678 resultados para pellet combustione stufa emissioni
Resumo:
Individuare e conoscere la natura degli inquinanti atmosferici e disporre dei dati delle emissioni sono azioni fondamentali per formulare politiche ambientali incentrate sul miglioramento della qualità dell'aria e monitorarne l'efficacia. Sorge l'esigenza di un controllo costante della qualità dell'aria, processo che avviene utilizzando delle centraline di monitoraggio fisse sparse nelle vie delle maggiori città o nei pressi dei principali insediamenti industriali. Lo scopo di questo progetto è quello di realizzare una stazione di monitoraggio mobile al fine di aumentare la superficie di controllo, realizzando un oggetto dinamico capace di acquisire dati sull'inquinamento. Questo è stato fatto applicando ad un drone un sistema di sensori capaci di rilevare le variazioni dei livelli di concentrazione degli agenti inquinanti. Ciò permette di eliminare le stazioni di monitoraggio fisse, le quali rappresentano una spesa ingente. Inoltre, attraverso l'utilizzo di un drone, è possibile monitorare siti più vasti, permettendo un monitoraggio costante e ripetuto nel tempo. La prima parte dell'elaborato analizza il sistema Embedded utilizzato per l'acquisizione dei dati, concentrando l'attenzione prevalentemente sui moduli utilizzati. La seconda descrive quali sono i primi passi per cominciare ad utilizzare i sensori posti sulla Gases Board 2.0 e risponde ai dubbi più comuni su quali parametri di configurazione adottare per un avere una risposta adeguata, quale processo di calibrazione seguire o come trasformare i dati acquisiti, espressi in tensioni, in valori di concentrazione di gas. La terza parte illustra i test effettuati per verificare il corretto funzionamento del sistema completo, con l’esposizione delle problematiche individuate, e una presentazione delle alternative più valide per superarle.
Resumo:
Realizzazione di un sistema di controllo del rumore di combustione prodotto da un motore diesel, tramite l’attuazione in successione di varie tipologie di combustione. In particolare si varia il pattern di iniezione in base ad un indice di rumore calcolato in tempo reale attraverso un microfono e alla produzione di inquinanti allo scarico.
Resumo:
Gli ammassi di galassie (galaxy clusters) sono aggregati di galassie legate dalla forza di attrazione gravitazionale. Essi sono le più grandi strutture virializzate dell’Universo e la loro luminosità è dovuta alle galassie che li compongono e al cosiddetto intracluster medium (ICM), gas intergalattico in grado di raggiungere temperature di milioni di gradi. L’ICM è caratterizzato da emissioni sia di tipo termico che non termico, rispettivamente nella banda X e nella banda Radio, dovute soprattutto al meccanismo di bremsstrahlung termica e all’emissione di sincrotrone. Lo studio delle radiazioni emesse da questo gas primordiale ha permesso di studiare alcuni processi caratteristici nella dinamica degli ammassi di galassie, come i fenomeni di merger e cooling flow , e di ottenere quindi una maggiore comprensione della formazione ed evoluzione degli ammassi. Essendo le più grandi strutture dell’Universo che abbiano raggiunto l’equilibrio viriale, il loro studio risulta infatti molto importante, in quanto fornisce un valido strumento per la formulazione di un Modello Cosmologico. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi consiste in particolare nell'analisi di Aloni e Relitti radio, con maggiore approfondimento sui primi, e sulla ricerca di una correlazione della potenza Radio dei clusters sia con la loro luminosità nella banda X, che con la loro dimensione spaziale. La raccolta e l’elaborazione dei dati è stata svolta presso l’osservatorio di radioastronomia (ORA) situato nel CNR di Bologna.
Resumo:
I campi di impiego della gomma da pneumatici fuori uso (PFU) nel settore stradale sono vari ed il numero di studi che comprovano l'utilizzo di questo materiale di riciclo è crescente. Il prodotto esaminato nella seguente ricerca è un legante bituminoso modificato (PmB tradizionale), al quale il poverino di gomma da PFU è aggiunto manualmente (meccanicamente) al miscelatore. La tecnologia è di tipo Dry, nella quale la frazione di gomma è impiegata in sostituzione a una porzione di inerti fini, direttamente nel conglomerato. Ai fini di tale studio sono stati stesi 300 metri di SMA (Splitt Mastix Asphalt) lungo la S.P. 569 nel centro abitato di Zola Predosa (BO). Di questi una parte è costituita da SMA tradizionale, mentre la parte restante è divisa tra SMA contenente 1,20% in peso di PFU e SMA contenente 0,75% in peso di PFU. Durante la stesa sono effettuate delle prove sull'esposizione dei lavoratori a inquinanti presenti in miscele bituminose con addizione di poverino da PFU e prove di esposizione ambientale. Sono state successivamente predisposte 3 diverse indagini sperimentali: la prima nell'arco di due giorni (02-03 Ottobre 2014) a due mesi dalla stesa del materiale (31 Luglio 2014), la seconda oltre sei mesi dalla stesa (14-15 Aprile 2015) e la terza ad 1 anno dalla prima sessione di controllo (Ottobre 2015). Nella prima campagna di indagine è stato eseguito il prelievo di campioni carotati per la verifica fisico-meccanica delle miscele posate e degli spessori. In tutte e tre le campagne di indagine sono state effettuate prove per la valutazione dell'emissione e dell'assorbimento acustico della pavimentazione tramite tecnologia Close Proximity Index (CPX). I dati raccolti riguardati le emissioni ambientali e l'inquinamento acustico sono stati poi analizzati al in di determinare il grado di deterioramento delle caratteristiche superficiali e di confrontare il comportamento dei diversi materiali all'usura.
Resumo:
L'identificazione di un blazar è molto difficile, questo è un oggetto molto particolare e che ha un'attività molto ricca. Nella pratica l'identificazione di un blazar avviene confrontando la sua emissione in banda radio con la sua emissione in banda gamma, che sono entrambe proprie dei blazar. Il problema è che non si dispone di un telescopio in grado di rivelare con estrema precisione entrambe le bande, quindi si procede utilizzando i dati radio provenienti da un dato radiotelescopio e i dati in banda gamma provenienti da un altro telescopio. Quando le emissioni nelle due bande presentano, ad esempio, una variabilità simultanea, l'identificazione è certa. Ma questa minoranza di casi non è molto frequente e quindi spesso si procede con un'analisi probabilistica basata sulle posizioni delle sorgenti. Il lancio di Fermi nel 2008 ha portato ad un fortissimo aumento del numero di sorgenti gamma note e, fra queste, la maggior parte sono blazar. Una significativa frazione di queste sorgenti Fermi (circa il 30%) rimane non identificata. In questo lavoro vengono inizialmente caratterizzate le proprietà radio dei blazar e in particolare dei blazar gamma noti finora. In seguito verrà approfondita l'analisi delle sorgenti Fermi non identificate per stabilire una possibile compatibilità con le proprietà dei blazar e quindi per cercare di capire se queste sorgenti possano essere a loro volta dei blazar non ancora riconosciuti.
Resumo:
Articular cartilage injuries and degeneration affect a large proportion of the population in developed countries world wide. Stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes by adding transforming growth factor-beta1 and dexamethasone to a pellet culture, which are unfeasible for tissue engineering purposes. We attempted to achieve stable chondrogenesis without any requirement for exogenous growth factors. Human mesenchymal stem cells were transduced with an adenoviral vector containing the SRY-related HMG-box gene 9 (SOX9), and were cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffold composite. As an additional treatment, mechanical stimulation was applied in a custom-made bioreactor. SOX9 increased the expression level of its known target genes, as well as its cofactors: the long form of SOX5 and SOX6. However, it was unable to increase the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Mechanical stimulation slightly enhanced collagen type X and increased lubricin expression. The combination of SOX9 and mechanical load boosted GAG synthesis as shown by (35)S incorporation. GAG production rate corresponded well with the amount of (endogenous) transforming growth factor-beta1. Finally, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein expression was increased by both treatments. These findings provide insight into the mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells and demonstrate the potential of a transcription factor in stem cell therapy.
Resumo:
Cell therapies for articular cartilage defects rely on expanded chondrocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent an alternative cell source should their hypertrophic differentiation pathway be prevented. Possible cellular instruction between human articular chondrocytes (HAC) and human bone marrow MSC was investigated in micromass pellets. HAC and MSC were mixed in different percentages or incubated individually in pellets for 3 or 6 weeks with and without TGF-beta1 and dexamethasone (±T±D) as chondrogenic factors. Collagen II, collagen X and S100 protein expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Proteoglycan synthesis was evaluated applying the Bern score and quantified using dimethylmethylene blue dye binding assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was detected on cryosections and soluble ALP measured in pellet supernatants. HAC alone generated hyaline-like discs, while MSC formed spheroid pellets in ±T±D. Co-cultured pellets changed from disc to spheroid shape with decreasing number of HAC, and displayed random cell distribution. In -T-D, HAC expressed S100, produced GAG and collagen II, and formed lacunae, while MSC did not produce any cartilage-specific proteins. Based on GAG, collagen type II and S100 expression chondrogenic differentiation occurred in -T-D MSC co-cultures. However, quantitative experimental GAG and DNA values did not differ from predicted values, suggesting only HAC contribution to GAG production. MSC produced cartilage-specific matrix only in +T+D but underwent hypertrophy in all pellet cultures. In summary, influence of HAC on MSC was restricted to early signs of neochondrogenesis. However, MSC did not contribute to the proteoglycan deposition, and HAC could not prevent hypertrophy of MSC induced by chondrogenic stimuli.
Resumo:
Purpose: A recent in vivo study has shown considerable contamination of internal implant and suprastructure components with great biodiversity, indicating bacterial leakage along the implant-abutment interface, abutment-prosthesis interface, and restorative margins. The goal of the present study was to compare microbiologically the peri-implant sulcus to these internal components on implants with no clinical signs of peri-implantitis and in function for many years. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used to identify and quantify 40 species. Material and Methods: Fifty-eight turned titanium Brånemark implants in eight systemically healthy patients (seven women, one man) under regular supportive care were examined. All implants had been placed in the maxilla and loaded with a screw-retained full-arch bridge for an average of 9.6 years. Gingival fluid samples were collected from the deepest sulcus per implant for microbiological analysis. As all fixed restorations were removed, the cotton pellet enclosed in the intra-coronal compartment and the abutment screw were retrieved and microbiologically evaluated. Results: The pellet enclosed in the suprastructure was very similar to the peri-implant sulcus in terms of bacterial detection frequencies and levels for practically all the species included in the panel. Yet, there was virtually no microbial link between these compartments. When comparing the abutment screw to the peri-implant sulcus, the majority of the species were less frequently found, and in lower numbers at the former. However, a relevant link in counts for a lot of bacteria was described between these compartments. Even though all implants in the present study showed no clinical signs of peri-implantitis, the high prevalence of numerous species associated with pathology was striking. Conclusions: Intra-coronal compartments of screw-retained fixed restorations were heavily contaminated. The restorative margin may have been the principal pathway for bacterial leakage. Contamination of abutment screws most likely occurred from the peri-implant sulcus via the implant-abutment interface and abutment-prosthesis interface.
Resumo:
The new crystalline compound, Li2PO2N, was synthesized using high temperature solid state methods starting with a stoichiometric mixture of Li2O, P2O5, and P3N5. Its crystal structure was determined ab initio from powder X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmc2(1) (# 36) with lattice constants a = 9.0692(4) angstrom, b = 53999(2) angstrom, and c = 4.6856(2) angstrom. The crystal structure of SD-Li2PO2N consists of parallel arrangements of anionic chains formed of corner sharing (PO2N2) tetrahedra. The chains are held together by Li+ cations. The structure of the synthesized material is similar to that predicted by Du and Holzwarth on the basis of first principles calculations (Phys. Rev. B 81,184106 (2010)). The compound is chemically and structurally stable in air up to 600 degrees C and in vacuum up to 1050 degrees C. The Arrhenius activation energy of SD-Li2PO2N in pressed pellet form was determined from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements to be 0.6 eV, comparable to that of the glassy electrolyte LiPON developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The minimum activation energies for Li ion vacancy and interstitial migrations are computed to be 0.4 eV and 0.8 eV, respectively. First principles calculations estimate the band gap of SD-Li2PO2N to be larger than 6 eV. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Background Meadows are regularly mown in order to provide fodder or litter for livestock and to prevent vegetation succession. However, the time of year at which meadows should be first mown in order to maximize biological diversity remains controversial and may vary with respect to context and focal taxa. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of delaying the first mowing date upon plants and invertebrates in European meadowlands. Methods Following a CEE protocol, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, JSTOR, Google and Google Scholar were searched. We recorded all studies that compared the species richness of plants, or the species richness or abundance of invertebrates, between grassland plots mown at a postponed date (treatment) vs plots mown earlier (control). In order to be included in the meta-analysis, compared plots had to be similar in all management respects, except the date of the first cut that was (mostly experimentally) manipulated. They were also to be located in the same meadow type. Meta-analyses applying Hedges’d statistic were performed. Results Plant species richness responded differently to the date to which mowing was postponed. Delaying mowing from spring to summer had a positive effect, while delaying either from spring to fall, or from early summer to later in the season had a negative effect. Invertebrates were expected to show a strong response to delayed mowing due to their dependence on sward structure, but only species richness showed a clearly significant positive response. Invertebrate abundance was positively influenced in only a few studies. Conclusions The present meta-analysis shows that in general delaying the first mowing date in European meadowlands has either positive or neutral effects on plant and invertebrate biodiversity (except for plant species richness when delaying from spring to fall or from early summer to later). Overall, there was also strong between-study heterogeneity, pointing to other major confounding factors, the elucidation of which requires further field experiments with both larger sample sizes and a distinction between taxon-specific and meadow-type-specific responses.
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Most butterfly monitoring protocols rely on counts along transects (Pollard walks) to generate species abundance indices and track population trends. It is still too often ignored that a population count results from two processes: the biological process (true abundance) and the statistical process (our ability to properly quantify abundance). Because individual detectability tends to vary in space (e.g., among sites) and time (e.g., among years), it remains unclear whether index counts truly reflect population sizes and trends. This study compares capture-mark-recapture (absolute abundance) and count-index (relative abundance) monitoring methods in three species (Maculinea nausithous and Iolana iolas: Lycaenidae; Minois dryas: Satyridae) in contrasted habitat types. We demonstrate that intraspecific variability in individual detectability under standard monitoring conditions is probably the rule rather than the exception, which questions the reliability of count-based indices to estimate and compare specific population abundance. Our results suggest that the accuracy of count-based methods depends heavily on the ecology and behavior of the target species, as well as on the type of habitat in which surveys take place. Monitoring programs designed to assess the abundance and trends in butterfly populations should incorporate a measure of detectability. We discuss the relative advantages and inconveniences of current monitoring methods and analytical approaches with respect to the characteristics of the species under scrutiny and resources availability.
Resumo:
Fibroblast-like cells isolated from peripheral blood of human, canine, guinea pig, and rat have been demonstrated to possess the capacity to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of isolating pluripotent precursor cells from equine peripheral blood and compare them with equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used as a control for cell multipotency assessment. Venous blood (n = 33) and bone marrow (n = 5) were obtained from adult horses. Mononuclear cells were obtained by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and cultured in monolayer, and adherent fibroblast-like cells were tested for their differentiation potential. Chondrogenic differentiation was performed in serum-free medium in pellet cultures as a three-dimensional model, whereas osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were induced in monolayer culture. Evidence for differentiation was made via biochemical, histological, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction evaluations. Fibroblast-like cells were observed on day 10 in 12 out of 33 samples and were allowed to proliferate until confluence. Equine peripheral blood-derived cells had osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacities comparable to cells derived from bone marrow. Both cell types showed a limited capacity to produce lipid droplets compared to human MSCs. This result may be due to the assay conditions, which are established for human MSCs from bone marrow and may not be optimal for equine progenitor cells. Bone marrow-derived equine and human MSCs could be induced to develop cartilage, whereas equine peripheral blood progenitors did not show any capacity to produce cartilage at the histological level. In conclusion, equine peripheral blood-derived fibroblast-like cells can differentiate into distinct mesenchymal lineages but have less multipotency than bone marrow-derived MSCs under the conditions used in this study.