放的单甲基汞和二甲基汞为20和90 mg Hg yr-1。垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的通道主要为地表，而排气筒的贡献仅为0.2％左右（地表＋排气筒）。对全国垃圾填埋场进行的初步估算显示，2004年我国这一人为源向大气的排汞量约为600 kg Hg yr-1，占我国大气人为汞释放源的1％以下。 （5）垃圾填埋场大气中的不同形态汞浓度明显高于全球背景值，但与区域大气相当或稍高一点，部分区域有轻微污染，总体而言属于“安全”浓度范围。城市生活垃圾中的汞含量分布极不均匀，浓度为0.170~46.222 mg kg-1，几何均值0.574 mg kg-1，个别异常偏高的样品可能是被含汞的废弃产品污染了，大部分垃圾汞含量低于0.5 mg kg-1。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著，反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度，有时覆土的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同。高雁垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液汞含量较低，为79.4 ng l-1，主要因为垃圾汞含量低、渗滤液呈碱性、难溶硫化物的形成以及有机/无机物对汞的吸附等。以高雁垃圾填埋场为例进行的质量平衡计算显示，每年排向渗滤液和大气的汞分别占每年输入填埋场总量的0.004％和0.3％，其余超过99％的汞仍然保留在垃圾填埋场的固体废物中，这一特点使得垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量远低于垃圾焚烧法，后者由于高温作用使得垃圾中的汞几乎全部挥发进入大气。 （6）减少垃圾填埋场汞污染的措施包括：从源头上杜绝含汞的进入，如减少含汞产品的生产和使用，对含汞废弃产品进行专门的收集和处理；垃圾填埋以后及时进行覆土和绿化，特别是在工作面，应争取做到每日覆土；垃圾填埋场产生的气体应收集和处理，将其进行焚烧（沼气发电）可以分解其中的甲基形态汞，降低其毒性。

泛杏仁核参与急性吗啡戒断诱发负性情绪反应的神经机制

成瘾药物体内浓度的变化诱发的负性情绪反应是促发强迫性觅药和戒断后复吸的主要动机。以往研究关注长期慢性阿片戒断时的厌恶效应。目前认为对急性依赖戒断诱发负性情绪的神经机制的研究，将为充分理解从偶然用药到强迫性觅药过程中神经机制的适应性改变提供一个很好的切入点。泛杏仁核(the extended amygdalea)在成瘾过程中的适应性改变，是偶然用药到强迫性觅药转变的关键。NMDA系统和CRF系统参与戒断时厌恶性情绪反应。杏仁中央核和终纹床核是轴外CRF系统参与情绪反应的主要核团。为探讨急性阿片依赖戒断诱发的条件性负性情绪反应的神经生物学机制，采用皮下注射吗啡／纳络酮（二者间隔4小时），诱发的负性情绪反应作为非条件性刺激物，条件性位置实验箱的不同的视觉和触觉线索为条件性刺激物。经过两轮训练建立CPA反应。利用脑区微量给药技术考察泛杏仁核的NMDA和CRF系统对吗啡急性依赖戒断诱发的负性情绪反应的影响。 主要结果如下： （1）皮下注射吗啡／纳络酮，4天进行两轮训练能建立稳定的CPA模型。 （2）皮下注射NMDA受体拮抗剂MK801显著抑制CPA的获得。 （3）杏仁中央核微量注射MK801，显著抑制CPA的获得。 （4）终纹床核微量注射CRF1受体拮抗剂antalarmin, 显著抑制CPA的获得；下丘脑室旁核微量注射antalarmin，不影响CPA的获得。终纹床核微量注射CRF能使吗啡急性依赖大鼠产生CPA效应。 （5）单侧杏仁中央核注射MK801以及单侧终纹床核注射antalarmin能部分抑制CPA的获得，但单侧杏仁中央核注射MK801伴对侧终纹床核注射antalarmin能完全抑制CPA的获得。 综上所述，杏仁中央核的NMDA系统和终纹床核的CRF系统参与阿片急性依赖戒断诱发的负性情绪反应。二者可能存在上下游关系，终纹床核可能接受来自杏仁中央核的CRF投射参与阿片急性依赖戒断诱发的负性情绪反应。