Incidence and types of illness when traveling to the tropics: a prospective controlled study of children and their parents.

Increasingly, families travel to tropical destinations exposing them to infectious agents and tropical diseases not encountered at home. We studied 157 children (0-16 years) and their adult relatives traveling to the tropics, who attended a pretravel clinic and were generally adherent to prescribed advice. Incidence rates of common illness in children and adults were respectively 16.9 (14.3-19.7) and 15.1 (12.7-17.8) episodes/100 person-weeks. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever were the most frequent complaints. There was no significant difference in the incidence of morbid episodes between children and adults, except for fever (more frequent in children). Most episodes occurred in the first 10 days of travel. The similar incidence of morbidity in children and adults and the episodes' mildness challenge the view that it is unwise to travel with small children.

Incidence of stent thrombosis and adverse cardiac events 5 years after sirolimus stent implantation in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: The long-term incidence of stent thrombosis (ST) and complications after sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) implantation is still a matter of debate. METHOD: We conducted a systematic follow-up on the day of their 5-year SES implantation anniversary, in a series of consecutive real-world patients treated with a SES. The use of SES implantation was not restricted to "on-label" indications, and target lesions included in-stent restenosis, vein graft, left main stem locations, bifurcations, and long lesions. The Academic Research Consortium criteria were used for ST classification. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty consecutive patients were treated with SES between April and December 2002 in 3 Swiss hospitals. Mean age was 63 +/- 6 years, 78% were men, 20% presented with acute coronary syndrome, and 19% were patients with diabetes. Five-year follow-up was obtained in 98% of eligible patients. Stent thrombosis had occurred in 12 patients (3.6%) [definite 6 (1.8%), probable 1 (0.3%) and possible 5 (1.5%)]. Eighty-one percent of the population was free of complications. Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 74 (21%) patients and were as follows: cardiac death 3%, noncardiac death 4%, myocardial infarction 2%, target lesion revascularization 8%, non-target lesion revascularization target vessel revascularization 3%, coronary artery bypass graft 2%. Non-TVR was performed in 8%. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm the good long-term outcome of patients treated with SES. The incidence of complications and sub acute thrombosis at 5 years in routine clinical practice reproduces the results of prospective randomized trials.

Long-term cognitive profile and incidence of dementia after STN-DBS in Parkinson's disease

An effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on cognition has been suspected but long-term observations are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term cognitive profile and the incidence of dementia in a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated by STN-DBS. 57 consecutive patients were prospectively assessed by the mean of a neuropsychological battery over 3 years after surgery. Dementia (DSM-IV) and UPDRS I to IV were recorded. 24.5% of patients converted to dementia over 3 years (incidence of 89 of 1,000 per year). This group of patients cognitively continuously worsened over 3 years up to fulfilling dementia criteria (PDD). The rest of the cohort remained cognitively stable (PD) over the whole follow-up. Preoperative differences between PDD and PD included older age (69.2 +/- 5.8 years; 62.6 +/- 8 years), presence of hallucinations and poorer executive score (10.1 +/- 5.9; 5.5 +/- 4.4). The incidence of dementia over 3 years after STN-DBS is similar to the one reported in medically treated patients. The PDD presented preoperative risk factors of developing dementia similar to those described in medically treated patients. These observations suggest dementia being secondary to the natural evolution of PD rather than a direct effect of STN-DBS.

Cervical cancer: incidence and survival in migrants within Spain

This study examined the incidence of cervical cancer and survival rates according to migrant experience of women from different regions of Spain to Girona, Catalonia (Spain). DESIGN--Using data from the population based cancer registry of Girona for the period 1980-89, crude and age adjusted incidence rates were calculated for local-born and first generation migrants from other Spanish regions. The age standardised rate ratio (SRR) was calculated and Cox's regression model was used to adjust survival according to migrant status for age and stage at diagnosis. MAIN RESULTS--The incidence of cervical cancer was significantly higher in first generation Spanish migrants compared with locally born women (SRR: 2.02; 95% CI 1.40:2.92). The stage at diagnosis was more advanced among migrants. Survival probability was significantly associated with stage at diagnosis, but age and region of birth were not. CONCLUSIONS--Migrants from the southern Spanish regions show a twofold excess in the incidence of cervical cancer compared with the Girona-born female population. Cases of cervical cancer in migrants are diagnosed at a more advanced stage and as a consequence have a poorer prognosis.

Patterns and trends in esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in Europe (1980-2011) and predictions to 2015

BACKGROUND: Over the last few decades, esophageal cancer incidence and mortality trends varied substantially across Europe, with important differences between sexes and the two main histological subtypes, squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: To monitor recent esophageal cancer mortality trends and to compute short-term predictions in the European Union (EU) and selected European countries, we analyzed data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for 1980-2011. We also analyzed incidence trends and relative weights of ESCC and EAC across Europe using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. RESULTS: Long-term decreasing trends were observed for male esophageal cancer mortality in several southern and western European countries, whereas in central Europe mortality increased until the mid-1990s and started to stabilize or decline over the last years. In some eastern and northern countries, the rates were still increasing. Mortality among European women remained comparatively low and showed stable or decreasing trends in most countries. Between 2000-2004 and 2005-2009, esophageal cancer mortality declined by 7% (from 5.34 to 4.99/100 000) in EU men, and by 3% (from 1.12 to 1.09/100 000) in EU women. Predictions to 2015 show persistent declines in mortality rates for men in the EU overall, and stable rates for EU women, with rates for 2015 of 4.5/100 000 men (about 22 300 deaths) and 1.1/100 000 women (about 7400 deaths). In northern Europe, EAC is now the predominant histological type among men, while for European women ESCC is more common and corresponding rates are still increasing in several countries. CONCLUSION(S): The observed trends reflect the variations in alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and overweight across European countries.

Obesity and the incidence of chronic diseases: a seemingly unrelated probit approach

Western societies can reduce avoidable mortality and morbidity by better understanding the relationship between obesity and chronic disease. This paper examines the joint determinants of obesity and of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol. It analyzes a broadly representative Spanish dataset, the 1999 Survey on Disabilities, Impairments and Health Status, using a health production theoretical framework together with a seemingly unrelated probit model approach that controls for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity. Its findings provide suggestive evidence of a positive and significant, although specification-dependent, association between obesity and the prevalence of chronic illness

Some fundamental aspects of palentological methodology: its problems and incidence

Two trends which presently exist in relation to the concept of Paleontology are analyzed, pointing out some of the aspects which negative influence. Various reflections are made based on examples of some of the principal points of paleontological method, such as the influence of a punctual sampling, the meaning of size-frequency distribution and subjectivity in the identification of fossils. Topics which have a marked repercussion in diverse aspects of Paleontology are discussed.

Incidence and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia in early clinical head injury.

Antemortem demonstration of ischemia has proved elusive in head injury because regional CBF reductions may represent hypoperfusion appropriately coupled to hypometabolism. Fifteen patients underwent positron emission tomography within 24 hours of head injury to map cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2), and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). We estimated the volume of ischemic brain (IBV) and used the standard deviation of the OEF distribution to estimate the efficiency of coupling between CBF and CMRO2. The IBV in patients was significantly higher than controls (67 +/- 69 vs. 2 +/- 3 mL; P < 0.01). The coexistence of relative ischemia and hyperemia in some patients implies mismatching of perfusion to oxygen use. Whereas the saturation of jugular bulb blood (SjO2) correlated with the IBV (r = 0.8, P < 0.01), SjO2 values of 50% were only achieved at an IBV of 170 +/- 63 mL (mean +/- 95% CI), which equates to 13 +/- 5% of the brain. Increases in IBV correlated with a poor Glasgow Outcome Score 6 months after injury (rho = -0.6, P < 0.05). These results suggest significant ischemia within the first day after head injury. The ischemic burden represented by this "traumatic penumbra" is poorly detected by bedside clinical monitors and has significant associations with outcome.

Pest status and incidence of the honey bee tracheal mite in Finland

Selostus: Mehiläisen sisuspunkin aiheuttamat tuhot ja esiintyminen Suomessa

Incidence of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus in Switzerland: a 2-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP), pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are autoimmune bullous diseases characterized by the presence of tissue-bound and circulating autoantibodies directed against disease-specific target antigens of the skin. Although rare, these diseases run a chronic course and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are few prospective data on gender- and age-specific incidence of these disorders. OBJECTIVES: Our aims were: (i) to evaluate the incidence of BP and PV/PF in Swiss patients, as the primary endpoint; and (ii) to assess the profile of the patients, particularly for comorbidities and medications, as the secondary endpoint. METHODS: The protocol of the study was distributed to all dermatology clinics, immunopathology laboratories and practising dermatologists in Switzerland. All newly diagnosed cases of BP and pemphigus occurring between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002 were collected. In total, 168 patients (73 men and 95 women) with these autoimmune bullous diseases, with a diagnosis based on clinical, histological and immunopathological criteria, were finally included. RESULTS: BP showed a mean incidence of 12.1 new cases per million people per year. Its incidence increased significantly after the age of 70 years, with a maximal value after the age of 90 years. The female/male ratio was 1.3. The age-standardized incidence of BP using the European population as reference was, however, lower, with 6.8 new cases per million people per year, reflecting the ageing of the Swiss population. In contrast, both PV and PF were less frequent. Their combined mean incidence was 0.6 new cases per million people per year. CONCLUSIONS; This is the first comprehensive prospective study analysing the incidence of autoimmune bullous diseases in an entire country. Our patient cohort is large enough to establish BP as the most frequent autoimmune bullous disease. Its incidence rate appears higher compared with other previous studies, most likely because of the demographic characteristics of the Swiss population. Nevertheless, based on its potentially misleading presentations, it is possible that the real incidence rate of BP is still underestimated. Based on its significant incidence in the elderly population, BP should deserve more public health concern.

Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980-2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype.

Gastric cancer incidence and mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide, with differences in the trends and distribution of the main topographies across regions. To monitor recent mortality trends (1980-2011) and to compute short-term predictions (2015) of gastric cancer mortality in selected countries worldwide, we analysed mortality data provided by the World Health Organization. We also analysed incidence of cardia and non-cardia cancers using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (2003-2007). The joinpoint regression over the most recent calendar periods gave estimated annual percent changes (EAPC) around -3% for the European Union (EU) and major European countries, as well as in Japan and Korea, and around -2% in North America and major Latin American countries. In the United States of America (USA), EU and other major countries worldwide, the EAPC, however, were lower than in previous years. The predictions for 2015 show that a levelling off of rates is expected in the USA and a few other countries. The relative contribution of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancers to the overall number of cases varies widely, with a generally higher proportion of cardia cancers in countries with lower gastric cancer incidence and mortality rates (e.g. the USA, Canada and Denmark). Despite the favourable mortality trends worldwide, in some countries the declines are becoming less marked. There still is the need to control Helicobacter pylori infection and other risk factors, as well as to improve diagnosis and management, to further reduce the burden of gastric cancer.

Incidence and mortality from non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Europe: the end of an epidemic?

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are among the few neoplasms whose incidence and mortality have been rising in Europe and North America over the last few decades. To update trends from NHL, we considered mortality data up to 2004 in several European countries, and for comparative purpose in the USA and Japan. We also analyzed patterns in incidence for selected European countries providing national data. In most European countries, NHL mortality rose up to the mid 1990s, and started to level off or decline in the following decade. The rates were, however, still increasing in eastern Europe. Overall, in the European Union, mortality from NHL declined from 4.3/100,000 to 4.1 in men and from 2.7 to 2.5 in women between the late 1990s and the early 2000s. Similarly, NHL mortality rates declined from 6.5/100,000 to 5.5 in US men and from 4.2 to 3.5 in US women. In most countries considered, NHL incidence rates rose up to 1995-99, while they tended to level off or decline thereafter, with particular favorable patterns in countries from northern Europe. Thus, the epidemic of NHL observed during the second half of the 20th century has now started to level off in Europe as in other developed areas of the world.

Prédictibilité, incidence et prise en charge chez 3600 patients adultes et pédiatriques anesthésiés hors du bloc opératoire en 2010

L'intubation endotrachéale reste la méthode de premier choix pour assurer la ventilation et la protection des voies aériennes supérieures. Ce geste fait partie intégrante du savoir-faire des équipes d'anesthésiologie, dans un contexte de chirurgie élective, de réanimation ou de soins intensifs. En règle générale, l'intubation s'avère rapide, sûre et efficace. Un apprentissage et une pratique régulière sont néanmoins nécessaires pour acquérir et maintenir les habilités requises pour gérer les situations standards et d'urgences usuelles, et pour minimiser le risque de complication, notamment iatrogènes. De nombreuses techniques ont été conçues pour faciliter l'intubation ou palier aux éventuelles difficultés. De nouveaux outils ne cessent d'être mis au point. La place qu'ils seront amenés à prendre dans la pratique quotidienne reste à définir. Ils font néanmoins désormais partie du paysage anesthésique. Il existe un certain nombre de conditions morphologiques ou pathologiques qui peuvent entraver l'intubation et risquer de converger pour aboutir à une situation d'intubation difficile. Afin de minimiser les risques de prise en charge des voies aériennes, il importe de détecter ces conditions et de pouvoir s'y adapter, notamment par le choix d'un matériel et d'un protocole adaptés. Les voies aériennes difficiles représentent en ce sens une interaction complexe entre les facteurs propres au patient, le contexte clinique et les capacités de l'anesthésiste. Les intubations trachéales difficiles restent une source majeure de morbidité et de mortalité dans la pratique clinique, particulièrement lorsqu'elles ne sont pas anticipées et dans les situations d'urgence. Même si la pharmacologie, les méthodes de travail et les moyens techniques ont évolués et garantissent une meilleure gestion du risque et une meilleure prise en charge des situations complexes, la gestion des voies aériennes et la prédiction des voies aériennes difficiles restent un défi central de la prise en charge anesthésiologique. La gestion des voies aériennes difficiles reste donc une composante importante de la pratique anesthésique, de part l'incidence d'événements potentiellement graves pour le patient qu'elle génère. La nécessité d'évaluer le risque d'ID est désormais ancrée dans les préceptes de la prise en charge anesthésique. Lors de l'évaluation préopératoire, le dépistage des facteurs de risque d'ID doit être systématique et correctement documenté. L'anticipation d'un risque trop élevé ou d'une situation potentiellement compliquée permet d'adapter sa planification, de compléter les examens préopératoires, d'orienter le choix de la technique et de se préparer à pouvoir répondre de manière rapide et efficace à une situation urgente. Même si les situations d'ID ne pourront probablement jamais êtres toutes anticipées, il importe donc de définir les facteurs de risque significatifs et de les intégrer dans la prise en charge des voies aériennes. L'accent a notamment été mis sur la recherche de critères prédictifs efficaces. Ces stratégies ont toutes pour but de stratifier le risque de difficultés intubatoires afin de minimiser l'incidence d'événements délétères, par une préparation optimale et la prise en charge adéquate des situations difficiles. L'absence de recommandations internationales standardisées d'identification et de prise en charge de l'ID sont principalement liées à l'absence de définitions standardisées, au manque de critères suffisamment sensibles et spécifiques, au caractère subjectif de certains critères cliniques utilisés et à la kyrielle de techniques et d'outils alternatifs à l'intubation orotrachéale laryngoscopique standard à disposition. Aucune anomalie anatomo-pathologique usuelle ni aucune de leurs combinaisons n'est strictement associée à l'intubation difficile. Certains examens sont en outre difficilement justifiables pour une consultation pré-anesthésique usuelle. Dans le cadre de cette problématique, l'objectif fondamental de ce travail est de participer à l'amélioration la prédictibilité de l'intubation difficile dans la pratique anesthésique. L'étude portera sur l'analyse rétrospective de dossiers anesthésiques de 3600 patients, adultes et pédiatriques, pris en charge par le service d'anesthésiologie dans le secteur hors bloc opératoire au CHUV, entre le 1er janvier et le 31 décembre 2010. L'analyse des résultats devrait permettre de déterminer l'incidence et le taux de prédictibilité de l'intubation difficile prévue et non prévue, ainsi que de citer les techniques actuelles de prise en charge dans une institution hospitalière universitaire telle que le CHUV. Un analyse critique des stratégies de prédiction employées, de leur mise en pratique et des techniques de travail privilégiées dans la prise en charge des situations d'intubations difficiles pourrait permettre l'élaboration de pistes réflexives dans le but de les optimiser et d'améliorer la prise en charge du patient et la gestion du risque anesthésique. Cette étude pourrait déboucher sur la proposition d'un score simple de prédiction de l'intubation difficile à intégrer sur la feuille de consultation pré- anesthésique. Le but est est d'améliorer les recommandations de prise en charge préopératoire et d'améliorer la transmission interprofessionnelle des informations liées aux voies aériennes, afin de minimiser le risque d'intubation difficile non prévue ainsi que l'incidence et la sévérité des complications liées aux ID.