Comparative study of power converter topologies and control strategies for the harmonic performance of variable-speed wind turbine generator systems

Power converters play a vital role in the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. Variable-speed wind turbine generator systems have a considerable interest of application for grid connection at constant frequency. In this paper, comprehensive simulation studies are carried out with three power converter topologies: matrix, two-level and multilevel. A fractional-order control strategy is studied for the variable-speed operation of wind turbine generator systems. The studies are in order to compare power converter topologies and control strategies. The studies reveal that the multilevel converter and the proposed fractional-order control strategy enable an improvement in the power quality, in comparison with the other power converters using a classical integer-order control strategy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microstrip antenna array for multiband dedicated short range communications systems

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) is the key enabling technology for the present and future vehicular communication for various applications, such as safety improvement and traffic jam mitigation. This paper describes the development of a microstrip antenna array for the roadside equipment of a DSRC system, whose characteristics are according with the vehicular communications standards. The proposed antenna, with circular polarization, has a wide bandwidth, enough to cover the current European DSRC 5.8 GHz band and the future 5.9 GHz band for next generation DSRC communications. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53: 2794-2796, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26394

Fuzzy Monte Carlo mathematical model for load curtailment minimization in transmission power systems

This paper presents a methodology which is based on statistical failure and repair data of the transmission power system components and uses fuzzyprobabilistic modeling for system component outage parameters. Using statistical records allows developing the fuzzy membership functions of system component outage parameters. The proposed hybrid method of fuzzy set and Monte Carlo simulation based on the fuzzy-probabilistic models allows catching both randomness and fuzziness of component outage parameters. A network contingency analysis to identify any overloading or voltage violation in the network is performed once obtained the system states by Monte Carlo simulation. This is followed by a remedial action algorithm, based on optimal power flow, to reschedule generations and alleviate constraint violations and, at the same time, to avoid any load curtailment, if possible, or, otherwise, to minimize the total load curtailment, for the states identified by the contingency analysis. In order to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology to a practical case, the paper will include a case study for the Reliability Test System (RTS) 1996 IEEE 24 BUS.

Power systems reliability calculation based on fuzzy data mining

This paper presents a methodology supported on the data base knowledge discovery process (KDD), in order to find out the failure probability of electrical equipments’, which belong to a real electrical high voltage network. Data Mining (DM) techniques are used to discover a set of outcome failure probability and, therefore, to extract knowledge concerning to the unavailability of the electrical equipments such us power transformers and high-voltages power lines. The framework includes several steps, following the analysis of the real data base, the pre-processing data, the application of DM algorithms, and finally, the interpretation of the discovered knowledge. To validate the proposed methodology, a case study which includes real databases is used. This data have a heavy uncertainty due to climate conditions for this reason it was used fuzzy logic to determine the set of the electrical components failure probabilities in order to reestablish the service. The results reflect an interesting potential of this approach and encourage further research on the topic.

Shopping center tracking and recommendation systems

Shopping centers present a rich and heterogeneous environment, where IT systems can be implemented in order to support the needs of its actors. However, due to the environment complexity, several feasibility issues emerge when designing both the logical and physical architecture of such systems. Additionally, the system must be able to cope with the individual needs of each actor, and provide services that are easily adopted by them, taking into account several sociological and economical aspects. In this sense, we present an overview of current support systems for shopping center environments. From this overview, a high-level model of the domain (involving actors and services) is described along with challenges and possible features in the context of current Semantic Web, mobile device and sensor technologies.

Autonomic computing for scheduling in manufacturing systems

We describe a novel approach to scheduling resolution by combining Autonomic Computing (AC), Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and Nature Inspired Optimization Techniques (NIT). Autonomic Computing has emerged as paradigm aiming at embedding applications with a management structure similar to a central nervous system. A natural Autonomic Computing evolution in relation to Current Computing is to provide systems with Self-Managing ability with a minimum human interference. In this paper we envisage the use of Multi-Agent Systems paradigm for supporting dynamic and distributed scheduling in Manufacturing Systems with Autonomic properties, in order to reduce the complexity of managing systems and human interference. Additionally, we consider the resolution of realistic problems. The scheduling of a Cutting and Treatment Stainless Steel Sheet Line will be evaluated. Results show that proposed approach has advantages when compared with other scheduling systems.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um sensor de chuva piezoelétrico para automóveis

A presença de sistemas eletrónicos nos veículos automóveis tem vindo a aumentar de forma considerável nos últimos 30 anos, tornando possível o aumento dos padrões de eficiência, segurança e conforto dos mesmos. Os sistemas de acionamento automático dos limpa-para-brisas, baseados em sensores de chuva óticos, têm registado um crescimento quase exponencial nos últimos 10 a 15 anos; no ano 2000, apenas 5 % dos veículos novos produzidos na Europa estavam equipados com este sistema, hoje é um equipamento amplamente difundido na oferta automóvel existente. O presente trabalho consistiu no estudo de uma solução para deteção de chuva em veículos automóveis com a aplicação de um sensor piezoelétrico, tendo em vista a obtenção de uma solução mais versátil e aplicável em vários pontos do veículo. As reduzidas dimensões, a elevada sensibilidade do sensor e a facilidade de aplicação nas superfícies de ensaio foram fatores que motivaram a escolha deste tipo de equipamento como elemento sensorial. As hipóteses definidas para o procedimento laboratorial basearam-se nas conclusões obtidas em estudos anteriormente desenvolvidos no campo dos sensores de chuva para automóveis e nas capacidades dos materiais piezoelétricos para medição de pluviosidade. Os sensores foram instalados sob as superfícies do veículo que apresentavam, simultaneamente, uma maior exposição à pluviosidade, quando este está em movimento, e um menor risco de sofrer danos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a utilização deste tipo de sensores permite detetar elevados níveis de pluviosidade e em superfícies com considerável capacidade de deformação elástica. A sua implementação futura em veículos automóveis exige mais algum trabalho de melhoria dos processos de fixação dos sensores e do condicionamento de sinal utilizados.

A New Approach to Monitoring Touristic and Cultural Routes: The Challenge of Development and Use of Indicators-Based Systems

The present paper results of an ongoing research project were it is expected to develop an information system to monitoring a cultural-touristic route. The route to monitor is the Romanesque Route of Tâmega. This Route is composed of 58 monuments located in the region of Tâmega in the North of Portugal. Due to the particular location of this region, that is between coastal zone, but not yet in the inland, it has a weak political influence, and it is reflected in the low levels of development at several levels, observed. The Romanesque Route was implemented in a part of this region in 1998, and enlarged to the all-region in 2010. In order to evaluate the socio-ecomonic impact of this route in the region a research project is being developed. The main goal of this paper is to open a discussion on the elements that must be taken into consideration to evaluate the economic and social impact of a touristic cultural route within a region and this one in particular.

Optical Filter Design Using Background Wavelength Processing Techniques

Amorphous SiC tandem heterostructures are used to filter a specific band, in the visible range. Experimental and simulated results are compared to validate the use of SiC multilayered structures in applications where gain compensation is needed or to attenuate unwanted wavelengths. Spectral response data acquired under different frequencies, optical wavelength control and side irradiations are analyzed. Transfer function characteristics are discussed. Color pulsed communication channels are transmitted together and the output signal analyzed under different background conditions. Results show that under controlled wavelength backgrounds, the device sensitivity is enhanced in a precise wavelength range and quenched in the others, tuning or suppressing a specific band. Depending on the background wavelength and irradiation side, the device acts either as a long-, a short-, or a band-rejection pass filter. An optoelectronic model supports the experimental results and gives insight on the physics of the device.

Reconfigurable SiC Embedded Photonic Structures with Self Optical Bias Control

Multilayered heterostructures based on embedded a-Si:H and a-SiC:H p-i-n filters are analyzed from differential voltage design perspective using short- and long-pass filters. The transfer functions characteristics are presented. A numerical simulation is presented to explain the filtering properties of the photonic devices. Several monochromatic pulsed lights, separately (input channels) or in a polychromatic mixture (multiplexed signal) at different bit rates, illuminated the device. Steady-state optical bias is superimposed from the front and the back side. Results show that depending on the wavelength of the external background and impinging side, the device acts either as a short- or a long-pass band filter or as a band-stop filter. Particular attention is given to the amplification coefficient weights, which allow to take into account the wavelength background effects when a band or frequency needs to be filtered or the gate switch, in which optical active filter gates are used to select and filter input signals to specific output ports in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems. This nonlinearity provides the possibility for selective removal or addition of wavelengths. A truth table of an encoder that performs 8-to-1 MUX function exemplifies the optoelectronic conversion.

Synthesis of new Fe(II) and Ru(II) eta(5)-monocyclopentadienyl compounds showing significant second order NLO properties

A series of new ruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [Ru(eta(5)-C5H5)(PP)(L)][PF6] (PP = DPPE or 2PPh(3), L = 4-butoxybenzonitrile or N-(3-cyanophenyl)formamide) and the binuclear iron(II) complex [Fe(eta(5)-C5H5)(PP)(mu-L)(PP)(eta(5)-C5H5)Fe][PF6](2) (L = (E)-2-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)allylidene)malononitrile, that has been also newly synthesized) have been prepared and studied to evaluate their potential in the second harmonic generation property. All the new compounds were fully characterized by NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies and their electrochemistry behaviour was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Quadratic hyperpolarizabilities (beta) of three of the complexes have been determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements at fundamental wavelength of 1500 nm and the calculated static beta(0) values are found to fall in the range 65-212 x 10(-30) esu. Compound presenting beta(0) = 212 x 10(-30) esu has revealed to be 1.2 times more efficient than urea standard in the second harmonic generation (SHG) property, measured in the solid state by Kurtz powder technique, using a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical processing devices based on a-SiCH multilayer architectures

Red, green and blue optical signals were directed to an a-SiC:H multilayered device, each one with a specific transmission rate. The combined optical signal was analyzed by reading out, under different applied voltages, the generated photocurrent. Results show that when a chromatic time dependent wavelength combination with different transmission rates irradiates the multilayered structure, the device operates as a tunable wavelength filter and can be used in wavelength division multiplexing systems for short range communications. An application to fluorescent proteins detection is presented. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Practical Quality Control: Comparision of Methods on the Quantification of Stationary Phases in Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Systems

Introduction: Paper and thin layer chromatography methods are frequently used in Classic Nuclear Medicine for the determination of radiochemical purity (RCP) on radiopharmaceutical preparations. An aliquot of the radiopharmaceutical to be tested is spotted at the origin of a chromatographic strip (stationary phase), which in turn is placed in a chromatographic chamber in order to separate and quantify radiochemical species present in the radiopharmaceutical preparation. There are several methods for the RCP measurement, based on the use of equipment as dose calibrators, well scintillation counters, radiochromatografic scanners and gamma cameras. The purpose of this study was to compare these quantification methods for the determination of RCP. Material and Methods: 99mTc-Tetrofosmin and 99mTc-HDP are the radiopharmaceuticals chosen to serve as the basis for this study. For the determination of RCP of 99mTc-Tetrofosmin we used ITLC-SG (2.5 x 10 cm) and 2-butanone (99mTc-tetrofosmin Rf = 0.55, 99mTcO4- Rf = 1.0, other labeled impurities 99mTc-RH RF = 0.0). For the determination of RCP of 99mTc-HDP, Whatman 31ET and acetone was used (99mTc-HDP Rf = 0.0, 99mTcO4- Rf = 1.0, other labeled impurities RF = 0.0). After the development of the solvent front, the strips were allowed to dry and then imaged on the gamma camera (256x256 matrix; zoom 2; LEHR parallel-hole collimator; 5-minute image) and on the radiochromatogram scanner. Then, strips were cut in Rf 0.8 in the case of 99mTc-tetrofosmin and Rf 0.5 in the case of 99mTc-HDP. The resultant pieces were smashed in an assay tube (to minimize the effect of counting geometry) and counted in the dose calibrator and in the well scintillation counter (during 1 minute). The RCP was calculated using the formula: % 99mTc-Complex = [(99mTc-Complex) / (Total amount of 99mTc-labeled species)] x 100. Statistical analysis was done using the test of hypotheses for the difference between means in independent samples. Results:The gamma camera based method demonstrated higher operator-dependency (especially concerning the drawing of the ROIs) and the measures obtained using the dose calibrator are very sensitive to the amount of activity spotted in the chromatographic strip, so the use of a minimum of 3.7 MBq activity is essential to minimize quantification errors. Radiochromatographic scanner and well scintillation counter showed concordant results and demonstrated the higher level of precision. Conclusions: Radiochromatographic scanners and well scintillation counters based methods demonstrate to be the most accurate and less operator-dependant methods.

Projecto de AVAC de um edifício com multiutilização

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Mixed extractant systems for metal recovery

Hoje em dia, a prevenção dos resíduos de metais é uma questão muito importante para um grande número de empresas, pois necessitam optimizar o seu sistema de tratamento de águas residuais a fim de alcançarem os limites legais dos teores em iões metálicos e poderem efectuar a descarga das águas residuais no domínio hídrico público. Devido a esta problemática foram efectuados estudos inovadores relacionados com a remoção de iões metálicos de águas residuais, verificando-se que as tecnologias de membrana oferecem uma série de vantagens para o efeito. Uma dessas tecnologias, referida como Membrana Líquida de Suporte (SLM), é baseada num mecanismo de extracção. A membrana hidrofóbica, impregnada com uma solução extractora, funciona como barreira entre a água residual e uma solução, geralmente ácida. A diferença de pH entre a água residual e a solução actua como força motriz para o transporte de iões metálicos da água residual para a referida solução. Poderá ocorrer um problema de falta de estabilidade, resultante da possível fuga da solução extractora para fora dos poros das membranas. Estudos anteriores mostraram que os ácidos alquilfosfóricos ou ácidos fosfónicos, como os reagentes D2EHPA e CYANEX e hidroxioximas como o LIX 860-I podem ser muito úteis para a extração de iões metálicos como ferro, cobre, níquel, zinco e outros. A clássica extracção líquido-líquido também tem mostrado que a mistura de diferentes extractores pode ter um efeito sinergético. No entanto, não é claro que haja um efeito óptimo da razão de extractor ou que tipo de complexo é formado durante o processo de extracção. O objectivo deste projecto é investigar este comportamento sinergético e as complexas formações por meio de um método espectrofotométrico, o “Job’s method” e “Mole-ratio method”. Estes métodos são utilizados para estimar a estequiometria dos vários complexos entre dois solutos, a partir da variação de absorvância dos complexos quando comparado com a absorvância do soluto. Com este projecto, o Job’s method e mole-ratio method serão aplicados a um sistema de três componentes, para conseguir mais informações sobre a complexação de níquel (II) e a fim de determinar a razão extractor: metal dos complexos formados durante a aplicação de mistura de extractores D2EHPA e LIX 860-I. Segundo Job’s method a elavada absorvância situa-se na região de 0,015-0,040 M de LIX 860-I e uma baixa concentração de D2EHPA. Quando as diferentes experiências são encontradas num conjunto experimental foram avaliadas de acordo com o método de trabalho, o valor máximo do gráfico foi encontrado para uma baixa fração molar do ião metálico e uma maior concentração de D2EHPA. Esta mudança foi encontrado de 0,50 até 0,30, que poderia apontar para a direção da formação de diferentes complexos. Para o Mole-Ratio method, a estequiometria dos complexos metal pode ser determinada a partir do ponto de intersecção das linhas tangente do gráfico da absorbância versus a concentração do ligante. Em todos os casos, o máximo foi obtido em torno de uma concentração total de 0,010 M. Quando D2EHPA foi aplicado sozinho, absorvâncias muito baixos foram obtidas.