THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND THE WTO: INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION. CEPS Policy Brief No. 28/December

Overview. Questions about the interface between the multilateral climate regime embodied in the Kyoto Protocol and the multilateral trade regime embodied in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have become especially timely since the fall of 2001. At that time, ministerial-level meetings in Marrakech and Doha agreed to advance the agendas, respectively, for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and for negotiations on further agreements at the WTO. There have been concerns that each of these multilateral arrangements could constrain the effectiveness of the other, and these concerns will become more salient with the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. There are questions about whether and how the rights and obligations of the members of the WTO and the parties to the Protocol may conflict. Of particular concern is whether provisions in the Protocol, as well as government policies and business activities undertaken in keeping with those provisions, may conflict with the WTO non-discrimination principles of national treatment and most-favoured nation treatment. The WTO agreements that are potentially relevant to climate change issues include many of the individual Uruguay Round agreements and subsequent agreements as well. The principal elements of the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly relevant are its provisions concerning emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, enforcement, and parties’ policies and measures. In combination, therefore, there are numerous potential points of intersection between the elements of the Kyoto Protocol and the WTO agreements. Previous studies have clarified many issues, as they have focused on particular aspects of the regimes’ relationships. Yet, some analyses suggest that the two regimes are largely compatible and even mutually reinforcing, while others suggest that there are significant conflicts between them. Those and other studies are referenced in the ‘suggestions for further reading’ section at the end of the paper.1 The present paper seeks to expand on those studies by providing additional breadth and depth to understanding of the issues. The analysis gives special attention to key issues on the agenda – i.e. issues that are particularly problematic because of the likelihood of occurrence of specific conflicts and the significance of their economic and/or political consequences. The paper adopts a modified ‘triage’ approach, which classifies points of intersection as (a) highly problematic and clearly in need of further attention, (b) perhaps problematic but less urgent, and (c) apparently not problematic, at least at this point in time. The principal conclusions are that: · The missions and objectives of the two regimes are largely compatible, and their operations are potentially mutually reinforcing in several respects. · Some provisions of the multilateral agreements that may superficially seem at odds are not likely to become particularly problematic in practice. · ‘Domestic policies and measures’ that governments may undertake in the context of the Protocol could pose difficult issues in the context of WTO dispute cases. · Recent WTO agreements and dispute cases acknowledge the legitimacy of the ‘precautionary principle’ and are thus consistent with the environmental protection objectives of the Protocol. · The relative newness of the climate regime creates opportunities for institutional adaptation, as compared with the constraints of tradition in the trade-investment regime. · The prospect of largely independent evolutionary paths for the two regimes poses a series of issues about future international regime design and management, which may require new institutional arrangements. In sum, the present paper thus finds that although there are some areas of interaction that are problematic, the two regimes may nevertheless co-exist in relative harmony in other respects –more like ‘neighbours’ than either ‘friends’ or ‘foes’, as Krist (2001) has suggested.

Hanging Together, Falling Apart: Self-Understandings of German Society from 1800 to the Present. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 04.7 (Series 51), 1994

In recent years, interest in comtemporary conceptions and self-understandings of the social order has grown among historians, yet the field of an "intellectual history of society" is little expJored for modern Germany. This paper surveys the field and asks how Germans from the early modern era up to the present time of German reunification conceived of the social order they were building and living in, and it provides an overview of the developments of such major concepts as "estate" and "class," "community" and "society," "individual" and "mass," "state" and "nation." Three major points emerge as persistent and distinctive features of German social self-conception in the nineteenth cand twentieth centuries: the intellectual construction of dilemmas between social conformity and social fragmentation; the difficulties of conceiving of society as a plitical society; and the "futurization" of an idealized, utopian social roder of harmony that was hoped would one day replace the perceived social disintegration.

Turkey’s new election: War or peace? EPC Commentary, 30 October 2015

Turkey is headed to its second parliamentary election in five months with snap polls slated for November 1. The election will take place in a highly charged atmosphere with escalating violence and financial volatility. The renewed conflict between Turkey and the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is spreading throughout the country with the rise of ethnic tensions posing a big threat to internal harmony. Even a peace rally in the capital Ankara was hit by suicide bombers marking the deadliest terror attack in Turkey's history. Turkey, which has always been the most stable country in a turbulent region, risks its security being seriously jeopardised unless the violence is urgently stopped and the political ambiguity is ended through a stable government.

The AKP rebooted – What next for Turkey? EPC Commentary, 30 October 2015

Turkey is headed to its second parliamentary election in five months with snap polls slated for November 1. The election will take place in a highly charged atmosphere with escalating violence and financial volatility. The renewed conflict between Turkey and the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is spreading throughout the country with the rise of ethnic tensions posing a big threat to internal harmony. Even a peace rally in the capital Ankara was hit by suicide bombers marking the deadliest terror attack in Turkey's history. Turkey, which has always been the most stable country in a turbulent region, risks its security being seriously jeopardised unless the violence is urgently stopped and the political ambiguity is ended through a stable government.

Il fenomeno del teenybop:messaggi, importanza e rapporto con i media della musica prodotta dalle teenager per le teenager

Analisi della produzione musicale delle girl band Little Mix e Fifth Harmony, del loro rapporto con la propria audience di riferimento e rappresentazione mediatica dei due gruppi.

Les caractères musicaux au sein d'une démarche artistique dramatique : exploration des indices acoustiques jouant un rôle dans l'évocation des états affectifs en musique.

Cette thèse de doctorat en composition comprend deux projets de nature différente et complémentaire : (1) un projet de recherche théorique sur la communication des caractères musicaux; (2) un projet artistique s'articulant autour de la composition de trois pièces : L'homme à deux têtes - opéra de chambre, Un instant dans l'esprit de Lovecraft - pour clarinette solo, orchestre à cordes et percussions, et Balade ornithologique - pour orchestre à vents. La conception de la musique comme un moyen de communication est à l'origine de cette recherche théorique qui est motivée par un désir de compréhension des stratégies d'expressions des émotions en musique, à partir du point de vue du compositeur. Cette thèse aborde les modèles de communication, le concept de personnage virtuel et la théorie de la contagion des humeurs. Par la suite, nous détaillerons les indices acoustiques menant à la perception des caractères musicaux. Toutes ces notions sont illustrées et explorées par la composition de miniature ayant un caractère bien ciblé. Finalement, nous proposons un système d'analyse musical des caractères et des émotions qui est appliqué à l'analyse de sections des pièces composées au cours de ce projet de doctorat. Ce dernier chapitre met en lumière les stratégies utilisées pour créer un discours dramatique tout en exposant l'évocation de différents caractères musicaux.

A.A. Milne - When We Were Very Young : cycle éclectique de chansons pour enfants, chanté par des enfants

Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document on été réalisés avec les logiciels Microsoft Word et Finale.

Lehrbuch der Harmonie : praktische Anleitung zu den Studien in derselben, zunächst für das Conservatorium der Musik zu Leipzig /

Mode of access: Internet.

System und methode der harmonielehre, gegründet auf fremde und eigene beobachtungen, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der neuesten physikalisch-physiologischen untersuchungen über tonempfindungen,

Mode of access: Internet.

Handbüchlein der Harmonie-, Melodie- und Formenlehre /

Mode of access: Internet.

Drei theoretische Abhandlungen über Modulation, Quartsextaccord und Orgelpunkt /

Mode of access: Internet.

Introduzione ad un nuovo sistema d'armonia,

Mode of access: Internet.

J.G. Albrechtsberger's sämmtliche Schriften über Generalbass, Harmonie-lehre, und Tonsetzkunst : zum Selbstunterrichte Systematisch geordnet, mit zahlreichen, aus dessen mündlichen Mittheilungen geschöpften Erläuterungs-beyspielen, und einer kurzen Anleitung zum Partitur-spiel, nebst Beschreibung aller bis jetzt gebräuchlichen Instrumente, vermehrt und herausgegeben von seinem Schüler, Ignaz Ritter von Seyfried.

"Verzeichniss der Werke": v. 3, p. 200-208.

Vorschule der Harmonielehre : eine leicht fassliche Anleitung zu schriftlicher Bearbeitung der Tonstufen, Tonleitern, Intervalle, Accorde u.s.w., zum Gebrauch für Clavierschüler /

Mode of access: Internet.

Dissertazione sull'armonia, ossia, sull'accompagnamento /

"Letta il 19. Febbrajo 1824."