Biodiesel production by transesterification of sludge in supercritical conditions

In this study wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge was subjected to a reactive pyrolysis treatment to produce a high quality pyro-oil. Sludge was treated in supercritical conditions in the presence of methanol using hexane as cosolvent in a high pressure lab-autoclave. The variables affecting the pyro-oil yield and the product quality, such as mass ratio of alcohol to sludge, presence of cosolvent and temperature, were investigated. It was found that the use of a non-polar cosolvent (hexane) presents advantages in the production of high quality pyro-oil from sludge: increase of the non-polar pyro-oil yield and a considerable reduction of the amount of methanol needed to carry out the transesterification of fatty acids present in the sludge.

The resource wealth burden - oil and gas sectors in the former USSR. OSW Study 12/2003

The former USSR area plays a great role in the international oil and gas market. Russia is a real gas giant, with the richest deposits of this material in the world. Russia is also the main exporter of natural gas to many European countries. Keeping a strong position in this market remains a priority for the Russian Federation's economic policy. Europe is a very attractive region because its demand for gas is expected to grow steadily, while its own gas production keeps decreasing. In the long term, the Far East will be an important market for Russian exports, too. According to estimates, demand there will grow even faster than in Europe. Caspian gas producers, for the time being, can not really compete with Russia in this field, and this status quo will most probably be preserved in the nearest future.

Outlook for Oil and Gas in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries. MEDPRO Technical Report No. 18/October 2012

The aim of this report is to elaborate the MEDPRO Energy Reference Scenario for oil and gas supply and demand up to 2030 for southern and eastern Mediterranean countries. The report gives an assessment of • oil and gas reserves by country; • oil and gas production, domestic demand and export scenarios by country; and • the existing and planned infrastructure for oil and gas exports. Finally, the report presents some insights on the future role of the Mediterranean as an oil and gas transit region.

Integrity of production wells and confining unit at the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1995 /

Shipping list no.: 98-0115-P.

Oil and gas development in Illinois during 1950 /

"Reprinted from Statistics of oil and gas development and production covering 1950, A.I.M.E."

Federal and Indian lands coal, phosphate, potash, sodium, and other mineral production, royalty income, and related statistics.

Fiscal year coverage, 1971-1975; calendar year coverage, 1976-1980.

Treating oil field emulsion.

Mode of access: Internet.

Corrosion of oil- and gas-well equipment /

Mode of access: Internet.

Oil shale technologies [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, on S. 419 ...

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc.

Royalty Management Program : hearing before the Committee on Mineral Resources Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ....

"July 12, 1988" -- pt.2.

Matching poultry production with available feed resources: issues and constraints

Corn and soyabeans may not be available in many countries particularly those which do not have sufficient foreign currency or the capacity to grow them. This paper outlines strategies that may be important under these circumstances. Alternative feedstuffs and various feeding systems may be used to support poultry production. Alternative ingredients such as rice bran, pearl millet, cottonseed meal and grain legumes are discussed. Evidence is presented showing that amino acid requirements of layers and broilers may be too generous particularly in countries where climate, management and disease can impose production constraints. The ability of finishing broilers to perform well on very low-energy diets allows the inclusion of alternative feeds and by-products into formulations. Very low protein diets based on cereals and free amino acids can be used for layers without loss of performance. Self-selection of feedstuffs may be an important strategy in reducing feed costs of broilers and layers. The concept of matching production with available feed resources may compromise broiler growth and egg production, but in many countries this may be the most economical choice. Countries in the humid tropics usually have reduced poultry performance. The effects of high temperature and humidity are difficult to overcome. The vexed questions of the escalation in the price of fossil fuel and the outbreak of avian influenza, both seemingly without a solution, are clouds hanging over an otherwise buoyant industry.

A novel method for the production of aluminium nitride

A method has been developed to produce thick (> 400 mu m) AlN surface layers oil aluminium plates at 540 degrees C, under nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. A critical element of the process is the use of Mg powder placed in close proximity to the Al plate surface. The Mg reduces/disrupts the natural, protective oxide film on the Al surface. The nitride layers form through two distinct modes, one growing outward from the Al plate surface and the other growing into the Al. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nano-emulsion production by sonication and microfluidization - A comparison

The efficiency of sonication and microfluidization to produce nano-emulsions were evaluated in this study. The purpose was to produce an oil-in-water nano-emulsion of d-limonene to apply it in the next step for nano-particle encapsulation. In the entrapment and retention of volatiles or for the microencapsulation efficiency, emulsion size is one of the critical factors. In this study, a bench-top sonicator and an air-driven microfluidizer were used to prepare the emulsions. Results show that, while both methods were capable of producing nano-emulsions of the size range of 150-700 nm, the microfluidizer produced emulsions with narrower size distributions and sonication was more convenient in terms of operation and cleaning. In general, the size of the emulsions decreased with increasing sonication time, or the microfluidization pressure and duration. However, for both sonication and microfluidization, optimal conditions were necessary for emulsification beyond which the emulsion sizes would either increase or have little change with further processing.

Hydrogen from coal: Production and utilisation technologies

Error condition detected Although coal may be viewed as a dirty fuel due to its high greenhouse emissions when combusted, a strong case can be made for coal to be a major world source of clean H-2 energy. Apart from the fact that resources of coal will outlast oil and natural gas by centuries, there is a shift towards developing environmentally benign coal technologies, which can lead to high energy conversion efficiencies and low air pollution emissions as compared to conventional coal fired power generation plant. There are currently several world research and industrial development projects in the areas of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC) and Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) systems. In such systems, there is a need to integrate complex unit operations including gasifiers, gas separation and cleaning units, water gas shift reactors, turbines, heat exchangers, steam generators and fuel cells. IGFC systems tested in the USA, Europe and Japan employing gasifiers (Texaco, Lurgi and Eagle) and fuel cells have resulted in energy conversions at efficiency of 47.5% (HHV) which is much higher than the 30-35% efficiency of conventional coal fired power generation. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) are the front runners in energy production from coal gases. These fuel cells can operate at high temperatures and are robust to gas poisoning impurities. IGCC and IGFC technologies are expensive and currently economically uncompetitive as compared to established and mature power generation technology. However, further efficiency and technology improvements coupled with world pressures on limitation of greenhouse gases and other gaseous pollutants could make IGCC/IGFC technically and economically viable for hydrogen production and utilisation in clean and environmentally benign energy systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.