El femi(ni)cidio como expresión de dominio patriarcal

La utilización de los términos femicidio y feminicidio en Ecuador, es relativamente reciente, y aunque no existe una figura penal que acoja alguna de estas denominaciones, a priori se refiere al homicidio de mujeres. El concepto de femicidio fue introducido en los debates sobre violencia contra las mujeres en los 70, para referirse al asesinato perpetuado por hombres a mujeres, motivados por un sentido de poder y al mismo tiempo de desprecio o desvalorización de sus cuerpos y proyectos de vida. Diana Rusell, feminista estadounidense, planteó la definición de femicidio, con el objeto de que al nombrar los crímenes de mujeres en manos de hombres, sea más fácil identificarlos en el ámbito de la política sexual, y para que estos dejen de ser asumidos como cuestiones privadas y/o patológicas, y más bien sean analizados como expresión del dominio patriarcal: “Cuando los hombres matan a las mujeres [...] el poder dinámico de la misoginia y el sexismo está involucrado”.1 Siguiendo esta línea de reflexión, la Comisión de Transición hacia el Consejo de las Mujeres y la Igualdad de Género, explica que al hablar de femicidio se refiere a las muertes violentas de mujeres, que no se producen en forma casual, y tampoco son producto de actos de violencia social generalizada. Por otro lado, recalca que los femicidios ocurren bajo lógicas y dinámicas distintas que las que envuelven los homicidios de hombres causados por hombres

El dominio público hidráulico y los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados en el derecho administrativo iberoamericano

El estudio del “dominio público hidráulico” y su relación con los gobiernos subnacionales en el contexto del Derecho administrativo iberoamericano -en la coyuntura de renovación del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano y de otros países iberoamericanos- responde a la necesidad de profundizar en la comprensión de este concepto, que en la legislación hídrica española y de otros países latinoamericanos, representa el eje jurídico que estructura el contenido legal de la misma. Esto implica, abordar el estudio de los aspectos jurídicos del gobierno de los recursos hídricos, esto es, el agua y los elementos del entorno que contienen al agua. Se parte del análisis del “dominio público en general” para abordar el concepto de estudio, en tanto una forma particular de éste, a través de la revisión de la normativa jurídica constitucional y legal en materia de aguas de una selección de países iberoamericanos. Se considera en especial el estatus jurídico del agua y de los elementos naturales por los que discurre. Se analiza el gobierno de los recursos hídricos, tanto en relación con los derechos constitucionales y los rasgos del régimen administrativo de aguas; y dos conceptos técnico administrativos relacionados: la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y el desarrollo sustentable. Luego se considera el marco legal del ejercicio en el territorio de las potestades públicas que conforman el dominio público hidráulico, por parte de los gobiernos subnacionales: Municipios, Comunidades autónomas españolas y Circunscripciones territoriales de identidades étnico-culturales. Finalmente, se resumen los argumentos que el estudio aporta, en favor de introducir el dominio público hidráulico, en tanto factor de innovación jurídica de la legislación hídrica y de fortalecimiento del Derecho administrativo y el Derecho político.

Impuestos locales a las transferencias de dominio de bienes inmuebles (Tema Central)

Este artículo versa sobre los impuestos municipales y metropolitanos a la transferencia de dominio de bienes inmuebles en el contexto ecuatoriano como parte de la tributación local, y examina con un enfoque teórico los elementos cardinales de esta específica imposición, así como de aspectos formales y de gestión, a remolque del marco normativo vigente. En esta línea se exponen algunas inconsistencias del régimen jurídico de la materia con el correlativo planteamiento de varios supuestos que podrían considerarse para la depuración del régimen en cuestión.

La autoría mediata por dominio de la voluntad en aparatos de poder organizados: estudio de casos investigados por la Comisión de la Verdad del Ecuador

El presente trabajo analiza la factibilidad práctica de la aplicación de la institución jurídica denominada “autoría mediata por dominio de la voluntad en aparatos de poder organizados” desarrollada por el profesor alemán Claus Roxin como criterio válido para determinar los parámetros de imputación de autoría del hombre de detrás en los casos investigados por la Comisión de la Verdad del Ecuador –2010–. Para la consecución de este objetivo macro se ha situado a la investigación en tres estadios, el primero, que se denomina “Doctrina” –Capítulo I– y que corresponde a un análisis doctrinal de los parámetros de autoría y participación en los delitos comunes a la luz de la teoría del dominio del hecho y su clara diferenciación con el tratamiento de los delitos especiales; el segundo, denominado “Legislación Ecuatoriana” –Capítulo II– que corresponde a la adopción de la teoría de dominio del hecho en la legislación ecuatoriana, su relación con la “autoría mediata por dominio de la voluntad en aparatos de poder organizados” y su correspondencia con los delitos investigados por la Comisión de la Verdad del Ecuador –2010– perpetrados en el Ecuador entre 1984 y 1988, calificados como delitos de lesa humanidad; y, el tercero, “Caso Práctico” –Capítulo III– que relaciona los dos estadios anteriores –doctrina y legislación ecuatoriana– con el tratamiento jurídico –desde la autoría y participación– del primer caso de lesa humanidad instrumentado en las Cortes de Justicia ecuatorianas.

Mecanismos que viabilizan la transferencia de dominio de bienes inmuebles entre entidades del sector público

En esta tesis se enfoca y analiza los medios previstos en el régimen jurídico ecuatoriano vigente, que viabilizan las transferencias de dominio de bienes inmuebles entre instituciones públicas. En ese cometido, se estudia los mecanismos que plantea la Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Contratación Pública (LOSNCP) para la adquisición por parte de una institución pública de bienes inmuebles de propiedad de otra institución de igual carácter. Se procura dejar claramente diferenciadas las dos vías que enuncia tal normativa: la una referida a la transferencia de dominio por acuerdo, instrumentada a través de distintos actos jurídicos que la misma ley prevé; y, la otra, que hace mención a la expropiación como transferencia de dominio forzosa, vía que se encuentra reconocida constitucionalmente. En ese sentido, se analiza conceptual y normativamente la figura de la expropiación, y luego el procedimiento expropiatorio a cargo de las instituciones públicas, empezando con la declaratoria de utilidad pública o de interés social, que permita justificar la necesidad de la adquisición del inmueble para la satisfacción de las necesidades públicas, se analiza también la importancia del acuerdo entre las partes respecto del precio del inmueble afectado dentro del proceso expropiatorio, para evitar el juicio de expropiación, y de otros aspectos a observar para consumar la transferencia de dominio por esta vía. En este desarrollo se deja expuesto la necesidad de contar con normativa más clara sobre los dos mecanismos que pueden promoverse para la adquisición de bienes inmuebles por parte de instituciones públicas, enfatizando el acuerdo como la primera opción; y, en ese sentido, se plantea la necesidad de reformar la LOSNCP y a su Reglamento de aplicación en las disposiciones tocantes al tema abordado.

Effects of short-term pH fluctuations on cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc availability to ryegrass in a sewage sludge-amended field

In this field experiment, sewage sludge was applied at 0, 5, 10, and 50 t ha(-1), and the availability of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn was assessed both by ryegrass uptake and by DTPA extractions. The aim was to investigate the role of important soil parameters, particularly pH, on heavy metal availability. It was found that metal uptake and extractability increased significantly in the 50 t ha(-1) treatment. In the 16th week of the experiment there was a significant, although temporary, increase in DTPA-extractable Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations. Metal concentrations in ryegrass were also significantly elevated in week 20 compared to the subsequent cuttings. These fluctuations in both DTPA and ryegrass uptake occurred only at 50 t ha(-1) and were probably induced by a sudden pH decrease measured in the same treatment in week 16. This suggests that soils which have received high applications of sewage sludge may be prone to fluctuations in metal availability. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Incorporating Legacy Soil pH Databases into Digital Soil Maps

Soil data and reliable soil maps are imperative for environmental management. conservation and policy. Data from historical point surveys, e.g. experiment site data and farmers fields can serve this purpose. However, legacy soil information is not necessarily collected for spatial analysis and mapping such that the data may not have immediately useful geo-references. Methods are required to utilise these historical soil databases so that we can produce quantitative maps of soil propel-ties to assess spatial and temporal trends but also to assess where future sampling is required. This paper discusses two such databases: the Representative Soil Sampling Scheme which has monitored the agricultural soil in England and Wales from 1969 to 2003 (between 400 and 900 bulked soil samples were taken annually from different agricultural fields); and the former State Chemistry Laboratory, Victoria, Australia where between 1973 and 1994 approximately 80,000 soil samples were submitted for analysis by farmers. Previous statistical analyses have been performed using administrative regions (with sharp boundaries) for both databases, which are largely unrelated to natural features. For a more detailed spatial analysis that call be linked to climate and terrain attributes, gradual variation of these soil properties should be described. Geostatistical techniques such as ordinary kriging are suited to this. This paper describes the format of the databases and initial approaches as to how they can be used for digital soil mapping. For this paper we have selected soil pH to illustrate the analyses for both databases.

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: the spatial variation of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme (RSSS) has monitored the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. Here we describe the first spatial analysis of the data from these surveys using geostatistics. Four years of data (1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) were chosen to examine the nutrient (available K, Mg and P) and pH status of the soil. At each farm, four fields were sampled; however, for the earlier years, coordinates were available for the farm only and not for each field. The averaged data for each farm were used for spatial analysis and the variograms showed spatial structure even with the smaller sample size. These variograms provide a reasonable summary of the larger scale of variation identified from the data of the more intensively sampled National Soil Inventory. Maps of kriged predictions of K generally show larger values in the central and southeastern areas (above 200 mg L-1) and an increase in values in the west over time, whereas Mg is fairly stable over time. The kriged predictions of P show a decline over time, particularly in the east, and those of pH show an increase in the east over time. Disjunctive kriging was used to examine temporal changes in available P using probabilities less than given thresholds of this element. The RSSS was not designed for spatial analysis, but the results show that the data from these surveys are suitable for this purpose. The results of the spatial analysis, together with those of the statistical analyses, provide a comprehensive view of the RSSS database as a basis for monitoring the soil. These data should be taken into account when future national soil monitoring schemes are designed.

The influence of Fe-rich coatings on the dissolution of anorthite at pH 2.6

Surface coatings are very common on mineral grains in soils but most laboratory dissolution experiments are carried out on pristine, uncoated mineral grains. An experiment designed to unambiguously isolate the effect of surface coatings on mineral dissolution from any influence of solution saturation state is reported. Two aliquots of 53 to 63 mum anorthite feldspar powder were used. One was dissolved in pH 2.6 HCl, the other in pH 2.6 FeCl3 solution, both for similar to6000 h in flow-through reactors. An amorphous Fe-rich, Al-, Ca- and Si-free orange precipitate coated the anorthite dissolved in the FeCl3 solution. BET surface area of the anorthite increased from 0.16 to 1.65 m(2) g(-1) in the HCl experiment and to 3.89 m(2) g(-1) in the FeCl3 experiment. The increase in surface area in the HCl experiment was due to the formation of etch pits on the anorthite grain surface whilst the additional increase in the FeCl3 experiment was due to the micro- and meso-porous nature of the orange precipitate. This precipitate did not inhibit or slow the dissolution of the anorthite. Steady state dissolution rates for the anorthite dissolved in the HCl and FeCl3 were similar to2.5 and 3.2 X 10(-10) mol(feldspar) m(-2) s(-1) respectively. These rates are not significantly different after the cumulative uncertainty of 17% in their value due to uncertainty in the inputs parameters used in their calculation is taken into account. Results from this experiment support previous theoretical and inference-based conclusions that porous coatings should not inhibit mineral dissolution. Copyright (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd.

Does reactive surface area depend on grain size? Results from pH 3, 25 circle C far-from-equilibrium flow-through dissolution experiments on anorthite and biotite

Laboratory determined mineral weathering rates need to be normalised to allow their extrapolation to natural systems. The principle normalisation terms used in the literature are mass, and geometric- and BET specific surface area (SSA). The purpose of this study was to determine how dissolution rates normalised to these terms vary with grain size. Different size fractions of anorthite and biotite ranging from 180-150 to 20-10 mu m were dissolved in pH 3, HCl at 25 degrees C in flow through reactors under far from equilibrium conditions. Steady state dissolution rates after 5376 h (anorthite) and 4992 h (biotite) were calculated from Si concentrations and were normalised to initial- and final- mass and geometric-, geometric edge- (biotite), and BET SSA. For anorthite, rates normalised to initial- and final-BET SSA ranged from 0.33 to 2.77 X 10(-10) mol(feldspar) m(-2) s(-1), rates normalised to initial- and final-geometric SSA ranged from 5.74 to 8.88 X 10(-10) mol(feldspar) m(-2) s(-1) and rates normalised to initial- and final-mass ranged from 0.11 to 1.65 mol(feldspar) g(-1) s(-1). For biotite, rates normalised to initial- and final-BET SSA ranged from 1.02 to 2.03 X 10(-12) mol(biotite) m(-2) s(-1), rates normalised to initial- and final-geometric SSA ranged from 3.26 to 16.21 X 10(-12) mol(biotite) m(-2) s(-1), rates normalised to initial- and final-geometric edge SSA ranged from 59.46 to 111.32 x 10(-12) mol(biotite) m(-2) s(-1) and rates normalised to initial- and final-mass ranged from 0.81 to 6.93 X 10(-12) mol(biotite) g(-1) s(-1). For all normalising terms rates varied significantly (p <= 0.05) with grain size. The normalising terms which gave least variation in dissolution rate between grain sizes for anorthite were initial BET SSA and initial- and final-geometric SSA. This is consistent with: (1) dissolution being dominated by the slower dissolving but area dominant non-etched surfaces of the grains and, (2) the walls of etch pits and other dissolution features being relatively unreactive. These steady state normalised dissolution rates are likely to be constant with time. Normalisation to final BET SSA did not give constant ratios across grain size due to a non-uniform distribution of dissolution features. After dissolution coarser grains had a greater density of dissolution features with BET-measurable but unreactive wall surface area than the finer grains. The normalising term which gave the least variation in dissolution rates between grain sizes for biotite was initial BET SSA. Initial- and final-geometric edge SSA and final BET SSA gave the next least varied rates. The basal surfaces dissolved sufficiently rapidly to influence bulk dissolution rate and prevent geometric edge SSA normalised dissolution rates showing the least variation. Simple modelling indicated that biotite grain edges dissolved 71-132 times faster than basal surfaces. In this experiment, initial BET SSA best integrated the different areas and reactivities of the edge and basal surfaces of biotite. Steady state dissolution rates are likely to vary with time as dissolution alters the ratio of edge to basal surface area. Therefore they would be more properly termed pseudo-steady state rates, only appearing constant because the time period over which they were measured (1512 h) was less than the time period over wich they would change significantly. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of pH on the development of acidic sites in clayey and sandy loam Oxisol from the Cerrado Region, Brazil

Titration curves were determined for soil from horizon samples of a clayey and a sandy loam Oxisol by (a) adding NaOH to soil suspensions and (b) incubating moist soils with Ca(OH)(2). The organic fraction was primarily responsible for buffering in both soils. Humic acids were more important than fulvic acids in buffering against NaOH additions. With Ca(OH)(2), greater buffer capacities were found due to carboxyl sites, primarily on fulvic acids, becoming complexed with Ca2+ so that in the clay soil humic and fulvic acids were equally important as buffering components while fulvic acids were more important in the sandy loam soil. The buffer capacity of organic matter against Ca(OH)(2) additions was 1.1 mol(c) kg(-1) pH(-1). In the incubated soils, exchangeable cations were also determined and changes in the amounts of exchangeable and non-exchangeable Ca2+ acidity and effective cation exchange capacity were calculated. Up to half the added Ca2+ became complexed and was nonexchangeable. Aluminum complexed by organic matter appears to be an important buffering component, together with non exchangeable H+. With the increase of pH the dissociated sites from the carboxyl groups could complex Ca2+. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: a statistical analysis of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales has recorded information on the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. It is a valuable source of information about the soil in the context of monitoring for sustainable agricultural development. Changes in soil nutrient status and pH were examined over the period 1971-2001. Several methods of statistical analysis were applied to data from the surveys during this period. The main focus here is on the data for 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The results of examining change over time in general show that levels of potassium in the soil have increased, those of magnesium have remained fairly constant, those of phosphorus have declined and pH has changed little. Future sampling needs have been assessed in the context of monitoring, to determine the mean at a given level of confidence and tolerable error and to detect change in the mean over time at these same levels over periods of 5 and 10 years. The results of a non-hierarchical multivariate classification suggest that England and Wales could be stratified to optimize future sampling and analysis. To monitor soil quality and health more generally than for agriculture, more of the country should be sampled and a wider range of properties recorded.

Effect of ammonium and nitrate on indigenous mycorrhizal infection, rhizosphere pH change, and phosphorus uptake by sorghum

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants were grown in split pots in three Rothamsted soils with different soil pH values and phosphorus (P) contents. Ammonium addition resulted in higher plant dry weight and P content than comparable nitrate treatments. The pH of soils in the rhizosphere (0.51-mm average thickness) differed from the bulk soil depending on nitrogen (N) form and level. Ammonium application resulted in a pH decrease, but nitrate application slightly increased pH. To examine the effect of rhizosphere acidification on mobilization of phosphate, 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable phosphate was measured. The lowering rhizosphere pH enhanced the solubility of P in the soil and maybe availability of P to plants. Rhizosphere-P depletion increased with increasing ammonium supply, but when N was supplied as nitrate, P depletion was not related to increasing nitrate supply. Low P status Hoosfield soils developed mycorrhizal infection., and as a result, P inflow was increased. Geescroft soil, which initially had a high P status, did not develop mycorrhizal infection, and P inflow was much smaller and was unaffected by N treatments. Therefore, plant growth and P uptake were influenced by both rhizosphere pH and indigenous mycorrhizal infection.

Effect of mycorrhizae and pH change at the root-soil interface on phosphorus uptake by Sorghum using a rhizocylinder technique

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was grown for 40 days in. rhizocylinder (a growth container which permitted access to rh zosphere and nonrhizosphere soil), in two soils of low P status. Soils were fertilized with different rates of ammonium and nitrate and supplemented with 40 mg phosphorus (P) kg(-1) and inoculated with either Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) or nonmycorrhizal root inoculum.. N-serve (2 mg kg(-1)) was added to prevent nitrification. At harvest, soil from around the roots was collected at distances of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 mm from the root core which was 35 mm diameter. Sorghum plants, with and without mycorrhiza, grew larger with NH4+ than with NO3- application. After measuring soil pH, 4 3 suspensions of the same sample were titrated against 0.01 M HCl or 0.01 M NaOH until soil pH reached the nonplanted pH level. The acid or base requirement for each sample was calculated as mmol H+ or OFF kg(-1) soil. The magnitude of liberated acid or base depended on the form and rate of nitrogen and soil type. When the plant root was either uninfected or infected with mycorrhiza., soil pH changes extended up to 5 mm from the root core surface. In both soils, ammonium as an N source resulted in lower soil pH than nitrate. Mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation did not enhance this difference. In mycorrhizal inoculated soil, P depletion extended tip to 20 mm from the root surface. In non-VAM inoculated soil P depletion extended up to 10 mm from the root surface and remained unchanged at greater distances. In the mycorrhizal inoculated soils, the contribution of the 0-5 mm soil zone to P uptake was greater than the core soil, which reflects the hyphal contribution to P supply. Nitrogen (N) applications that caused acidification increased P uptake because of increased demand; there is no direct evidence that the increased uptake was due to acidity increasing the solubility of P although this may have been a minor effect.

Measurement of ionic calcium, pH and soluble divalent cations in milk at high temperature

Dialysis and ultrafiltration were investigated as methods for measuring pH and ionic calcium and partitioning of divalent cations of milk at high temperatures. It was found that ionic calcium, pH, and total soluble divalent cations decreased as temperature increased between 20 and 80°C in both dialysates and ultrafiltration permeates. Between 90 and 110°C, ionic calcium and pH in dialysates continued to decrease as temperature increased, and the relationship between ionic calcium and temperature was linear. The permeabilities of hydrogen and calcium ions through the dialysis tubing were not changed after the tubing was sterilized for 1h at 120°C. There were no significant differences in pH and ionic calcium between dialysates from raw milk and those from a range of heat-treated milks. The effects of calcium chloride addition on pH and ionic calcium were measured in milk at 20°C and in dialysates collected at 110°C. Heat coagulation at 110°C occurred with addition of calcium chloride at 5.4mM, where pH and ionic calcium of the dialysate were 6.00 and 0.43mM, respectively. Corresponding values at 20°C were pH 6.66 and 2.10mM.