Phenetic studies on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction-variability of four geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Brazil

Previous evaluation of the genetic variability of four biogeographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani from known foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil demonstrated two main spatial clusters: Corte de Pedra-BA, Ilhéus-BA and Serra de Baturité-CE in the first cluster, and Martinho Campos-MG in the second. Further analysis showed a high degree of homogeneity in Corte de Pedra population but not in the others, which presented a significant percentage of specimens displaced from their phenon of origin (discrepant individuals). In the present work we analyzed the frequencies of association coefficients in the matrixes of similarity per population of Lutzomyia whitmani from both sexes and the general phenograms obtained, in a more detailed study of those discrepant specimens. Populational stability was observed for Corte de Pedra population, whereas the three remaining populations showed varying degrees of heterogeneity and different displacements according to sex. Our results strongly suggested the existence of a genetic flow between the lineages North-South/North-East and Ilhéus/Serra do Baturité of Lutzomyia whitmani.

Seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais

Between October, 1997 and September, 1999 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais a study of seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis was carried out in three distinct areas of the municipality. Sand flies were sampled at 15-day intervals in three residences, in each of which two CDC light traps were installed, one indoors and the other in the peridomicile. A total of 397 sand flies were captured in the three areas, with 65%, 30% and 1% of specimens collected in the eastern, northeast and Barreiro districts, respectively. The overall proportions of sand flies collected inside and around the houses were similar (57% vs 43%) and this pattern was seen for both Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia whitmani . The highest population levels during the two years of the study were from October to March. From October onwards, numbers increased constantly until February. A gradual fall was seen from April onwards until the lowest levels were reached in the months of June, July and August.

List of species in the genus Lutzomyia, França, 1924 (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the State of Mato Grosso

This work had the objective of listing the sand fly species that occur in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data relating to entomological surveys conducted between 1996 and 2004 were obtained from the National Health Foundation and the State Health Department, and this was supplemented with information from research carried out in the state and from the specialized literature. There were records of 106 sand fly species belonging to the genus Lutzomyia. This is a rich and diversified fauna, with some species restricted to forested areas and others recorded throughout the state, independent of the vegetation type, and in areas modified by human action, with predominance of Lutzomyia whitmani.

The role of Grainy head in epithelial tissue growth

Part of the results of this thesis was presented in the following meetings: Susana Ponte, Lara Carvalho, Inês Cristo and António Jacinto. The role of Grainy head in epithelial tissue growth. Drostuga 2013. Faro, Portugal, January 3rd 2014 [poster] Susana Ponte, Lara Carvalho, Inês Cristo and António Jacinto. The role of Grainy head in epithelial tissue growth. Drostuga 2014. Tomar, Portugal, September 5th-6th 2014 [poster]

Description of microsporidia in simulids: molecular and morphological characterization of microsporidia in the larvae of Simulium pertinax Kollar (Diptera: Simuliidae)

IntroductionMicrosporidia constitute the most common black fly pathogens, although the species' diversity, seasonal occurrence and transmission mechanisms remain poorly understood. Infections by this agent are often chronic and non-lethal, but they can cause reduced fecundity and decreased longevity. The objective of this study was to identify microsporidia infecting Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax (Kollar, 1832) larvae from Caraguatatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, by molecular and morphological characterization.MethodsLarvae were collected at a single point in a stream in a rural area of the city and were kept under artificial aeration until analysis. Polydispyrenia spp. infection was characterized by the presence of at least 32 mononuclear spores measuring 6.9 ± 1.0 × 5.0 ± 0.7µm in persistent sporophorous vesicles. Similarly, Amblyospora spp. were characterized by the presence of eight uninucleate spores measuring 4.5 × 3.5µm in sporophorous vesicles.ResultsThe molecular analysis confirmed the presence of microsporidian DNA in the 8 samples (prevalence of 0.51%). Six samples (Brazilian larvae) were related to Polydispyrenia simulii and Caudospora palustris reference sequences but in separate clusters. One sample was clustered with Amblyospora spp. Edhazardia aedis was the positive control taxon.ConclusionsSamples identified as Polydispyrenia spp. and Amblyospora spp. were grouped with P. simulii and Amblyospora spp., respectively, corroborating previous results. However, the 16S gene tree showed a considerable distance between the black fly-infecting Amblyospora spp. and the mosquito-infecting spp. This distance suggests that these two groups are not congeneric. Additional genomic region evaluation is necessary to obtain a coherent phylogeny for this group.

Studies on Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Campus FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica, Jacarepaguá, in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The presence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the communities of the Campus FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica (CFMA) in the City of Rio de Janeiro initiated the investigation of the Phlebotominae fauna in the Atlantic Forest to determine the occurrence of putative ACL vectors associated with the enzootic cycle. METHODS: For 24 consecutive months, sand flies were captured inside the forest and in the border area near the communities. RESULTS: The following sand fly species were identified: Brumptomyia brumpti, Brumptomyia cunhai, Brumptomyia nitzulescui, Lutzomyia edwardsi, Lutzomyia pelloni, and Lutzomyia quinquefer. Other identified sand fly vectors, such as Lutzomyia intermedia (the predominant species), Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia fischeri, and Lutzomyia hirsuta hirsuta, are associated with ACL transmission, and the vector for American visceral leishmaniases (AVL), Lutzomyia longipalpis, was also found. CONCLUSIONS: All sand fly vectors were found in both studied environments except for Lutzomyia whitmani, which was only identified in the forest. This study represents the first identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the CFMA, and the epidemiological implications are discussed.

Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): potential vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the area associated with the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric System in Western Amazonian Brazil

INTRODUCTION: An entomological study was conducted as part of a vector-monitoring program in the area associated with the Santo Antônio hydroelectric system in State of Rondônia, Western Amazonian Brazil. METHODS: Fourteen sampling sites were surveyed to obtain data on the potential vectors of Leishmania spp. in the area. Sand flies were collected from 2011 to 2014 during the months of January/February (rainy season), May/June (dry season), and September/October (intermediary season) using light traps arranged in three vertical strata (0.5, 1, and 20m). RESULTS : A total of 7,575 individuals belonging to 62 species/subspecies were collected. The five most frequently collected sand flies were Psychodopygus davisi (Root) (36.67%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira) (8.51%), Nyssomyia umbratilis (Ward & Fraiha) (6.14%), Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (5.74%), and Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira) (5.25%). These species have been implicated in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the Brazilian Amazon region and described as potential vectors of this disease in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Additional surveillance is needed, especially in areas where these five species of sand fly are found.

Analysis of chromium behaviour and speciation during the electrodialytic process

The interest in chromium (Cr) arises from the widespread use of this heavy metal in various industrial processes that cause its release as liquid, solid and gaseous waste into the environment. The impact of Cr on the environment and living organisms primarily depends on its chemical form, since Cr(III) is an essential micronutrient for humans, other animals and plants, and Cr(VI) is highly toxic and a known human carcinogen. This study aimed to evaluate if the electrodialytic process (ED) is an appropriate treatment for Cr removal, through a critical overview of Cr speciation, before and after the ED experiments, to assess possible Cr(III)-Cr(VI) interconversions during the treatment. ED was the treatment technique applied to two types of matrices containing Cr: chromate copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. In order to study Cr remediation, three EDR set-ups were used: a new set-up, the combined cell (2/3C or 3/2C), with three compartments, alternating current between two anodes and different initial experimental conditions, one set-up with three compartments (3C cell) and the other set-up with two compartments (2C cell). The Cr removal rates obtained in this study were between 10-36% for the soil, and 1-13% for the fly ash. The highest Cr removal rates were achieved in the 26 days experiments: 36% for the soil, 13% for the fly ash. Regarding the 13 days experiments, the highest Cr removal rates were attained with the 2/3C set-up: 24% for the soil, 5% for the fly ash. The analysis of Cr(VI) was performed before and after ED experiments to evaluate eventual changes in Cr speciation during the treatment. This analysis was conducted by two methods: USEPA Method 3060A, for the extraction of Cr(VI); and Hach Company Method 8023, for the detection of Cr(VI). Despite the differences in Cr total concentration, both matrices presented a similar speciation, with Cr(III) being the main species found and Cr(VI) less than 3% of Cr total, before and after the treatment. For fly ash, Cr(VI) was initially below the detection limit of the method and remained that way after the treatment. For soil, Cr(VI) decreased after the treatment. Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) did not occur during the ED process since there was no increase in Cr(VI) in the matrices after the treatment. Hence, the results of this study indicate that ED is an appropriate technique to remediate matrices containing Cr because it contributes to Cr removal, without causing Cr(III)-Cr(VI) interconversions.

Molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. and Blastocrithidia sp. (Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae) in the Federal District of Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : This study describes the occurrence of trypanosomatids in phlebotomines in Brasília, Brazil. METHODS : Two hundred and ten females of 13 sand fly species were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different molecular markers (D7 24Sα rRNA, kDNA, and ITS1) and sequencing. RESULTS : PCR revealed trypanosomatid-positive samples from Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, which were negative by kDNA and ITS1 Leishmania-specific PCRs. DNA sequence analysis of D7 24Sα rRNA amplicons indicated the occurrence of Blastocrithidia sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Two trypanosomatid species other than Leishmania sp. were found to circulate in sand flies in Central Brazil.

Larvicidal efficiency of the mushroom Amanitamuscaria (Agaricales, Amanitaceae) against the mosquito Culexquinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicidae)

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report the larvicidal activity of two formulations from Amanita muscariaagainst Culex quinquefasciatus, as well as the viability of the aqueous extract after storage. METHODS The larvicidal activity of aqueous extract and powder from A. muscaria, and the viability of the aqueous extract after storage, were evaluated. RESULTS The aqueous extract caused larval deaths, which varied from 16.4% to 88.4%. The efficiency of the powder varied from 29.2% to 82.8%. Storage did not interfere with the larvicidal efficiency of the aqueous extract of A. muscaria. CONCLUSIONS These results show the potential of A. muscariato control C. quinquefasciatus.

Three new spkcies of Caraipa (GUTTIFERAE)

Supplementing my monognaph of Caraipa (in Me. New York Bot. Gard., 29:82-130. 1978) three species are described as new.

IDENTIFICAÇÃO BOTÂNICA DE ÁRVORES DE FLORESTA TROPICAL ÚMIDA DA AMAZÔNIA POR MEIO DE COMPUTADOR

Na execução de inventários florestais a identificação das espécies é problemática por causa das dificuldades na obtenção de flores, frutos, sementes e folhas. As chaves analíticas usadas na identificação botânica baseiam-se nas diferenças entre as estruturas reprodutivas das plantas. Por isso, a identificação de árvores usa métodos onde a classificação é feita a partir de caracteres vegetativos. Mostra-se que a partir de um banco de dados dendrológicos é possível proceder a identificação botânica de espécies por meio de um computador. Utilizou-se o programa GUESS e um menu de caracteres botânicos selecionados, que permitem distinguir espécies diferentes. Para cada espécie coletou-se dados de 10 a 20 árvores, na Reserva Ducke e nas Estações de Silvicultura Tropical e Manejo Florestal, do INPA, 26 e 90 km ao norte de Manaus, respectivamente, cujo material botânico foi identificado no Herbário do INPA. O Banco de Dados conta com 226 espécies distribuídas em 34 famílias. O programa permite identificar espécies arbóreas, o qual pode ser usado por botânicos, engenheiros florestais, e outros usuários. A identificação é rápida e confiável, mas não deve ser excluída a consulta a herbários para dirimir dúvidas taxonômicas, dada a grande heterogeneidade florística da floresta tropical.

The influence of fibre orientation on the post-cracking tensile behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete

Adding fibres to concrete provides several advantages, especially in terms of controlling the crack opening width and propagation after the cracking onset. However, distribution and orientation of the fibres toward the active crack plane are significantly important in order to maximize its benefits. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the fibre distribution and orientation on the post-cracking tensile behaviour of the steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) specimens is investigated. For this purpose, several cores were extracted from distinct locations of a panel and were subjected to indirect (splitting) and direct tensile tests. The local stress-crack opening relationship (σ-w) was obtained by modelling the splitting tensile test under the finite element framework and by performing an Inverse Analysis (IA) procedure. Afterwards the σ-w law obtained from IA is then compared with the one ascertained directly from the uniaxial tensile tests. Finally, the fibre distribution/orientation parameters were determined adopting an image analysis technique.

Análise ecológica de um hectare em floresta Ombrófila densa de terra-firme, estrada da Várzea, Amazonas, Brasil1

Foi amostrada fítossociologicamente 1 ha. de floresta tropical densa de terra-firme, em um trecho da Estrada da Várzea, que liga Manaus aos municípios de Silves c Itapiranga, no estado do Amazonas. O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a composição florística e os parâmetros fitossociológicos, necessários para a determinação do índice de valor de importância ecológica das espécies (IVI), bem como a estrutura da vegetação. A distribuição da amostra foi efetuada mediante a análise da imagem de satélite. A amostragem foi na forma de transecto de 10 x 1 .000m dividida em 20 subparcelas de 10 x 50m, totalizando 10.000rn2. Foram abordados todos os indivíduos arbóreos, palmeiras, cipós e ervas terrestres com CAP ≥ 30cm, dos quais obteve-se amostras botânicas para posterior identificação, a qual obedeceu ao sistema de classificação de Cronquist. Como resultado foram registrados 527 indivíduos, que estão distribuídos em 47 famílias, 118 gêneros e 196 espécies. As famílias que apresentaram maior diversidade foram Lecythidaceae (20), Lauraceae (19), Sapotaceae (17), Chrysobalanaceae, Burscraceae (12) c Annonaceae (9) representando 47% da diversidade familiar, demonstrando que a diversidade local está concentrada em poucas famílias. As espécies com maior valor de importância (IVI) foram Goupia glabra Aubl. (9,34), Ocotea rubra(Meiss.) Allen (8,71), influenciados pela exuberância dos seus diâmetros, representados na dominância relativa. Contudo, quando da comparação de densidade local com as obtidas em outros trabalhos, sob os mesmos critérios amostrais, concluiu-se que o local é menos abundante quanto ao número de indivíduos por hectare. Todavia, a diversidade por família c espécies não difere dos resultados alcançados em outras áreas da Amazônia, para florestas de terra-firme.

Fenologia e produtividade do araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata, Myrtaceae) na Amazônia Central

O araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh ssp. sororia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) é uma frutífera nativa da Amazônia Ocidental com potencial para a indústria de sucos e flavorizantes. Embora pouco plantada na Amazônia brasileira devido a sua acidez, é frequentemente cultivada na Amazônia peruana. O conhecimento de sua fenologia pode ajudar no planejamento do manejo do plantio e da comercialização dos frutos. A fenologia de dez plantas, crescendo num latossolo amarelo degradado, foi observada durante cinco anos. O araçá-boi geralmente floresceu e frutificou três vezes ao longo do ano e sempre teve pelo menos um pico de floração forte durante a estação seca (julho a setembro) e um pico de frutificação mais acentuado na estação chuvosa (janeiro a março). A floração é um evento complexo e demorado que pode durar de dois a três meses, embora o período entre o aparecimento do botão floral até a antese do flor é curto (~15 dias) e o período entre a antese e a maturação dos frutos dura 50 a 60 dias. As regressões múltiplas usadas para determinar o efeito das variáveis climáticas na floração e frutificação não apresentaram altos coeficientes de determinação, embora os modelos tenham sido significantes, provavelmente porque o araçá-boi floresce várias vezes durante o ano e ainda não se sabe qual o estímulo mais importante para iniciar o processo. O vingamento dos frutos variou de menos de 5% a aproximadamente 15%. O peso médio dos frutos avaliados em janeiro de 1988 foi 135 g, com 77% de polpa. Ao longo do período, estimou-se que as dez plantas produziram cm média 1000 frutos/ano, com uma mediana de 890 frutos/ano. Os insetos visitantes eram principalmente abelhas, especialmente Apis mellifera, Eulaema mocsaryi e Ptilotrigona lurida.