Clinical update on scorpion envenoming

Abstract: Scorpion stings are currently the leading cause of venom-related injury to humans in Brazil and are a significant public health problem globally. Only scorpions of the Tityus genus are of medical importance in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most serious envenomations and deaths. The toxic effects of scorpion envenomation are due to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters; the severity is related to cardiac and hemodynamic changes, with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema contributing to the main causes of death. The pathophysiology of cardiac involvement has been discussed for decades and has been attributed to adrenergic discharge and a possible toxic effect of venom on the myocardium, while acute pulmonary edema may have a cardiogenic and/or non-cardiogenic origin. Currently, the clinical data point to catecholamine excess as the cause for reversible scorpion cardiomyopathy . These data include electrocardiographic changes, profiling of cardiac enzymes and troponin I, echocardiographic data with global or regional left ventricle dysfunction, and myocardial perfusion alterations compatible with spasm in the coronary microcirculation. Furthermore, recent data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings, which are similar to those observed for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, have also been linked to catecholamine excess. The efficiency of antivenom serum treatment is controversial in the literature. Our experience in Brazil is that the management of patients with systemic manifestations of scorpion stings is based on three approaches, all of which are extremely important. These include symptomatic treatment, antivenom serum, and cardiorespiratory support.

Sodium serum levels in hypoalbuminemic adults at general medical wards

Hypoalbuminemia may cause interstitial edema and hemodilution, which we hypothesized may influence serum sodium levels. Our purpose was to compare serum sodium levels of hospitalized adults with or without hypoalbuminemia. All sodium and albumin serum levels of 142 adults hospitalized at general medical wards over a six-month period were searched at a University Hospital mainframe computer. Relevant laboratory data and clinical details were also registered. Hypoalbuminemia was defined by serum albumin concentration < 3.3 g/dl Fisher, Mann-Whitney, and Student's t tests were applied to compare groups with or without hypoalbuminemia. Ninety-nine patients, classified as hypoalbuminemic, had lower blood hemoglobin (10.68 ± 2.62 vs. 13.54 ± 2.41), and sodium (135.1 ± 6.44 vs. 139.9 ± 4.76mEq/l) and albumin (2.74 ± 0.35 vs. 3.58 ± 0.28g/dl) serum levels than non-hypoalbuminemic (n=43). Pearson's coefficient showed a significant direct correlation between albumin and sodium serum levels (r=0.40) and between serum albumin and blood hemoglobin concentration (r=0.46). Our results suggest that hypoalbuminemic adults have lower serum sodium levels than those without hypoalbuminemia, a phenomenon that may be at least partially attributed to body water retention associated with acute phase response syndrome.

Low blood glucose levels and other complications during growth hormone supplementation in sepsis

Blood glucose levels in the high normal range or even moderate hyperglycemia is the expected profile in septic postoperative patients receiving high-calorie enteral alimentation. The addition of growth hormone as an anabolic agent should additionally reinforce this tendency. In a cancer patient undergoing partial gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy and suffering from postoperative subphrenic abscess and prolonged sepsis, tube feeding (38.3 kcal/kg/day) and growth hormone (0.17 IU/kg/day) were simultaneously administered for 25 days. Blood glucose levels were in the lower limits of the normal range before growth hormone introduction, and continued with a similar tendency during most of the therapeutic period. Two additional complications, namely heart arrest and peripheral edema, were documented during the same period. It is concluded that sepsis was the most likely mechanism for low glucose values, and that high-calorie enteral diet and growth hormone supplementation did not prevent that result. It is uncertain whether heart arrest was due to the drug, but its association with peripheral edema is well documented in clinical series.

Adnexal torsion following gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy: a case report

Adnexal torsion may occur in girls and adolescents. Often it is associated with ovarian diseases resulting in ovarian enlargement. Adnexal torsion may involve the ovary, fallopian tube or both, and the main sympton is acute pelvic pain. An 8-year-old girl complaining of acute pelvic and abdominal pain, who was previously diagnosed with precocious puberty and who received treatment with a GnRH analog, is reported. Ultrasound demonstrated a normal-sized uterus and bilaterally enlarged ovaries with multiple internal cysts. At laparotomy, we found a complete torsion in the right adnexa. The histological examination revealed massive edema associated with multiple antral follicles and reduction of the follicular reserve.

Estudo do mecanismo tóxico em Dieffenbachia picta

São apresentados os resultados das experiências com edema bucal provocados pelas ráfides de Dieffenbachia picta lavados somente com água ou com éter. As ráfides lavadas com água e resuspensas em água não provocam mais edema. As ráfides lavadas com água apresentam coloração vermelha pelo SUDAM III enquanto as lavadas com éter não se colorem mais.

Análise química e perfil farmacológico do Erythroxylum argentinum

Foram efetuados estudos químicos e farmacológicos dos extratos brutos hidroalcóolicos obtidos das folhas ou das raízes de E. argentinum ou de frações semi-purificadas desta planta. Os testes químicos revelaram a existência de alcalóides, fitoesteróides, leucoantocianidinas, glicosídeos flavonóides, cumarinas e taninos. A análise farmacológica in vivo demonstrou que o extrato das folhas é menos tóxico que o da raiz. Tanto o extrato bruto como as frações semi-purificadas obtidas das folhas reduziram a locomoção e pressão arterial de rato e potenciaram o sono barbiturico em camundongos. O extrato bruto, principalmente o da raiz, reduziu o edema induzido por carragenina na pata de rato. Testes in vitro demonstraram que o extrato bruto ou as frações semi-purificadas das folhas produziram uma ação semelhante à cocaína avaliada no canal deferente de rato. Além disso, o extrato bruto produziu relaxamento inespecífico no útero de rata e contração do íleo de cobaia. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que esta planta possui constituintes ativos dotados de distintas propriedades farmacológicas, destacando-se o efeito anti-inflamatório, além de uma ação tipo cocaína, merecendo, portanto, estudos químicos e farmacológicos complementares.

Access of WetAMD and DME patients to treatment in public hospitals

Degeneration (WetAMD) and Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) patients’ access to treatment in public hospitals, by identifying bottlenecks and stress points that prevent timely and adequate care to patients who suffer from a degenerative disease, and consequently for whom the lack of access to treatment can have disastrous consequences. Considering the specificity and degenerative traits of these conditions, the long queues for specialty appointments in public hospitals are a significant threat to patients’ health, as the disease may be misdiagnosed and or progress significantly, causing unnecessary permanent and non-reversible loss in visual acuity. Therefore optimizing the patient journey will increase patients’ access to adequate treatment, and prevent avoidable progress of a degenerative condition which causes permanent and non-reversible blindness. Following the investigation which supports this thesis, the patient journey was broken down into its different phases, so that key issues could be identified, and referred back to the main stress points highlighted during the interviews with physicians and administrators. Finally results were scrutinized and systematized, and a set of action points was proposed, considering what may cause major impact and is actually feasible to implement.

Enteroscopia por cápsula e doença de Crohn: Caminhos para a otimização

Tese de Doutoramento em Medicina

Clinical Epidemiology of Buruli ulcer from Benin (2005-2013): effect of time-delay to diagnosis on clinical forms and severe phenotypes

Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a neglected infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that is responsible for severe necrotizing cutaneous lesions that may be associated with bone involvement. Clinical presentations of BU lesions are classically classified as papules, nodules, plaques and edematous infiltration, ulcer or osteomyelitis. Within these different clinical forms, lesions can be further classified as severe forms based on focality (multiple lesions), lesions' size (>15 cm diameter) or WHO Category (WHO Category 3 lesions). There are studies reporting an association between delay in seeking medical care and the development of ulcerative forms of BU or osteomyelitis, but the effect of time-delay on the emergence of lesions classified as severe has not been addressed. To address both issues, and in a cohort of laboratory-confirmed BU cases, 476 patients from a medical center in Allada, Benin, were studied. In this laboratory-confirmed cohort, we validated previous observations, demonstrating that time-delay is statistically related to the clinical form of BU. Indeed, for non-ulcerated forms (nodule, edema, and plaque) the median time-delay was 32.5 days (IQR 30.0-67.5), while for ulcerated forms it was 60 days (IQR 20.0-120.0) (p = 0.009), and for bone lesions, 365 days (IQR 228.0-548.0). On the other hand, we show here that time-delay is not associated with the more severe phenotypes of BU, such as multi-focal lesions (median 90 days; IQR 56-217.5; p = 0.09), larger lesions (diameter >15 cm) (median 60 days; IQR 30-120; p = 0.92) or category 3 WHO classification (median 60 days; IQR 30-150; p = 0.20), when compared with unifocal (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), small lesions (diameter =15 cm) (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), or WHO category 1+2 lesions (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), respectively. Our results demonstrate that after an initial period of progression towards ulceration or bone involvement, BU lesions become stable regarding size and focal/multi-focal progression. Therefore, in future studies on BU epidemiology, severe clinical forms should be systematically considered as distinct phenotypes of the same disease and thus subjected to specific risk factor investigation.

Capacidade antioxidante e triagem farmacológica de extratos brutos de folhas de Byrsonima crassifolia e de Inga edulis

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de duas espécies amazônicas em doenças relacionadas aos processos de oxidação, determinou-se a capacidade antioxidante (método Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), o teor de polifenóis totais (método Folin-Ciocalteu - PT), bem como os efeitos farmacológicos in vitro (efeito antiproliferativo) e in vivo (antinociceptivo, antiinflamatório, antiulcerogênico) dos extratos hidroalcoólicos (65:35; v/v; etanol:água) das folhas de Byrsonima crassifolia (BC) e Inga edulis (IE). Os extratos de BC e IE apresentaram elevada capacidade antioxidante (1.422 e 694 µmol de Trolox Equivalente g-1 de folha seca - FS, respectivamente) e um valor relativamente alto de PT (35,93 e 24,50 mg Equivalente ácido gálico g-1 FS, respectivamente). Essa atividade antioxidante não teve relação direta com o teor de compostos fenólicos dos extratos, sugerindo a contribuição de outros grupos químicos nessa atividade. Em cultura de células tumorais humanas (nove linhagens), os extratos não apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa significante, com efeito citotóxico somente na concentração mais elevada. Em modelo de nocicepção induzida pelo calor (placa quente), o extrato de IE apresentou efeito antinociceptivo (P < 0,05) após 30 (250 e 500 mg kg-1) e 60 min (125 e 500 mg kg-1) de sua administração oral. Nos modelos de inflamação houve somente redução do edema para IE na concentração de 500 mg kg-1. Os extratos das duas espécies reduziram as lesões ulcerativas produzidas por etanol em até 84% (P < 0,05), sugerindo uma possível ligação com a atividade antioxidante observada e indicando a necessidade de estudos para a elucidação do mecanismo de ação envolvido.

Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the topical preparation of Cipura paludosa (Iridaceae)

Alho do mato (Cipura paludosa, Iridaceae) is a medicinal plant found in the Amazon rain forest, North of Brazil. It has been used to treat algic, inflammatory and infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive action of the crude Cipura paludosa ethanolic extract at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 4.0% in Oil and Water cream formulations for topical use. The physical-chemical stability of the formulations was monitored over a six-month period with the use of accelerated stability tests. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, we used a paw edema test induced by carrageenan and a formalin test, respectively. The paw edema test showed that there was a statistical difference in the control group in relation to the treatments. The formalin test did not confirm antinociceptive action of the treatments with the extract in the early phase of the test. However, statistical difference was confirmed for the treatments in relation to the control in the late phase. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Cipura paludosa preparations, as demonstrated in the results, at least partially support the ethno-medical uses of this plant.

Segmentação do tecido tumoral cerebral em imagens de ressonância magnética

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica (área de especialização em Eletrónica Médica)

Tumor primário de pulmão simulando doença de Alzheimer: relato de caso

RESUMO Retratamos o relato de um homem de 61 anos que apresentava um glioblastoma multiforme em região do giro têmporo-occipital lateral esquerdo que rechaça cranialmente o hipocampo e o corno temporal do ventrículo lateral correspondente. Não havia sinais e sintomas neurológicos e o quadro clínico lembrava a demência de Alzheimer. Havia comprometimento de memória e alterações comportamentais com duração de três meses. Foram afastadas inicialmente outras causas de demência rapidamente progressivas e a ressonância magnética revelou a etiologia tumoral dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Foi submetido à bateria de testes neuropsicométricos com pontuação compatível com doença de Alzheimer (DA). Em razão de extensa área de edema, foi introduzida dexametasona com reversão completa dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos iniciais e a repetição da bateria neuropsicológica mostrou melhora acentuada em todos os testes. Optou-se por tratamento conservador, após biópsia por agulha, com evolução para óbito em cinco meses.

Valvoplastia mitral percutânea de urgência em gestante

Gestante com 33 anos na 28ª semana e sinais de óbito fetal foi admitida em caráter de urgência com quadro de edema pulmonar agudo secundário à estenose mitral grave. Com o insucesso do tratamento medicamentoso intensivo, a paciente foi submetida à valvoplastia mitral percutânea de emergência com melhora imediata. O agravamento subseqüente do quadro, atribuído ao óbito fetal, foi tratado através parto cesáreo com melhora clínica considerável. A paciente teve alta hospitalar no 10º dia, e 11 meses após o procedimento, encontra-se em classe funcional I, sem uso de medicação e com sinais ecocardiográficos de estenose mitral leve (área valvar: 2,0 cm²).

Hematoma retroesofágico com grave disfagia após estreptoquinase para tratamento da trombose venosa axilo-subclávia

Homem de 72 anos, portador de neoplasia de próstata estádio IV, submetido à osteossíntese da coluna cervical para descompressão metastática da raiz nervosa, responsável por dor intensa no membro superior direito. Após três meses da internação, apresentou trombose total da veia axilo-subclávia direita, complicação da cateterização prolongada da veia subclávia direita para controle de septicemia secundária a pneumonia hospitalar. Foi submetido a terapia trombolítica com estreptoquinase por via venosa, no membro superior contra-lateral, na dose de 250.000UI em 15min, seguida de 100.000UI/h durante cinco dias, com total recanalização do trombo e redução do edema. Após 24h do término da trombólise, apresentou disfagia a líquidos e o esofagograma mostrou extensa compressão extrínseca do esôfago, por provável hematoma retroesofágico. Necessitou de nutrição enteral durante três meses, quando ocorreu normalização da deglutição, reabsorção do hematoma retroesofágico e passagem adequada do contraste pelo esôfago. No seguimento evolutivo não apresentou seqüelas da trombose venosa profunda, não tem disfagia e permaneceu em uso profilático de meias elásticas e heparina de baixo peso molecular.