Justiça e direitos humanos: análise da jurisprudência no STF(1988-2012)

A tese analisa a produção jurisprudencial dos direitos humanos no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), defendendo o argumento de que, no quadro brasileiro, o STF ao interpretar a normativa vigente atua na construção desses direitos. Reconstruindo o cenário de afirmação dos direitos humanos a partir da Carta da ONU (1945) e da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (1948), o estudo questiona o consenso em torno dos direitos humanos propondo uma leitura ampliada que os vincula aos debates sobre justiça. São objetivos do trabalho, que faz uso de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental (i) aferir qual enquadramento os direitos humanos recebem no STF, o que envolve investigar, no recorte selecionado entre 1988 e 2012, como tem sido construída a categoria jurídica direitos humanos no tratamento jurisprudencial desse Tribunal e (ii) investigar com base em quais fundamentos esse enquadramento se apresenta. O marco teórico da Teoria Integrada da Justiça de Nancy Fraser é utilizado para problematizar a concepção contemporânea de Direitos Humanos, bem como o desenho institucional do STF. A análise dos acórdãos coletados é feita com tratamento quantitativo e o adensamento do material é feito por meio de uma tipologia de casos, que orienta a abordagem qualitativa. O trabalho é concluído apontando a existência de concepções de direitos humanos que não condizem com a conjuntura de aceitação na qual esses direitos estariam assentados.

La 'otra ciudad' funcionalista. El caso del Cabo de Las Huertas (1959-1979)

Se analiza la zona de la playa San Juan, el Cabo de las Huertas y la Albufereta, situadas a 5 km al NE de la ciudad de Alicante, durante el periodo (1959-79), en el contexto de la Dictadura y con el único marco legal de la Ley del Suelo española 1956. Cabría decir que, en 1963, aparece la Ley de Centros y Zonas de Interés Turístico Nacional. El cambio de las condiciones nacionales de 1959 propicia la urbanización de la playa de San Juan en el cabo de Huertas de Alicante que, ya formaba parte de una ambiciosa propuesta de 1933. Juan Guardiola Gaya, arquitecto catalán, redacta el plan parcial de esta franja de terrenos frente al mar para convertirla en un barrio turístico autónomo. Resulta significativo que elementos tradicionalmente antiurbanos como la naturaleza, los espacios libres y la arquitectura aislada son los que definan esta nueva ciudad para las vacaciones. De ahí que durante mucho tiempo estos núcleos turísticos vacíos en gran parte del año y constituidos solamente casi por segundas residencias no hayan sido considerados auténticas ciudades. Obviamente estos núcleos, a diferencia de las ciudades propiamente dichas, eran ciudades-satélites alojadas en la periferia litoral y cultural. No disponían de equipamiento suficiente pero tampoco contaban con industrias. Por el contrario, tenían más espacios libres. Utilizamos el término ciudad, a pesar de su tamaño, porque estaban pensadas para el comercio del tiempo libre. Eran las otras ciudades, las del verano para las vacaciones, como este caso.

Permanencia y mutaciones del Estado napoleónico bajo la Restauración de los Borbones, 1814-1830

El regreso de los Borbones en 1814, a pesar del agresivo programa de extrema derecha que trajo consigo, según el cual pretendía acabar con el aparato del Estado centralizado por considerarlo la fuente misma del “peligro revolucionario”, no mermó en ningún caso el poder de una administración que había sido muy poco depurada. El realismo ultra rápidamente demostró su incapacidad para estabilizar la economía y la sociedad mediante un compromiso histórico que, sin embargo, fue rápidamente organizado por una tecnocracia compuesta por una fusión de los despachos de la Francia anterior a 1789 y los del episodio revolucionario e imperial. Entre lecciones de Turgot y de Corbert, el Estado se hizo el guardián y el tutor de un liberalismo económico y social que dotó de un nuevo impuso a la industrialización de Francia y a la formación de un mercado nacional protegido. Esta identidad modernizadora del Estado supo evolucionar. Sobrevivió al giro a la derecha de la vida política propiciado por Villèle y, para hacer frente a las dificultades que se encontró Francia en su modernización a partir de 1828, el Estado se propuso aprender de los “métodos ingleses” que hicieron evolucionar la rigidez de la administración napoleónica.

The Report of the Committee appointed to Consid'n of the Memorial of the Overseers of Harvard College, 1722 June 29

Two folio-sized leaves containing a handwritten copy of a June 29, 1722 report created by a Committee of the General Court responding to the June 13, 1722 memorial of the Board of Overseers. The report lists three points declaring that the Charter of 1650 intended the Tutors to be members of the Corporation "provided they exceed not five in number," that none of the Fellows be Overseers, and that the Charter of 1650 did not grant the Corporation the power to set salaries without the consent of the Overseers. The copy notes that the report was read and accepted on June 29, and signed by Governor Samuel Shute on July 2, 1722, with the stipulation that none of the current non-resident Fellows be removed from the Corporation.

Petition of Sever and Welsteed to the General Court (manuscript copy), [1723 June-August]

Two folio-sized leaves containing a two-page handwritten copy of the June 21, 1723 petition of Sever and Welsteed requesting the question of non-resident Fellows in the Corporation be readdressed by the General Court, and a one-page handwritten copy of the answer to the petition passed by the General Court on August 7, 1723. The text of the petition begins "Sheweth that we have formerly represented to the Overseers of the College the Difficulty we were under in the business of it by reason of our not being vested with the power of its Charter..." The petition is incorrectly dated as "June 24th 1722" instead of 1723.

Extract from legislation passed 1799 February 7

One fragment of a leaf containing a handwritten extract from unidentified legislation stipulating that a section of the bill "should not be so construed as to exempt" the real estate of the College or its officers from payment of local taxes beyond that exempted in the Charter of 1650 and the state Constitution. The text includes the note, "passed 7 Feb'y --99" and presumably refers to the bill referenced in President Willard's letter to Samuel Phillips that "passed the House, and is now before the Senate." The section did not become part of the tax law.

No. 12 Copy of Statement of Committee of Cambridge, [1799]

One folio-sized leaf containing a handwritten copy of a transcribed extract from the Charter of 1650 regarding property tax exemption, and followed with accounting figures related to rents and valuations of College properties. The verso has a handwritten paragraph on the unconstitutionality of the taxation practices towards the College.

Memorial to Overseers (manuscript copy), 1721

One folio-sized leaf containing a one-and-a-half-page handwritten draft of a memorial to the Overseers in Nicholas Sever's hand requesting the resident Fellows receive membership in the Corporation. The text of the memorial begins, "Shewith That by ye Charter of 1650, whc: ye College is now upon ye Next & Immediate Governm't : of ye Society is limited to ye Corporation."

College Book 3, 1636-1779

This volume was begun by Thomas Danforth, most likely around 1687, and contains transcriptions of donation records, property inventories, College laws, Overseers and Corporation minutes, and other official documents dating from 1636 onwards. By copying these documents into one volume, Danforth brought together a chronicle of Harvard's early history. Some of its content duplicates that of College Book 1, and other entries were copied from sources which no longer exist, including College Book 2, which was destroyed by fire in 1764. Danforth, who served as College Treasurer from 1650 to 1668, as Steward from 1668 to 1682, and again as Treasurer from 1682 to 1683, is believed to have created this volume as a precautionary measure during the great upheaval surrounding the 1684 annulment of the Royal Charter of the Massachusetts Colony and consequent dissolution of the Harvard Corporation. Some scholars believe he created College Book 3 in fear that the College's original records, from which it was largely derived and copied, might be destroyed.

College Book 4, 1686-1750

Regular recording of Corporation meetings began in College Book 4, which includes minutes from July 23, 1686 through September 5, 1750. Its spine title reads "College Book 4 & 5" due to a nineteenth century labeling error. The creation of College Book 4 was precipitated by the English Court of Chancery's October 1684 judgment, which annulled the Royal Charter of the Massachusetts Colony and seemed to render the College Charter of 1650 – and with it the Corporation and Board of Overseers – defunct. In May 1686, Joseph Dudley (Harvard AB 1665) received a commission as the President of the Council of New England, and on July 23, 1686, Dudley and the Council met in Boston to create a provisional College governing board led by Increase Mather as Rector of the College and John Leverett and William Brattle as Tutors. The "Rector and Tutors" mirrored in purpose if not in name the Corporation's "President and Fellows," and the agreements of President Dudley and the Council creating the new governing board comprise the first entry in College Book 4. In June 1692, a new act of incorporation for Harvard College was passed in the Massachusetts Legislature and signed by the Governor. The Charter of 1692 merged the functions of the Board of Overseers and the Corporation into one Corporation consisting of the President, Treasurer, and eight Fellows. As the Corporation created by this 1692 act (and modified in later versions of the Charter) grew unwieldy, its members met less frequently. As a result, the Faculty (known until 1825 as the "Immediate Government") assumed more responsibility in managing the College's daily operations and addressing student discipline. On December 6, 1707 the Massachusetts General Court restored the Charter of 1650, thus reestablishing the Board of Overseers and the Corporation as the governing bodies of Harvard College. The changes in name and composition of the Harvard Corporation between 1686 and 1707 are documented in the proceedings recorded in College Book 4.

I. Harvard College Papers, 1st series, Volume 1, 1650-1889 (bulk 1650-1765)

The first volume of the College Papers contains original documents dating from 1651 to 1763. It also contains documents dating from 1787, 1817, and 1889, a 1886 photograph of the Charter of 1650, 19th century manscript and 20th century photostat copies of original documents. The documents span the tenures of presidents Increase Mather, John Leverett, Benjamin Wadsworth, and Edward Holyoke.

I. Harvard College Papers, 1st series, Volume 1, 1650-1889 (bulk 1650-1765)

The first volume of the College Papers contains original documents dating from 1651 to 1763. It also contains documents dating from 1787, 1817, and 1889, a 1886 photograph of the Charter of 1650, 19th century manscript and 20th century photostat copies of original documents. The documents span the tenures of presidents Increase Mather, John Leverett, Benjamin Wadsworth, and Edward Holyoke.

Diary and commonplace book of Peres Fobes, 1759-1760

The diary and commonplace book of Perez Fobes is written on unlined pages in a notebook with a sewn binding at the top of the pages; only the edge of the original leather softcover remain. The volume holds handwritten entries added irregularly from August 23, 1759 until December 1760 while Fobes was a student at Harvard College. The topics range from the irreverent, to the mundane, to the theological and scientific. The notebook serves to chronicle both his daily activities, such as books he read, lectures he attended, and travel, as well as a place to note humorous sayings, transcribe book passages, or ponder religious ideas such as original sin. In the volume, Fobes devotes considerable space to the subject of astronomy, and drew a picture of the "The Solar System Serundum Coper[nici] with the Or[bit] of 5 Remarkable Comets." At the back of the book, on unattached pages is a short personal dictionary for the letters A-K kept by Fobes.

James Otis research materials,

Draft of Tudor's manuscript, interfiled with loose notes and copies of various documents regarding the Boston Tea Party and the Charter Oak tree.

Rubbing of the gravestone of Harvard librarian Nathaniel Ward made by David S. Ferriero, October 15, 1972

Large rubbing of the gravestone of Nathaniel Ward, librarian of Harvard college for one week in 1768. The rubbing was made by David S. Ferriero, and is signed and dated October 15, 1972 in the lower right corner.