Reproductive biology of the smooth butterfly ray Gymnura micrura

This study provides the first detailed information on the reproductive biology of the smooth butterfly ray Gymnura micrura. A total of 905 individuals were sampled, 377 of which were used for the reproductive study. Juveniles accounted for 75% of the sample, but all life cycle stages were present in the study area. The disc width at which 50% were mature (WD50)was estimated at 269 and 405 mm for males and females, respectively. The WD50V(based on the onset of vitellogenesis) was estimated at 359 mm. Uterine fecundity (mean +/- s.d. = 3.8 +/- 1.3; range: 16) was positively correlated with female size. A 3564% gain in mean wet mass was observed from egg to full-term embryo in utero. Size at birth ranged from 135 to 175 mm WD (19.5 to 55.0 g), with a mean of 165.1 mm WD (43.3 g). The embryo sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1. The ovaries of pregnant females were undergoing vitellogenesis during gestation, with females ready to ovulate soon after parturition. Gymnura micrura may have an asynchronous reproductive cycle, with females reproducing continuously throughout the year.

Home range, movements and diurnal roosts of the endangered thin-spined porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus (Rodentia: Erethizontidae), in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Chaetomys subspinosus is the sole species within the Chaetomyinae subfamily of Caviomorph rodents. This poorly studied porcupine is restricted to the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, where deforestation and habitat fragmentation threaten its survival. Data on the ranging and roosting behavior of C. subspinosus is fairly scarce as it is difficult to observe these behaviors in nature and, consequently, it is very rarely detected during field surveys. We monitored the home ranges of three radio-tagged females over the course of 1 year (2005-2006) and collected data on several aspects of their natural history including movement patterns and the use of diurnal roosts and latrines. The animals were monitored at Parque Estadual Paulo Cesar Vinha, a nature reserve dominated by restinga forests, a subtype of Atlantic Forest occurring on sandy soil. The estimated home range varied little between individuals and was relatively small (mean = 2.14 ha/individual and 1.09 ha/individual using minimum convex polygon and kernel methods, respectively). The animals travelled an average of 147 m/night (range: 21-324 m/night) between two consecutive day roosts. The day roosts were mostly located on vine and liana tangles in the canopy which also aid in connecting the canopy to adjacent trees or the forest floor. Latrines were mostly located near the ground in places heavily protected by spiny bromeliads or by other tangled vegetation. Our data suggests that C. subspinosus has the smallest range among all Neotropical Erethizontids which is likely due to its small size and strictly folivorous diet. Our data also helps explain why C. subspinosus is so difficult to observe in nature: researchers should focus on arboreal masses of tangled vegetation where individuals will normally rest during the day. (C) 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A revision of species diversity in the Neotropical genus Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae), with the description of three new species from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes

We revisit species diversity within Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae) by combining molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA amphibian barcode fragment with the study of the external morphology of living and preserved specimens. Molecular and morphological evidence support the existence of 23 species within Oreobates, and three additional candidate species (Oreobates sp. [Ca JF809995], Oreobates sp. [Ca EU368903], Oreobates cruralis [Ca EU192295]). We describe and name three new species from the Andean humid montane forests of Departamento Cusco, southern Peru: O. amarakaeri New Species from Rio Nusinuscato and Rio Mabe, at elevations ranging from 670 to 1000 m in the Andean foothills; O. machiguenga, new species, from Rio Kimbiri (1350 m), a small tributary of the Apurimac River, in the western versant of Cordillera Vilcabamba; and O. gemcare, new species, from the Kosnipata Valley at elevations ranging from 2400 to 2800 m. The three new species are readily distinguished from all other Oreobates by at least one qualitative morphological character. Three species are transferred to Oreobates from three genera of Strabomantidae: Hypodactylus lundbergi, Pristimantis crepitans, and Phrynopus ayacucho (for which the advertisement call, coloration in life, and male characteristics are described for first time). Oreobates simmonsi is transferred to the genus Lynchius. Hylodes verrucosus is considered a junior synonym of Hylodes philippi. In addition, H. philippi is removed from the synonymy of O. quixensis and considered a nomem dubium within Hypodactylus. The inclusion of Phrynopus ayacucho in Oreobates extends the ecological range of the genus to the cold Andean puna. Oreobates is thus distributed from the Amazonian lowlands in southern Colombia to northern Argentina, reaching the Brazilian Atlantic dry forests in eastern Brazil, across an altitudinal range from ca. 100 to 3850 m.

Taxonomic and distributional notes on Telebasis Selys, 1865, with a redescription of T. pallida Machado, 2010, and an evaluation of the T. racenisi Bick & Bick, 1995 "complex" of species (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

A full checklist of the species of Telebasis Selys, 1865, housed in the Brazilian collections Colecao Entomologica Prof. Jose Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro (DZRJ), and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZSP) is presented. A total of 325 specimens representing 19 species were studied. Ten new records for Brazilian States were found for T. carmesina Calvert, 1909 (Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul), T. corallina (Selys, 1876) (Pernambuco), T. demarara (Williamson, 1917) (Maranhao), T. filiola (Perty, 1834) (Paraiba and Santa Catarina), T. gigantea Daigle, 2002 (Sao Paulo), T. inalata (Calvert, 1961) (Mato Grosso do Sul), T. pallida Machado, 2010 (Goias) and T. obsoleta (Selys, 1876) (Mato Grosso do Sul), as well as a new record of T. carminita Calvert, 1909 for Suriname. Telebasis pallida Machado, 2010 is redescribed and diagnosed based on 14 males collected near the type locality, and its genital ligula is described and illustrated for the first time. Furthermore, the status of the three species of the Telebasis racenisi Bick & Bick, 1995 complex is evaluated. Of these, Telebasis pareci Machado, 2010 syn. n. is proposed as junior subjective synonym of Telebasis lenkoi Machado, 2010, and a possible synonymy among the three species is discussed under T. racenisi. ((c) 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Influence of Genomic Ancestry on the Distribution of SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3 and ABCB1 Gene Polymorphisms among Brazilians

The frequency distribution of SNPs and haplotypes in the ABCB1, SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes varies largely among continental populations. This variation can lead to biases in pharmacogenetic studies conducted in admixed populations such as those from Brazil and other Latin American countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of self-reported colour, geographical origin and genomic ancestry on distributions of the ABCB1, SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 polymorphisms and derived haplotypes in admixed Brazilian populations. A total of 1039 healthy adults from the north, north-east, south-east and south of Brazil were recruited for this investigation. The c.388A>G (rs2306283), c.463C>A (rs11045819) and c.521T>C (rs4149056) SNPs in the SLCO1B1 gene and c.334T>G (rs4149117) and c.699G>A (rs7311358) SNPs in the SLCO1B3 gene were determined by Taqman 5'-nuclease assays. The ABCB1 c.1236C>T (rs1128503), c.2677G>T/A (rs2032582) and c.3435C>T (rs1045642) polymorphisms were genotyped using a previously described single-base extension/termination method. The results showed that genotype and haplotype distributions are highly variable among populations of the same self-reported colour and geographical region. However, genomic ancestry showed that these associations are better explained by a continuous variable. The influence of ancestry on the distribution of alleles and haplotype frequencies was more evident in variants with large differences in allele frequencies between European and African populations. Design and interpretation of pharmacogenetic studies using these transporter genes should include genomic controls to avoid spurious conclusions based on improper matching of study cohorts from Brazilian populations and other highly admixed populations.

Composição, diversidade e distribuição geográfica de plantas vasculares de uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil

In the Montane and Submontane Rain Forest of the Carlos Botelho State Park - PECB (ca. 37,000 ha) the composition, richness and geographical distribution of native, vascular forest species was evaluated. The analysis of 1143 species of 140 families supported the pattern found for other forests of Eastern Brazil, showing high species richness of Myrtaceae (85 species), Orchidaceae (81), Fabaceae (57), Asteraceae, Melastomataceae (54), Lauraceae (53), Rubiaceae (51), Bromeliaceae (43), Piperaceae (30) and Solanaceae (25), besides ferns (123). The most species-rich genera were Eugenia (34), Ocotea (26), Leandra, Myrcia, Vriesea (18), Piper, Solanum (16), Miconia (14), Mollinedia (13), and Peperomia (12). The richness and composition varied greatly among life forms, as well as the number of families represented in each one of them (only Rubiaceae had species in all life forms, except parasites). Trees had the largest contribution of total richness (39.1%), a value that represented more than 20% of the species listed for the whole Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Trees were followed by epiphytes (22.4%), herbs (18.4%), shrubs (10.1%), lianas (9.1%), and parasites (0.9%). The overall richness and composition of life forms was quite close to other neotropical forests (e.g. high contribution of ferns among epiphytes), although some life forms remain undersampled in the PECB (mainly herbs, lianas and epiphytes). The occurrence of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest was pronounced (65%), with a predominance of species restricted to the Southern Atlantic Forest (43%). Pantropical species were rare (2%), being more common among ferns. Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae were the families with greater number and proportion of endemic species.

Molecular phylogeography of the Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa [Denis and Schiffermüller] 1775) in Europe

Phylogeography is a recent field of biological research that links phylogenetics to biogeography through deciphering the imprint that evolutionary history has left on the genetic structure of extant populations. During the cold phases of the successive ice ages, which drastically shaped species’ distributions since the Pliocene, populations of numerous species were isolated in refugia where many of them evolved into different genetic lineages. My dissertation deals with the phylogeography of the Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa [Denis and Schiffermüller] 1775) in Central and Eastern Europe. This Palaearctic butterfly species is currently distributed from central France and south eastern Belgium over large parts of Central Europe and southern Siberia to the Pacific. It is absent from those parts of Europe with mediterranean, oceanic and boreal climates. It was supposed to be a Siberian faunal element with a rather homogeneous population structure in Central Europe due to its postglacial expansion out of a single eastern refugium. An already existing evolutionary scenario for the Woodland Ringlet in Central and Eastern Europe is based on nuclear data (allozymes). To know if this is corroborated by organelle evolutionary history, I sequenced two mitochondrial markers (part of the cytochrome oxydase subunit one and the control region) for populations sampled over the same area. Phylogeography largely relies on the construction of networks of uniparentally inherited haplotypes that are compared to geographic haplotype distribution thanks to recent developed methods such as nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA). Several ring-shaped ambiguities (loops) emerged from both haplotype networks in E. medusa. They can be attributed to recombination and homoplasy. Such loops usually avert the straightforward extraction of the phylogeographic signal contained in a gene tree. I developed several new approaches to extract phylogeographic information in the presence of loops, considering either homoplasy or recombination. This allowed me to deduce a consistent evolutionary history for the species from the mitochondrial data and also adds plausibility for the occurrence of recombination in E. medusa mitochondria. Despite the fact that the control region is assumed to have a lack of resolving power in other species, I found a considerable genetic variation of this marker in E. medusa which makes it a useful tool for phylogeographic studies. In combination with the allozyme data, the mitochondrial genome supports the following phylogeographic scenario for E. medusa in Europe: (i) a first vicariance, due to the onset of the Würm glaciation, led to the formation of several major lineages, and is mirrored in the NCPA by restricted gene flow, (ii) later on further vicariances led to the formation of two sub-lineages in the Western lineage and two sub-lineages in the Eastern lineage during the Last Glacial Maximum or Older Dryas; additionally the NCPA supports a restriction of gene flow with isolation by distance, (iii) finally, vicariance resulted in two secondary sub-lineages in the area of Germany and, maybe, to two other secondary sub-lineages in the Czech Republic. The last postglacial warming was accompanied by strong range expansions in most of the genetic lineages. The scenario expected for a presumably Siberian faunal element such as E. medusa is a continuous loss of genetic diversity during postglacial westward expansion. Hence, the pattern found in this thesis contradicts a typical Siberian origin of E. medusa. In contrast, it corroboratess the importance of multiple extra-Mediterranean refugia for European fauna as it was recently assumed for other continental species.

Study of variability and genetic structure of European populations of Myotis emarginatus and Myotis capaccinii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)

The Geoffroy’s bat Myotis emarginatus is mainly present in southern, south-eastern and central Europe (Červerný, 1999) and is often recorded from northern Spain (Quetglas, 2002; Flaquer et al., 2004). It has demonstrated the species’ preference for forest. Myotis capaccinii, confined to the Mediterranean (Guille´n, 1999), is classified as ‘vulnerable’ on a global scale (Hutson, Mickleburgh & Racey, 2001). In general, the species preferred calm waters bordered by well-developed riparian vegetation and large (> 5 m) inter-bank distances (Biscardi et al. 2007). In this study we present the first results about population genetic structure of these two species of genus Myotis. We used two methods of sampling: invasive and non-invasive techniques. A total of 323 invasive samples and a total of 107 non-invasive samples were collected and analyzed. For Myotis emarginatus we have individuated for the first time a set of 7 microsatellites, which can work on this species, started from a set developed on Myotis myotis (Castella et al. 2000). We developed also a method for analysis of non-invasive samples, that given a good percentage of positive analyzed samples. The results have highlighted for the species Myotis emarginatus the presence on the European territory of two big groups, discovered by using the microsatellites tracers. On this species, 33 haplotypes of Dloop have been identified, some of them are presented only in some colonies. We identified respectively 33 haplotypes of Dloop and 10 of cytB for Myotis emarginatus and 25 of dloop and 15 of cytB for Myotis capaccinii. Myotis emarginatus’ results, both microsatellites and mtDNA, show that there is a strong genetic flow between different colonies across Europe. The results achieved on Myotis capaccinii are very interesting, in this case either for the microsatellites or the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and it has been highlighted a big difference between different colonies.

Analyzing convergence of Agricultural and Rural Areas in the Enlarged EU: The case of Hungary

The fall of the Berlin Wall opened the way for a reform path – the transition process – which accompanied ten former Socialist countries in Central and South Eastern Europe to knock at the EU doors. By the way, at the time of the EU membership several economic and structural weaknesses remained. A tendency towards convergence between the new Member States (NMS) and the EU average income level emerged, together with a spread of inequality at the sub-regional level, mainly driven by the backwardness of the agricultural and rural areas. Several progresses were made in evaluating the policies for rural areas, but a shared definition of rurality is still missing. Numerous indicators were calculated for assessing the effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy and Rural Development Policy. Previous analysis on the Central and Eastern European countries found that the characteristics of the most backward areas were insufficiently addressed by the policies enacted; the low data availability and accountability at a sub-regional level, and the deficiencies in institutional planning and implementation represented an obstacle for targeting policies and payments. The next pages aim at providing a basis for understanding the connections between the peculiarities of the transition process, the current development performance of NMS and the EU role, with particular attention to the agricultural and rural areas. Applying a mixed methodological approach (multivariate statistics, non-parametric methods, spatial econometrics), this study contributes to the identification of rural areas and to the analysis of the changes occurred during the EU membership in Hungary, assessing the effect of CAP introduction and its contribution to the convergence of the Hungarian agricultural and rural. The author believes that more targeted – and therefore efficient – policies for agricultural and rural areas require a deeper knowledge of their structural and dynamic characteristics.

Airborne measurements of the spectral surface albedo over Morocco and its influence on the radiative forcing of Saharan dust

This PhD thesis is embedded into the DFG research project SAMUM, the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment which was initiated with the goal to investigate the optical and microphysical properties of Saharan dust aerosol, its transport, and its radiative effect. This work described the deployment of the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement SysTem (SMART-Albedometer) in SAMUM after it has been extended in its spectral range. The SAMUM field campaign was conducted in May and June 2006 in south-eastern Morocco. At two ground stations and aboard two aircraft various measurements in an almost pure plume of Saharan dust were conducted. Airborne measurements of the spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance are used to derive the spectral surface albedo in its typical range in the experiment region. Typical spectral types are presented and compared to the surface albedo derived from MISR satellite data. Furthermore, the radiative forcing of the observed Saharan dust is estimated in dependence on the surface albedo and its regional variations. A strong dependence of the radiative forcing not only on the surface albedo, but also on the optical properties of the dust aerosol is observed. It is unique to SAMUM that all these influential parameters have been measured in near-source Saharan dust, which made the calculations shown in this work possible.

Vergleichende Phylogenie der Gimpel (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula Brisson, 1760)

Mit dieser Arbeit wird am Beispiel der Gimpel der Gattung Pyrrhula (Aves: Fringillidae) eine vergleichende phylogenetische Methodik angewandt. Der dafür gewählte Untersuchungsansatz beinhaltet v.a. molekulargenetische und morphologische Methoden, deren Ergebnisse vor dem biogeographischen Hintergrund der Gattung analysiert werden. Diese Arbeit bestätigt die traditionelle Abgrenzung der Gimpel gegenüber den anderen Formen der Finkenfamilie. Die Gattung stellt eine monophyletische Gruppe dar und ist sowohl anhand molekulargenetischer als auch morphologischer Merkmale hervorragend umgrenzbar. Eine Vereinigung mit der Schwestergattung Pinicola ist demgegenüber nicht gerechtfertigt. Die mit klassischen Untersuchungsverfahren bestimmten Gruppierungen der Gattung lassen sich auch mit modernen Methoden bestätigen. Pyrrhula besteht aus drei Hauptverwandtschaftsgruppen: „Südostasiatische Gimpel“ (P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis), „Himalayagimpel“ (P. aurantiaca, P. erythaca, P. erythrocephala) und „Eurasische Gimpel“ (P. pyrrhula s.l.). Innerhalb von P. pyrrhula s.l. lassen sich drei genetisch und morphologisch unterschiedlich differenzierte Untergruppierungen mit eigenständige Merkmalskombinationen ausmachen: P. (p.) murina, P. (p.) cineracea und P. (p.) griseiventris. Das Entstehungszentrum von Pyrrhula befand sich vermutlich im südöstlichen Asien. Anhand der molekulargenetischen und biogeographischen Daten lassen sich ungefähre Ausbreitungs- und Diversifizierungsprozesse datieren. Vom Entstehungszentrum ging eine präpleistozäne Ausbreitungswelle aus, die die Aufspaltung der Stammlinienvertreter der Südostasiatischen Gimpel und später die der Himalayagimpel-Stammlinie zur Folge hatten. Etwa zeitgleich begann die Ausbreitung der Vorfahren der Eurasischen Gimpel bis ins westliche Südeuropa. Im frühen Pleistozän spalteten sich die Vorläufer des rezenten P. aurantica ab, gefolgt von der Trennung der südostasiatischen Stammlinie in die Vorfahren von P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis. Daraufhin folgten rasche spätpleistozäne Ausbreitungen und Diversifizierungen, die das Überdauern von Gimpeln in südostchinesischen bzw. mediterranen Glazialrefugien nahelegen. Dabei trennten sich die Stammlinien von P. erythrocephala und P. erythaca ungefähr gleichzeitig mit jenen der Stammlinien von P. pyrrhula s.str., P. (p.) murina und P. (p.) griseiventris. Die P. (p.) cineracea-Stammlinie folgte wiederum etwas später. Die Vorläufer der heutigen P. pyrrhula s.str. nahmen im späten Pleistozän mehrfach ostwärts gerichtete Ausbreitungen vor, während derer sie sich über weite Teile Eurasiens bis nach Kamtschatka verbreiteten. Die morphologischen Differenzierungen der einzelnen Formen wurden wahrscheinlich stark durch die geographischen Verhältnisse beeinflusst. Neben Isolationseffekten auf Inseln (murina) spielten vermutlich auch pleistozäne Refugialgebiete der Mandschurei und Japans für die Entstehung der heutigen griseiventris und das nordmongolische Refugium für cineracea eine große Rolle. Der gefiedermorphologische Geschlechtsmonomorphismus von P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis könnte dabei einen stammesgeschichtlich ancestralen Zustand darstellen, jener von murina ist dagegen sicher eine sekundäre Reduktionserscheinung. Auf Grundlage des Biospezieskonzeptes erlauben die erarbeiteten phylogenetischen Daten, die Gattung Pyrrhula entweder in sechs oder in neun Arten (inkl. zweier Superspezies) zu unterteilen. Der zahlenmäßige Unterschied entsteht dabei durch die unterschiedliche Klassifikation der Formen murina, cineracea und griseiventris, die entweder P. pyrrhula als Subspezies angeschlossen werden oder als Angehörige einer Superspezies P. [pyrrhula] Artrang erhalten.

Photochemie der Troposphäre in niedrigen und mittleren Breiten: Die Rolle von Konvektion

Ozon (O3) ist in der Atmosphäre ein wichtiges Oxidanz und Treibhausgas. Während die höchsten Konzentrationen in der Stratosphäre beobachtet werden und die vor der gefährlichen UV-Strahlung schützende Ozonschicht bilden, können sich signifikante Änderungen der Ozon-Konzentration in der Region der Tropopause auf das Klima der Erde auswirken. Des Weiteren ist Ozon eine der Hauptquellen für das Hydroxylradikal (OH) und nimmt damit entscheidend Einfluss auf die Oxidationskraft der Atmosphäre. Der konvektive Transport von Ozon und seinen Vorläufergasen aus Regionen nahe der Erdoberfläche in die freie Troposphäre beeinflusst das Budget dieser Spezies in der Tropopausenregion.rnDie Datengrundlage der Studie in der vorliegenden Arbeit basiert auf den flugzeuggetragenen Messkampagnen GABRIEL 2005 (Suriname, Südamerika) sowie HOOVER I 2006 und HOOVER II 2007 (beide in Europa). Mit dem zur Verfügung stehenden Datensatz wird das Ozonbudget in der freien, unbelasteten Hintergrundatmosphäre und in der durch hochreichende Konvektion gestörten, oberen Troposphäre untersucht. Anhand der auf in-situ Messungen von O3, NO, OH, HO2 und dem aktinischen Strahlungsfluss basierten Berechnung der Netto-Ozonproduktionsrate (NOPR) werden für das Messgebiet Ozontendenzen in der unbelasteten Troposphäre abgeleitet und mit Simulationen des globalen Chemie-Transport-Modells MATCH-MPIC verglichen. Mit Hilfe zweier Fallstudien in den Tropen in Südamerika und den mittleren Breiten in Europa werden die Auswirkungen von hochreichender Konvektion auf die obere Troposphäre quantifiziert.rnDie Ergebnisse zeigen für die Grenzschicht in niedrigen und mittleren Breiten eine eindeutige Tendenz zur Produktion von Ozon, was für den tropischen Regenwald in der Messregion nicht der allgemeinen Erwartung entsprach, nach der diese Region durch die Zerstörung von Ozon charakterisiert sein sollte. In der oberen Troposphäre ab etwa 7 km wird für die beiden Regionen eine leichte Tendenz zur Ozonproduktion beobachtet. Signifikante Unterschiede zeigen die Ergebnisse für die mittlere Troposphäre. Während die Tropen in dieser Region durch eine eindeutige Tendenz zur Zerstörung von Ozon charakterisiert sind, lässt sich über den mittleren Breiten zwar eine hohe photochemische Aktivität aber keine derart klare Tendenz feststellen. Die hohen Breiten zeichnen sich durch eine neutrale Troposphäre in Bezug auf die Ozontendenz aus und weisen kaum photochemische Aktivität auf. Der Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit dem MATCH-MPIC Modell zeigt in weiten Teilen der Messregionen eine grundlegende Übereinstimmung in der Tendenz zur Produktion oder Zerstörung von Ozon. Die absoluten Werte werden vom Modell aber generell unterschätzt. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen in-situ Daten und Modellsimulationen werden in der Grenzschicht über dem tropischen Regenwald identifiziert.rnDer Einfluss der Konvektion ist durch eine signifikant erhöhte NOPR gekennzeichnet. In dieser Arbeit wird in den Tropen mit einem Median-Wert von 0.20 ppbv h−1 eine um den Faktor 3.6 erhöhte NOPR im Vergleich zur ungestörten oberen Troposphäre abgeschätzt. In den mittleren Breiten führt die um eine Größenordnung höhere NO-Konzentration zu einem Wert von 1.89 ppbv h−1, was einer Überhöhung um einen Faktor 6.5 im Vergleich zum ungestörten Zustand entspricht. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen für beide Regionen in der oberen Troposphäre eine erhöhte Ozonproduktion als Folge konvektiver Aktivität. rnrnHochreichende Konvektion ist zudem ein sehr effektiver Mechanismus für den Vertikaltransport aus der Grenzschicht in die obere Troposphäre. Die schnelle Hebung in konvektiven Wolken führt bei Spurengasen mit Quellen an der Erdoberfläche zu einer Erhöhung ihrer Konzentration in der oberen Troposphäre. Die hochgradig löslichen Spurenstoffe Formaldehyd (HCHO) und Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2) sind wichtige Vorläufergase der HOx-Radikale. Es wird angenommen, dass sie aufgrund ihrer Löslichkeit in Gewitterwolken effektiv ausgewaschen werden.rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Fallstudie von hochreichender Konvektion im Rahmen des HOOVER II Projekts im Sommer 2007 analysiert. Am 19.07.2007 entwickelten sich am Nachmittag am Südostrand eines in nordöstlicher Richtung ziehenden mesoskaligen konvektiven Systems drei zunächst isolierte konvektive Zellen. Flugzeuggetragene Messungen in der Aus- und der Einströmregion einer dieser Gewitterzellen stellen einen exzellenten Datensatz bereit, um die Auswirkungen von hochreichender Konvektion auf die Verteilung verschiedener Spurengase in der oberen Troposphäre zu untersuchen. Der Vergleich der Konzentrationen von Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) und Methan (CH4) zwischen der oberen Troposphäre und der Grenzschicht deutet auf einen nahezu unverdünnten Transport dieser langlebigen Spezies in der konvektiven Zelle hin. Die Verhältnisse betragen (0.94±0.04) für CO und (0.99±0.01) für CH4. Für die löslichen Spezies HCHO und H2O2 beträgt dieses Verhältnis in der Ausströmregion (0.55±0.09) bzw. (0.61±0.08). Dies ist ein Indiz dafür, dass diese Spezies nicht so effektiv ausgewaschen werden wie angenommen. Zum besseren Verständnis des Einflusses der Konvektion auf die Budgets dieser Spezies in der oberen Troposphäre wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Boxmodell-Studien für den Beitrag der photochemischen Produktion in der Ausströmregion durchgeführt, wobei die gemessenen Spezies und Photolysefrequenzen als Randbedingungen dienten. Aus den Budgetbetrachtungen für HCHO und H2O2 wird eine Auswascheffizienz von (67±24) % für HCHO und (41±18) % für H2O2 abgeschätzt. Das für H2O2 überraschende Ergebnis lässt darauf schließen, dass dieses Molekül in einer Gewitterwolke deutlich effektiver transportiert werden kann, als aufgrund seiner hohen Löslichkeit aus der Henry-Konstanten zu erwarten wäre. Das Ausgasen von gelöstem H2O2 beim Gefrieren eines Wolkentropfens, d.h. ein Retentionskoeffizient kleiner 1, ist ein möglicher Mechanismus, der zum beobachteten Mischungsverhältnis dieser löslichen Spezies in der Ausströmregion beitragen kann.

Seismic tomographic full-waveform inversion for the Vrancea sinking lithosphere structure using the adjoint method.

The Vrancea region, at the south-eastern bend of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, represents one of the most puzzling seismically active zones of Europe. Beside some shallow seismicity spread across the whole Romanian territory, Vrancea is the place of an intense seismicity with the presence of a cluster of intermediate-depth foci placed in a narrow nearly vertical volume. Although large-scale mantle seismic tomographic studies have revealed the presence of a narrow, almost vertical, high-velocity body in the upper mantle, the nature and the geodynamic of this deep intra-continental seismicity is still questioned. High-resolution seismic tomography could help to reveal more details in the subcrustal structure of Vrancea. Recent developments in computational seismology as well as the availability of parallel computing now allow to potentially retrieve more information out of seismic waveforms and to reach such high-resolution models. This study was aimed to evaluate the application of a full waveform inversion tomography at regional scale for the Vrancea lithosphere using data from the 1999 six months temporary local network CALIXTO. Starting from a detailed 3D Vp, Vs and density model, built on classical travel-time tomography together with gravity data, I evaluated the improvements obtained with the full waveform inversion approach. The latter proved to be highly problem dependent and highly computational expensive. The model retrieved after the first two iterations does not show large variations with respect to the initial model but remains in agreement with previous tomographic models. It presents a well-defined downgoing slab shape high velocity anomaly, composed of a N-S horizontal anomaly in the depths between 40 and 70km linked to a nearly vertical NE-SW anomaly from 70 to 180km.

Analisi idrogeologica dell'area carsica dei Monti Alburni (Salerno, Campania)

The Alburni Massif is the most important karstic area in southern Italy and It contains about 250 caves. Most of these caves are located on the plateau, between 1500 m a.s.l. and 700 m a.s.l., and only a few reach the underground streams that feed the springs and the deep aquifer. The main springs are Grotta di Pertosa-Auletta (CP1) and Auso spring (CP31), both located at 280 m a.s.l., the first on the south-eastern margin whereas the second on south-west margin, and the springs present in Castelcivita area, the Castelcivita-Ausino system (CP2) and Mulino di Castelcivita spring (CP865), located at 60 m a.s.l.. Some other secondary springs are present too. We have monitored Pertosa-Auletta’s spring with a multiparameter logger. This logger has registered data from November 2014 to December 2015 regarding water level, electric conductivity and temperature. The hydrodynamic monitoring has been supported by a sampling campaign in order to obtain chemical water analyses. The work was done from August 2014 to December 2015, not only at Pertosa but also at all the other main springs, and in some caves. It was possible to clarify the behavior of Pertosa-Auletta’s spring, almost exclusively fed by full charge conduits, only marginally affected by seasonal rains. Pertosa-Auletta showed a characteristic Mg/Ca ratio and Mg2+ enrichment, as demonstrated by its saturation index that always showed a dolomite saturation. All other spring have characteristic waters from a chemical point of view. In particular, it highlights the great balance between the components dissolved in the waters of Mulino’ spring opposed to the variability of the nearby Castelcivita-Ausino spring. Regarding the Auso spring the variable behavior in terms of discharge and chemistry is confirmed, greatly influenced by rainfall and, during drought periods, by full charge conduits. Rare element concentrations were also analyzed and allowed to characterize further the different waters. Based on all these data an updated hydrogeological map of the Alburni massif has been drawn, that defines in greater detail the hydrogeological complexes on the basis of lithologies, and therefore of their chemical characteristics.

The role of landuse and natural determinants for grassland vegetation composition in the Swiss Alps

The Alps provide a high habitat diversity for plant species, structured by broad- and fine-scale abiotic site conditions. In man-made grasslands, vegetation composition is additionally affected by the type of landuse. We recorded vegetation composition in 216 parcels of grassland in 12 municipalities representing an area of 170 x 70 km in the south-eastern part of the Swiss Alps. Each parcel was characterized by a combination of altitudinal level (valley, intermediate, alp). traditional landuse (mown. grazed), current management (mown, grazed, abandoned). and Fertilization (unfertilized, fertilized). For each parcel we also assessed the abiotic factors aspect, slope, pH value, and geographic coordinates, and for each municipality annual precipitation and its cultural tradition. We analysed vegetation composition using (i) variation partitioning in RDA. (ii) cover of graminoids. non-legume forbs, and legumes, and (iii) dominance and frequency of species. Species composition was determined by, in decreasing order of variation explained. landuse, broad-scale abiotic factors, fine-scale abiotic factors. and cultural tradition. Current socio-economically motivated landuse changes, such as grazing of unfertilized former meadows or their abandonment, strongly affect vegetation composition. In our study, the frequency of characteristic meadow species was significantly smaller in grazed and even smaller in abandoned parcels than in still mown ones, suggesting less severe consequences of grazing for vegetation composition than of abandonment. Therefore. low-intensity grazing and mowing every few years should be considered valuable conservation alternatives to abandonment. Furthermore. because each landuse type was characterized by different species. a high variety of landuse types should be promoted to preserve plant species diversity in Alpine grasslands. (C) 2007 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.