Detection and coat protein gene characterization of an isolate of Grapevine virus B from corky bark-affected grapevines in Southern Brazil

An isolate of Grapevine virus B (GVB), obtained by indexing Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera grapevines on the indicator LN33, was transmitted mechanically to several Nicotiana species. The virus was partially purified from N. cavicola and the coat protein estimated at 23 kDa by SDS-PAGE. In negatively stained leaf extracts of experimentally inoculated N. cavicola and N. occidentalis, flexuous particles with cross banding were observed, predominantly measuring 750-770 x 12 nm, with a modal length of 760 nm. Decoration indicated a clear, positive reaction against AS-GVB. In DAS-ELISA, GVB was detected in N. cavicola and grapevine extracts, and Western blots showed homologous and cross reaction of GVB and GVA antisera with GVB coat protein. Using specific primers for GVB, a fragment of 594 bp, comprising the coat protein gene coding for 197 amino acids, was amplified by RT-PCR with viral RNA extracted from GVB-infected N. occidentalis. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene showed high identities with Italian and Japanese isolates of GVB.

Polymeeripinnoitteen aiheuttamat itseherätteiset värähtelyt nipillisessä telasysteemissä

Lukuisissa teollisuussovelluksissa materiaalien, kuten paperin ja teräslevyjen, muokkaamiseen käytettävät pyörivät nippitelat kärsivät aina erilaisten herätteiden synnyttämistä mekaanisista värähtelyistä, jotka voivat aiheuttaa virheitä valmistettaviin tuotteisiin. Tässä työssä tutkittiin viskoelastisia polymeerejä ja polymeeripinnoitteen nipilliseen telasysteemiin synnyttämiä haitallisia itseherätteisiä värähtelyjä. Työn polymeerejä käsittelevässä kirjallisuusosassa luotiin katsaus amorfisten polymeerien fysikaalisiin ominaisuuksiin. Kokeellisessa osuudessa tutkittiin tarkemmin kahden amorfisen telapinnoitepolymeerin termoreologisia ja mekaanisia ominaisuuksia suoritettujen DMTA-mittausten perusteella. Sovittamalla toisen polymeerin master-käyrään yleistetty lineaarisen standardiaineen malli saatiin selville polymeerin mekaaniset parametrit ja approksimaatio sen relaksaatiospektrille. Telapinnoitteen nipilliseen systeemiin synnyttämiä itseherätteisiä värähtelyjä ja niiden seurauksia tarkasteltiin kahdelle telalle ja polymeeripinnoitteelle kehitetyn analyyttisen mallin ja numeeristen laskujen avulla. Pinnoite mallinnettiin lineaarisen standardiaineen mukaisesti. Telasysteemin parametrit määritettiin DMTA-mittaustuloksista ja systeemiä vastaavasta koelaitteesta kokeellisella moodianalyysillä ja elementtimenetelmällä. Numeerisesta stabiilisuusanalyysistä ja liikeyhtälöiden integroinneista saadut tulokset kertovat telapinnoitteen aaltomaisista deformaatiomuodoista ja niiden synnyttämistä taajuusalueittain esiintyvistä epästabiileista värähtelyistä. Telasysteemi on epästabiili pinnoitedeformaatiokuvion systeemiin aiheuttaman herätevoiman taajuuden ollessa lähellä systeemin korkeampaa ominaistaajuutta. Numeerisista tuloksista voitiin ennustaa nopean ja hitaan barringin olemassaolo.

Kokeellisen moodianalyysin hyödyntäminen sääriluun lujuuden määrittämisessä

Diplomityö tehtiin Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston konetekniikan laitokselle. Diplomityö on osa teknillisen yliopiston biomekaanista tutkimusta, jonka tarkoituksena on mallintaa ihmisen tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön toimintaa. Työssä pyrittiin selvittämään, voitaisiinko sääriluuhun kohdistetun mekaanisen herätteen aiheuttamaa värähtelyvastetta analysoimalla saada tietoa luun ominaistaajuuksista ja lujuudesta. Tietoa voitaisiin käyttää esimerkiksi ostoporoosiriskin arvioinnissa sekä ihmiskehon osien toimintaa kuvaavien simulointimallien verifioinnissa. Mittauslaitteistona käytettiin Brüel & Kjær-moodianalyysilaitteistoa. Laitteistokokonaisuuteen kuuluivat herätevasara, elektromagneettinen täristin, voima-anturi, kaksi kiihtyvyysmitta-anturia sekä PulseLab 2.0 –ohjelmistolla varustettu PC-laitteisto. Tulosten jatkoanalyysi suoritettiin MathWorks yhtiön MatLab v 4.0 -ohjelmistolla. Työssä esitellyn mittaustavan ja -laitteiston todettiin soveltuvan sääriluun värähtelyvasteen mittaamiseen. Mittaustulokset eri mittauskertojen välillä samalla henkilöllä ovat yhtenevät. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella ei voida osoittaa luun värähtelyvasteen ja lujuuden välistä suoraa korrelaatiota.

Kokeellisen moodianalyysin jälkikäsittely ominaismuotojen visuaaliseksi tarkastelemiseksi

Kokeellinen moodianalyysi on kokeellinen menetelmä, jolla voidaan selvittää rakenteille ominaista värähtelyä. Työssä oli kolme tavoitetta, jotka pyrittiin saavuttamaan. Ensimmäinen tavoite oli ohjeistuksen luominen rakenteiden ominaismuotojen visuaaliseksi tarkastelemiseksi Lappeenrannan teknillisellä yliopistolla käytettävissä olevilla laitteistoilla ja ohjelmilla. Ohjeistuksen perustana on ajatus siitä, että kokeellinen moodianalyysi saataisiin tehokkaampaan käyttöön koneensuunnittelun opetuksessa. Ohjeistus tehtiin pääasiassa kuvien ja kuvia tukevien selitysten avulla. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli verrata rakenteen ominaisvärähtelyä, kun se oli tuettu vapaasti ja kun se oli tuettu kiinteästi sen luonnolliseen ympäristöön. Taajuuksia verrattaessa huomattiin, että eri tavoin tuetut rakenteet käyttäytyvät eri tavalla, mikä on otettava huomioon, kun tutkitaan kriittisiä värähtelyjä. Ominaisvärähtelyjä voidaan selvittää myös matemaattisesti esimerkiksi äärellisten elementtien menetelmällä. Työn kolmantena tavoitteena oli verrata elementtimenetelmällä ja kokeellisesti saatuja ominaisvärähtelyn arvoja. Elementtimallia pyrittiin tarkentamaan eri parametrejä muuttamalla niin, että ominaistaajuuksien arvot vastaavat mahdollisimman hyvin toisiaan. Tavoite saavutettiin.

Necessary truth and proof

What makes necessary truths true? I argue that all truth supervenes on how things are, and that necessary truths are no exception. What makes them true are proofs. But if so, the notion of proof needs to be generalized to include verification-transcendent proofs, proofs whose correctness exceeds our ability to verify it. It is incumbent on me, therefore, to show that arguments, such as Dummett's, that verification-truth is not compatible with the theory of meaning, are mistaken. The answer is that what we can conceive and construct far outstrips our actual abilities. I conclude by proposing a proof-theoretic account of modality, rejecting a claim of Armstrong's that modality can reside in non-modal truthmakers.

Toulmin: razonamiento, sentido común y derrotabilidad

Primeiramente, oferecemos uma apresentação teórica da representação do pensamento prático, começando pela distinção entre silogismo dialético e silogismo demonstrativo. Fazemos referência à crítica de Toulmin contra o dedutivismo dominante de seu tempo. Em seguida, fornecemos argumentos para apoiar a relevância heurística do modelo de Toulmin para entender a discussão sobre a inclusão da lógica padrão na representação do pensamento comum. Afirmamos que o projeto analítico toulmaniano permite entender, com clareza metódica, a derrotabilidade dos argumentos do senso comum por meio da investigação da noção modal de probabilidade na linguagem comum.

Dos parientes dentro de la familia semanticista en la filosofía de la ciencia

Este artigo se inicia com a declaração de Díez e Moulines, segundo a qual é preferível dizer ‘família semanticista’ e não ‘concepção semanticista’, desde que, entretanto, os membros dessa família partilhem uma estratégia modal de apresentação e análise das teorias e, claro, de problemas metafóricos ligados a eles, ainda, entre eles não deve haver qualquer unanimidade em relação à natureza dos modelos. O estruturalismo, por exemplo, pensa os modelos como estruturas de conjunto teórico (ordenada por múltiplo), enquanto para van Fraassen elas são ‘pontos’ ou ‘trajetórias em fase de espaço’. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em pesquisar como é considerada a noção de modelo nesses dois membros da família semanticista, a despeito de sua relação em sua formulação inicial

Caution and necessity

In this paper I examine Crispin Wright's modal anti-realism as based on the availability of a certain attitude of Caution towards judgements of necessity. I think that Wright's account should be attractive in several ways for modal theorists with an anti-realist bend. However, the attitude of Caution to which it appeals has attracted some controversy. Wright himself has later come to doubt whether Caution is ultimately coherent. Here I first address Wright's worries concerning the coherence of Caution and show that they are unfounded. But then I argue that although the attitude of Caution is coherent, it cannot provide a suitable basis for a non-eliminativist account of necessity. I offer two different objections against Caution. (1) I argue that Wright's appeal to Caution, if successful, would show not only that modal judgement is non-objective but also that it is dispensable. Thus, I claim that appeal to Caution would seem to serve more as a threat against a non-eliminativist account of necessity, rather than as a potential adequate basis for it. However, (2) I argue that Wright's appeal to Caution is unsuccessful, for there is no genuine Caution: Caution is a mere verbal attitude.

Vibration free machining tools

Appearance of the vibration is the very important problem in long tool turning and milling. Current solutions of minimizing vibrations provided by different tool suppliers are very expensive. This Master’s Thesis is presenting the new type of vibration free machining tools produced by Konepaja ASTEX Gear Oy that have cheaper production costs compare to competitors’ products. Vibration problems in machining and their today’s solutions are analyzed in this work. The new vibration damping invention is presented and described. Moreover, the production, laboratory experimental modal analysis and practical testing of the new vibration free prototypes are observed and analyzed on the pages of this Thesis. Based on the testing results the new invention is acknowledged to be successful and approved for further studies and developments.

Broadband excitation in the system identification of active magnetic bearing rotor systems

One of the targets of the climate and energy package of the European Union is to increase the energy efficiency in order to achieve a 20 percent reduction in primary energy use compared with the projected level by 2020. The energy efficiency can be improved for example by increasing the rotational speed of large electrical drives, because this enables the elimination of gearboxes leading to a compact design with lower losses. The rotational speeds of traditional bearings, such as roller bearings, are limited by mechanical friction. Active magnetic bearings (AMBs), on the other hand, allow very high rotational speeds. Consequently, their use in large medium- and high-speed machines has rapidly increased. An active magnetic bearing rotor system is an inherently unstable, nonlinear multiple-input, multiple-output system. Model-based controller design of AMBs requires an accurate system model. Finite element modeling (FEM) together with the experimental modal analysis provides a very accurate model for the rotor, and a linearized model of the magneticactuators has proven to work well in normal conditions. However, the overall system may suffer from unmodeled dynamics, such as dynamics of foundation or shrink fits. This dynamics can be modeled by system identification. System identification can also be used for on-line diagnostics. In this study, broadband excitation signals are adopted to the identification of an active magnetic bearing rotor system. The broadband excitation enables faster frequency response function measurements when compared with the widely used stepped sine and swept sine excitations. Different broadband excitations are reviewed, and the random phase multisine excitation is chosen for further study. The measurement times using the multisine excitation and the stepped sine excitation are compared. An excitation signal design with an analysis of the harmonics produced by the nonlinear system is presented. The suitability of different frequency response function estimators for an AMB rotor system are also compared. Additionally, analytical modeling of an AMB rotor system, obtaining a parametric model from the nonparametric frequency response functions, and model updating are discussed in brief, as they are key elements in the modeling for a control design. Theoretical methods are tested with a laboratory test rig. The results conclude that an appropriately designed random phase multisine excitation is suitable for the identification of AMB rotor systems.

Análise técnica e de custos do transporte de madeira com diferentes composições veículares

O transporte de madeira no Brasil é realizado predominantemente pelo modal rodoviário, chegando o frete a representar até 60% do custo logístico total. Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar os fatores técnicos e de custos do transporte de madeira com diferentes composições veiculares de carga, na região do Vale do Rio Doce, MG. Realizou-se um estudo de tempos e movimentos do ciclo operacional de transporte realizado nos períodos diurno e noturno, da operação de carregamento e descarregamentode madeira. As análises foram divididas em três regiões de produção de madeira com diferentes distâncias de transporte. Os resultados indicam quea região de Nova Era apresentou o maior tempo produtivo (78,71%) e o pior improdutivo (9,26%). Em relação aos custos operacionais, as regionais, que utilizavam o bitrem como veiculo de transporte de madeira. Os valores por km de transporte encontrados foram 0,341 R$/m³.km-1 para Nova Era e 0,249.R$/m³.km-1.para Rio Doce. Para a região de Guanhães, obteve-se o maior custo final da madeira (27,14 R$/m³.km-1).A utilização do tritrem como veículo para transporte de madeira, apresentou os menores custos de m³ transportado por km.

Fenologia e produção de frutos de Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. E Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. em diferentes regimes de queima

O conhecimento dos períodos reprodutivos e vegetativos das plantas é de extrema importância para coletas de sementes e produção de mudas. No Cerrado, as interações da biota com o fogo são de grande interesse, já que esses fatores estão intimamente relacionados e podem ser determinantes na manutenção das populações vegetais. Durante 12 meses, foi estudada a fenologia de duas espécies nativas do Cerrado (Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. e Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) em dois regimes de queima: em sítio mantido sob queima bienal modal no mês de agosto (PBM) e em sítio controle, livre de fogo há 14 anos (PC). Os testes de uniformidade foram realizados para verificar a sazonalidade das fases fenológicas. A seleção de modelos por critério de informação de Akaike foi realizada utilizando as variáveis climáticas da área de estudo para identificar quais delas são melhores preditoras das fases fenológicas. A produção de frutos foi estimada nos dois tratamentos. Praticamente, todas as fenofases apresentaram picos de produtividade, com exceção da brotação foliar de C. brasiliense em PC, queda foliar da mesma espécie nos dois tratamentos e E. gummiferum na PC. Em geral, o comportamento fenológico de ambas as espécies não diferiu de outros estudos. Porém, o fogo retardou a troca de folhas e inibiu as fases reprodutivas de C. brasiliense, o que corrobora o comportamento já observado em outras espécies nativas do Cerrado em áreas com incidência de queimadas.

Balanço energético comparativo para rotas de escoamento de soja

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o fluxo energético no escoamento de soja da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, considerando as rotas atualmente existentes, mais precisamente, do município de Rio Verde -GO até o porto de Santos - SP, visto que este é um grande polo exportador de granéis sólidos. Foram selecionadas duas rotas para a análise, uma contemplando a multimodalidade, ou seja, os modais rodoviário, ferroviário e hidroviário, e outra, uma única modalidade, o modal rodoviário. A conversão dos fatores físicos e operacionais em unidades energéticas foi realizada por meio de coeficientes energéticos levantados junto à literatura. Os resultados obtidos indicaram, pela rota 1 multimodal, um gasto energético específico maior para o modal rodoviário (0,50 MJ km-1 t-1), seguido pelo modal ferroviário (0,42 MJ km-1 t-1) e, em terceiro, o modal hidroviário (0,22 MJ km-1 t-1). Pela rota 2, unimodal rodoviário, o resultado indicou 0,50 MJ km-1 t-1. Nas participações de energia apresentadas, comparando as rotas 1 e 2, a que apresentou maior gasto energético específico total foi a rota 2 (0,50 MJ km-1 t-1), seguida pela rota 1 (0,34 MJ km-1 t-1).

Nollapersoonalause suomessa ja virossa. Tutkimus kirjoitetun kielen aineistosta

The present study focuses on the zero person constructions both in Finnish and Estonian. In the zero person construction, there is no overt subject and the verb is in the 3rd person singular form: Fin. Tammikuussa voi hiihtää Etelä-Suomessakin. Est. Jaanuaris saab suusatada ka Lõuna-Soomes ‘In January one can ski even in South-Finland’. The meaning of the zero construction is usually considered generic and open. However, the zero may be interpreted as indexically open so that the reference can be construed from the context. This study demonstrates how the zero may be interpreted as referring to the speaker, the addressee, or anybody. The zero person construction in Finnish has been contrasted to the generic pronoun constructions in Indo-European languages. For example, the zero person is translated in English as you or one; in Swedish and German as man. The grammar and semantics of the Finnish zero person construction have been studied earlier to some extent. However, the differences and similarities between Finnish and Estonian, two closely related languages, have not been thoroughly studied before. The present doctoral thesis sheds light on the zero person construction, its use, functions, and interpretation both in Finnish and Estonian. The approach taken is contrastive. The data comes from magazine articles published in Finnish and translated into Estonian. The data consists of Finnish sentences with the zero person and their Estonian translations. In addition, the data includes literary fiction, and non-translated Estonian corpora texts as well. Estonian and Finnish are closely related and in principle the personal system of the two languages is almost identical, nevertheless, there are interesting differences. The present study shows that the zero person construction is not as common in Estonian as it is in Finnish. In my data, a typical sentence with the zero person in both languages is a generic statement which tells us what can or cannot be done. When making generic statements the two languages are relatively similar, especially when the zero person is used together with a modal verb. The modal verbs (eg. Fin. voida ‘can’, saada ‘may’, täytyä ‘must’; Est. võima ‘may’, saama ‘can’, tulema ’must’) are the most common verbs in both Finnish and Estonian zero person constructions. Significant differences appear when a non-modal verb is used. Overall, non-modal verbs are used less frequently in both languages. Verbs with relatively low agentivity or intentionality, such as perception verb nähdä in Finnish and nägema in Estonian, are used in the zero person clauses in both languages to certain extent. Verbs with more agentive and intentional properties are not used in the Estonian zero person clauses; in Finnish their use is restricted to specific context. The if–then-frame provides a suitable context for the zero person in Finnish, and the Finnish zero person may occur together with any kind of verb in conditional if-clause. Estonian if-clauses are not suitable contexts for zero person. There is usually a da-infinitive, a generic 2nd person singular or a passive form instead of the zero person in Estonian counterparts for Finnish if-clauses with zero person. The aim of this study was to analyze motivations for choosing the zero person in certain contexts. In Estonian, the use of the zero person constructions is more limited than in Finnish, and some of the constraints are grammatical. On the other hand, some of the constraints are motivated by the differences in actual language use. Contrasting the two languages reveals interesting differences and similarities between these two languages and shows how these languages may use similar means differently.

Simulation of structural stress history based on dynamic analysis

Modern machine structures are often fabricated by welding. From a fatigue point of view, the structural details and especially, the welded details are the most prone to fatigue damage and failure. Design against fatigue requires information on the fatigue resistance of a structure’s critical details and the stress loads that act on each detail. Even though, dynamic simulation of flexible bodies is already current method for analyzing structures, obtaining the stress history of a structural detail during dynamic simulation is a challenging task; especially when the detail has a complex geometry. In particular, analyzing the stress history of every structural detail within a single finite element model can be overwhelming since the amount of nodal degrees of freedom needed in the model may require an impractical amount of computational effort. The purpose of computer simulation is to reduce amount of prototypes and speed up the product development process. Also, to take operator influence into account, real time models, i.e. simplified and computationally efficient models are required. This in turn, requires stress computation to be efficient if it will be performed during dynamic simulation. The research looks back at the theoretical background of multibody dynamic simulation and finite element method to find suitable parts to form a new approach for efficient stress calculation. This study proposes that, the problem of stress calculation during dynamic simulation can be greatly simplified by using a combination of floating frame of reference formulation with modal superposition and a sub-modeling approach. In practice, the proposed approach can be used to efficiently generate the relevant fatigue assessment stress history for a structural detail during or after dynamic simulation. In this work numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed approach in practice. The results show that approach is applicable and can be used as proposed.