905 resultados para sampling effort
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Includes bibliography
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC
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In soil surveys, several sampling systems can be used to define the most representative sites for sample collection and description of soil profiles. In recent years, the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling system has gained prominence for soil surveys. In Brazil, most of the soil maps are at small scales and in paper format, which hinders their refinement. The objectives of this work include: (i) to compare two sampling systems by conditioned Latin hypercube to map soil classes and soil properties; (II) to retrieve information from a detailed scale soil map of a pilot watershed for its refinement, comparing two data mining tools, and validation of the new soil map; and (III) to create and validate a soil map of a much larger and similar area from the extrapolation of information extracted from the existing soil map. Two sampling systems were created by conditioned Latin hypercube and by the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube. At each prospection place, soil classification and measurement of the A horizon thickness were performed. Maps were generated and validated for each sampling system, comparing the efficiency of these methods. The conditioned Latin hypercube captured greater variability of soils and properties than the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube, despite the former provided greater difficulty in field work. The conditioned Latin hypercube can capture greater soil variability and the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube presents great potential for use in soil surveys, especially in areas of difficult access. From an existing detailed scale soil map of a pilot watershed, topographical information for each soil class was extracted from a Digital Elevation Model and its derivatives, by two data mining tools. Maps were generated using each tool. The more accurate of these tools was used for extrapolation of soil information for a much larger and similar area and the generated map was validated. It was possible to retrieve the existing soil map information and apply it on a larger area containing similar soil forming factors, at much low financial cost. The KnowledgeMiner tool for data mining, and ArcSIE, used to create the soil map, presented better results and enabled the use of existing soil map to extract soil information and its application in similar larger areas at reduced costs, which is especially important in development countries with limited financial resources for such activities, such as Brazil.
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Coffee is one of the main products of Brazilian agriculture, the country is currently the largest producer and exporter. Knowing the growth pattern of a fruit can assist in the development of culture indicating for example, the times of increased fruit weight and its optimum harvest, essential to improve the management and quality of coffee. Some authors indicate that the growth curve of the coffee fruit has a double sigmoid shape. However, it consists of just a visual observation without exploring the use of regression models. The aims of this study were: i) determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal; ii) to propose a new approach in weighted importance re-sampling to estimate the parameters of regression models and select the most suitable double sigmoidal model to describe the growth of coffee fruits; iii) to study the spatial distribution effect of the crop in the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the first article the aim was determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal. The models double Gompertz and double Logistic showed significantly superior fit to models of simple sigmoid confirming that the standard of coffee fruits growth is really double sigmoidal. In the second article we propose to consider an approximation of the likelihood as the candidate distribution of the weighted importance resampling, aiming to facilitate the process of obtaining samples of marginal distributions of each parameter. This technique was effective since it provided parameters with practical interpretation and low computational effort, therefore, it can be used to estimate parameters of double sigmoidal growth curves. The nonlinear model double Logistic was the most appropriate to describe the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the third article aimed to verify the influence of different planting alignments and sun exposure faces in the fruits growth curve. A difference between the growth rates in the two stages of fruit development was identified, regardless the side. Although it has been proven differences in productivity and quality of coffee, there was no difference between the growth curves in the different planting alignments herein studied.
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As borboletas do grupo Ithomiinae são caracterizadas por espécies estritamente neotropicais, consideradas modelos de anéis miméticos e apresentam uma taxonomia relativamente bem conhecida. Por estas razões são frequentemente utilizadas como indicadores biológicos. O presente estudo teve como intuito caracterizar a comunidade de Ithomiinae em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa (terra firme), localizada na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã), município de Melgaço, estado do Pará, além de testar a eficiência do protocolo de captura deste grupo. Para isto foram realizadas coletas em uma área de 500 x 500 m, utilizando dois métodos. O primeiro foi o de armadilhas contendo isca de folhas e inflorescências de Heliotropium indicum dentro de cinco parcelas amostrais de 100 x 100 m, sendo que cada uma continha cinco pares de armadilhas (uma sub-bosque e outra no dossel da floresta). O outro método foi o de coletas com redes entorno lógicas entre as parcelas. O período da amostragem foi nos meses de julho, outubro de 2004 e janeiro a novembro de 2005 (cinco dias de coleta mensais). Com um esforço total de 2000 armadilha horas por mês e 40 redes horas por mês foram registrados 1844 indivíduos de Ithomiinae, pertencentes a 14 espécies. As espécies Hypothyris ninonia (Hübner, [1806]) e Napeogenes rhezia (Geyer, [1834]) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Foi encontrada uma diversidade homogênea tanto no sentido horizontal quanto vertical, apesar de ser observada uma preferência da maioria das espécies pelo ambiente de sub-bosque. Foi registrada uma predominância de machos na comunidade da área. Como o grupo apresenta diferenças comportamentais entre indivíduos machos e fêmeas, essa predominância de machos nos registros pode ser resultado de uma seleção dos métodos na captura dos espécimes. Não foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre a riqueza de espécies registrada pelos diferentes métodos, apesar de três espécies serem obtidas exclusivamente pelas redes, e outras duas pelas armadilhas de isca. Houve uma predominância nos registros de Methona sp. pelas redes entomológicas, sugerindo uma atração diferenciada da espécie pela isca utilizada. Verificou-se uma correlação negativa entre o número de indivíduos coletados e o aumento dos índices de pluviosidade. O estudo apresentou uma baixa riqueza de espécies com amostragem intensiva, a comunidade é representada por espécies abundantes e raras; e apresenta oscilações na abundância conforme a precipitação pluviométrica. As armadilhas de sub-bosque foram mais eficiente. Sugere-se para Ithomiinae a utilização de somente armadilhas no subbosque com isca de Heliotropium indicum.
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A perda e fragmentação de habitats representam sérios riscos à manutenção das espécies de anfibios na Amazônia. Neste estudo, determinamos a composição, a riqueza e abundância das espécies de anuros em fragmentos florestais nas Zonas de Proteção da Vida Silvestre (ZPVS) estabelecidas no Lago de Tucuruí, leste do Pará. Os anuros foram amostrados através de transectos em doze fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos distribuídos igualmente entre as duas ZPVS, uma na margem direita (ZPVS-D) e outra na margem esquerda (ZPVS-E) do Lago. Os animais foram registrados através dos métodos de procura ativa e armadilhas de interceptação e queda. De janeiro a julho de 2005 registramos 2370 indivíduos de 35 espécies de anuros. Destas espécies, 30 foram encontradas na ZPVS-E (13 exclusivas) e 22 na ZPVS-D (cinco espécies exclusivas). Sete estimadores de riqueza de espécies foram obtidos com o auxílio do Programa EstimateS®. Para a maioria dos estimadores, as curvas de acumulação de espécies tenderam a uma certa estabilidade. Entretanto, as estimativas de riqueza de espécies variaram entre os estimadores, sendo a estimativa Bootstrap a mais baixa (38 espécies) e Jackknife a mais alta (45 espécies). A combinação das espécies de anuros observadas neste estudo com nove espécies registradas na Coleção Herpetológica do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, resultaram num total de 44 espécies, indicando que os estimadores de riqueza de espécies tiveram um bom desempenho. A similaridade de espécies de anuros, foi maior entre os fragmentos de uma mesma ZPVS do que entre fragmentos do mesmo tamanho. A riqueza de espécies foi positivamente e significativamente relacionada com o tamanho, mas não com o grau de isolamento dos fragmentos. Não houve relação significativa do número de indivíduos observados por fragmento e o tamanho dos fragmentos. A diferença na composição e riqueza de espécies encontrada entre as duas ZPVS indica certa complementariedade entre as duas unidades para a conservação da anurofauna local, assim como a necessidade de maior esforço de amostragem de anuros, principalmente através da ampliação da área de estudo, para uma melhor compreensão destas diferenças e suas implicações.
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O forrageamento é uma das principais atividades de primatas neotropicais em ambiente natural e consome grande parte do tempo diário. No ambiente de vida livre os macacos-prego podem gastar até 80% do seu tempo se deslocando e forrageando. No cativeiro, porém, não é necessário nenhum esforço dos animais para encontrar e preparar o alimento para o consumo. Portanto, a oportunidade de expressar atividades de forrageio fica praticamente excluída. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi criar e avaliar a efetividade de uma ferramenta de enriquecimento ambiental denominada de “painel de cuia”, com a função de dificultar o acesso dos macacos-prego ao alimento, aumentando o tempo para alcançar o alimento. As observações foram realizadas em quatro contextos diferentes, sendo um na parte da manhã e três pela parte, utilizando o método de animal focal. As durações relativas de cada evento comportamental foram comparadas na ausência e presença do enriquecimento. Foi encontrado que o cuieiro estendeu o tempo de forrageamento, funcionado como instrumento de enriquecimento ambiental. Foi observado também uma considerável redução nos comportamentos anormais, ao passo que a manipulação e a procura por alimento consumiram muito mais tempo.
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ABSTRACT: In Guajará bay, mouth of the Amazon River, is located the capital of Pará state (Belém) and its metropolitan area. Exists in this area an intense boat traffic, as well as transportation and sale of fuels in floating docks and activities related to the storage and transportation of oil in Miramar Petrochemical Terminal (TEMIR). Small spills and discharges of oil in water can serve as sources of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are organic compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic matter (OM) and are among the contaminants of most interest in environmental studies due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. One way to detect and evaluate the impact of PAHs in an environment is using biomonitors, however the qualitative and quantitative analysis in sediments are most widely used. This study aimed to evaluate, by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the 16 PAHs considered as priority by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in sediments and benthic organisms (Namalicastys abiuma) of TEMIR. Field expeditions were carried out in December 2012, March, May and June 2013 representing the dried, wet (two samples) and dried seasons successively. Fine sediments levels dominated in both sampling periods and the %Fines in Guajará bays has a direct relationship to the %OM. In relation to the 16 PAHs studied, 10 of them were detected in the wet season sediments samples and 8 in the dried season. Even with a low diversity of aromatic compounds, sediment samples of the dried season presented greater ΣHPAs (1.351,43 ng g-1) than the sediments of the wet season (263,99 ng g-1), which can be related to the increased hydrodynamic in Guajará bay this last period. Correlation analysis indicated that ΣHPAs not seem to be influenced by %Fine and %OM. Benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 87% of ΣHPAs during the wet season, the other PAHs showed percentage ≤ 3%. During the other period stood out: pyrene (18% of ΣHPAs) fluoranthene (16%), the chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (15%) and benzo(a)pyrene (11%). The use of the geochemical reason to interpret likely sources of PAHs indicated that there is a predominance of aromatics from pyrolytic origin in TEMIR. The activities that may be responsible for the PAHs levels observed in sediments and benthic organisms in TEMIR are the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and the emissions of particulates from cars and small/medium boats. The ΣHPAs seems to influence the density of polychaetes because a reduction of about 50% in the number of organisms was observed during the dry season when there was the greater amount of ΣHPAs in their body structure. Among the 16 PAHs studied, 11 were detected in the polychaetes during the dry season (ΣHPAsMED = 848,71 ng g-1) and 10 in the wet season (ΣHPAsMED = 141,85 ng g-1). Were highlighted during the dried season: indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (47%) and pyrene (23%). While in the wet season: pyrene (23%), chrysene (17%), fluorene (17%) and fluoranthene (13%). The %Rec obtained was >>100% indicating a matrix effect and reducing the quantitative accuracy of results. The use of the polychaete N. abiuma as biomonitor of pollution by PAHs in estuaries not seem to be effective when the sample period is limited, because collecting it requires a great effort to obtain a small amount of mass and it still results in a matrix effect in the chromatographic analysis (method %Rec >> 100%) that may not be corrected due to the restricted availability of sample mass. Studies with a larger number of samples, enabling depth statistical analysis, and covering other collection points in Guajará bay are required to prove mathematically that has been stated in this dissertation.
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBB
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The sampling scheme is essential in the investigation of the spatial variability of soil properties in Soil Science studies. The high costs of sampling schemes optimized with additional sampling points for each physical and chemical soil property, prevent their use in precision agriculture. The purpose of this study was to obtain an optimal sampling scheme for physical and chemical property sets and investigate its effect on the quality of soil sampling. Soil was sampled on a 42-ha area, with 206 geo-referenced points arranged in a regular grid spaced 50 m from each other, in a depth range of 0.00-0.20 m. In order to obtain an optimal sampling scheme for every physical and chemical property, a sample grid, a medium-scale variogram and the extended Spatial Simulated Annealing (SSA) method were used to minimize kriging variance. The optimization procedure was validated by constructing maps of relative improvement comparing the sample configuration before and after the process. A greater concentration of recommended points in specific areas (NW-SE direction) was observed, which also reflects a greater estimate variance at these locations. The addition of optimal samples, for specific regions, increased the accuracy up to 2 % for chemical and 1 % for physical properties. The use of a sample grid and medium-scale variogram, as previous information for the conception of additional sampling schemes, was very promising to determine the locations of these additional points for all physical and chemical soil properties, enhancing the accuracy of kriging estimates of the physical-chemical properties.