903 resultados para beach erosion and accretion


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黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室土壤侵蚀模拟实验大厅自 1 992年竣工以来运转正常 ,在降雨面积之大、降雨强度调节范围之宽、降雨特性与天然降雨之接近程度、以及自动化控制程度等方面 ,目前均为全国之最。在土壤侵蚀实验研究中发挥了重要作用。在论述土壤侵蚀模拟实验重要意义的基础上 ,简要介绍了有关模拟降雨装置 (包括降雨喷头、供水管网等 )的设计依据、选型和布设安装等情况 ,并介绍了模拟降雨的基本特征。

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本文进行了一系列水槽试验 ,研究不同长度的侵蚀细沟在坡度及入流量影响下的浅水水流水力学特性、侵蚀量及细沟的形态特征 .所采用的土壤材料为砂壤土 ,试验使用四种入流流量 ,四种坡度 ,四种细沟长度 .记录水流速度、沟宽及径流中的泥沙含量 ,并用多元回归方法分析了它们与坡度、入流量或它们的交互项之间的关系 .提出了一种数学模型来描述试验中沟宽的周期性形态变化 .提出了通过试验得出的不同细沟长度的产沙量来确定水流输沙能力的方法 ,并得出出测定输沙能力的采样长度为 2~ 4m ,通过对细沟形态变化分析进一步说明了所确定的水流输沙能力采样长度的正确性

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该文从降雨、地貌、植被、土壤及人为因素等方面对中国土壤侵蚀的影响因素进行了系统分析 ,研究了土壤侵蚀使中国土地资源破坏、粮食减产、灾害发生、土壤肥力下降、水资源环境污染、库塘湖泊淤积、城市安全受到威胁等一系列危害 ,可供水土保持及环境整治决策作参考

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黄土高原地区地形破碎 ,坡地所占比例大 ,水土流失严重。调查和试验表明 ,在坡耕地上 ,因地制宜地采取各种水土保持耕作技术措施 ,对改变坡面微地貌 ,减少水土流失 ,增加土壤抗蚀、蓄水、保土性能 ;培肥地力和提高作物产量 ,都具有显著作用。该文着重分析了效果明显的 8种耕作技术及其特征 ,供决策部门在制订规划时参考。

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本本文以黄土高原为例,讨论了生态环境建设作为开发西部切入点的科学和实际意 义。从黄土高原毁林毁草耕垦和人为加速侵蚀的发展,剖析了退耕还林还草作为生态环境建 设切入点的科学依据。在此基础上,又进一步剖析了退耕还林还草的切入点及其实施对策。

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介绍了大气散落核素 7Be、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs复合在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源领域中的研究进展 ;阐述了核素比率应用的原理、特点及其能更为敏感地反映土壤侵蚀速率和过程等优点 ;说明多元素复合示踪在推断土壤不同侵蚀过程及估算土壤侵蚀速率方面的作用 ;论述了建立两核素相关深度曲线确定泥沙起源深度的应用原理和特点及其应用范围 ,并对各种方法进行了简单的评价。

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以区域水土流失为主题 ,分析并阐述了该领域的研究现状 ,指出了当前存在的主要问题 ,并对研究的今后发展方向进行了展望。

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本文以翔实的数据说明了我国水土流失严重的现状 ,并从良化生态环境 ,坚持综合整治、搞好小流域治理、提高防洪综合能力、加大执法力度、增强保水保土意识等方面 ,提出了防治我国水土流失的具体途径。

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大田试验研究结果表明 :增施N、P均能增加作物的产量和减少水土流失 ;当N、P用量分别达到 5 5 .2kgN/hm2 和 90kgP2 O5/hm2 时 ,泥沙有机质和全氮流失最少 ,流失量分别为 2 0 89和 1 75kg/km2 ;当N、P用量分别为 5 5 .2kgN/hm2 和 4 5kgP2 O5/hm2 时 ,土壤矿质氮流失最小 ,其流失量仅为 2 7.9kg/km2 ;作物对土壤氮素的吸收 ,可减少土壤氮素的流失 .

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以子午岭土壤侵蚀与生态环境演变观测站长年观测的径流泥沙资料为基础 ,分析了林地及其开垦地不同侵蚀年限土壤的颗粒组成、>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量、抗剪强度和容重等土壤物理力学性质与土壤侵蚀强度的关系。研究结果表明 ,>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量对土壤侵蚀强度影响最大 ,其偏相关系数为 0 .972 8,其次为土壤的粗粉粒含量和抗剪强度。最后对 >0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量和抗剪强度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系进行了分析 ,表明林地开垦后侵蚀第 1年和第 7年为土壤侵蚀强度加剧的转折点 ,说明了森林植被在防治黄土高原土壤侵蚀方面的作用。

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利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ) ,定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明 ,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运 ,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少 ,使 S值的增加更为显著

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区域土壤侵蚀与环境研究,是在比较大的中间尺度和较长的时间尺度上,对土壤侵蚀发生发展过程、土壤侵蚀因子、土壤侵蚀定量评价方法,以及土壤侵蚀治理对环境的影响进行研究的科学与技术体系。该领域的研究,即能直接为国家水土保持宏观决策提供支持,又能揭示土壤侵蚀的宏观规律,并于全球变化研究相联系。我国在该领域的研究主要概括四个方面,包括:①区域土壤侵蚀因子研究,是为认识土壤侵蚀环境特征和进行土壤侵蚀定量评价的基础,②区域土壤侵蚀评价研究,包括调查制图、定性评价和定量评价等,是该研究服务于水土保持实践的基本途径;③水土保持的环境效应研究,是从另外一个视角对土壤侵蚀环境与水土流失及其治理关系的认识。是确切评估水土保持效益,保证水土保持工作健康持续稳定发展的基础。今后应尽快开发区域水土流失定量评价模型,并在区域尺度上对环境效应的方式、范围、程度和发展趋势做出综合计价和分析预测。

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针对流域水文和土壤侵蚀定量模拟分析需要,对基于TIN和Hutchinson方法建立的DEM表现地形形态和起伏的能力进行了对比研究。结果表明,基于TIN建立的DEM始终存在一些平顶现象,一些较小的侵蚀沟被忽略,其上提取的河流不完全连续,多处出现多重线条河流,因而不能如实地反映地形起伏的细部特征。而基于ANUDEM建立的DEM,其派生等高线的形状与输入等高线吻合较好,较好地表现了地形的形态和起伏,对地形和坡度的反映更加连续和光滑,其上提取的河流信息基本与地形图上的河流一致。

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In recent years, the role of human activities in changing sediment yield has become more apparent for the construction of hydraulic engineering and water conservation projections in the Upper Yangtze River, but it has not been evaluated at the macro scale. Taking Sichuan Province and Chongqing City as an example, this paper studies the relationship between socio-economic factors and sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River based on section data in 1989 and 2007. The results show that sediment yield is significantly correlated with population density and cultivated area, in which the former appears to be more closely related to sediment yield. Moreover, in the relation of sediment yield vs. population density, a critical value of population density exists, below which the sediment yield increases with the increase of population density and over which the sediment yield increases with the decrease of population density. The phenomenon essentially reflects the influence of natural factors, such as topography, precipitation and soil property, and some human activities on sediment yield. The region with a higher population density than critical value is located in the east of the study area and is characterized by plains, hills and low mountains, whereas the opposite is located in the west and characterized by middle and high mountains. In the eastern region, more people live on the lands with a low slope where regional soil erosion is slight; therefore, sediment yield is negatively related with population density. In contrast, in the western region, the population tends to aggregate in the areas with abundant soil and water resources which usually lead to a higher intensity of natural erosion, and in turn, high-intensity agricultural practices in these areas may further strengthen local soil erosion. It is also found that population tends to move from the areas with bad environment and high sediment yield to the areas with more comfortable environment and less sediment yield. The natural factors have greater influence on sediment yield of western region than that of eastern region. Generally, the natural factors play a dominant role on sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River.

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Self-assembly morphology effects on the crystalline behavior of asymmetric semicrystalline block copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(L-lactic acid) thin film were investigated. Firstly, a series of distinctive self-assembly aggregates, from spherical to ellipsoid and rhombic lamellar micelles (two different kinds of rhombic micelles, defined as rhomb 1 and rhomb 2) was prepared by means of promoting the solvent selectivity. Then, the effects of these self-assembly aggregates on crystallization at the early stage of film evolution were investigated by in situ hot stage atomic force microscopy. Heterogeneous nucleation initiated from the spherical micelles and dendrites with flat on crystals appeared with increasing temperature. At high temperature, protruding structures were observed due to the thickening of the flat-on crystals and finally more thermodynamically stable crystallization formed. Annealing the rhombic lamellar micelles resulted in different phenomena. Turtle-shell-like crystalline structure initiated from the periphery of the rhombic micelle 1 and spread over the whole film surface in the presence of mostly noncrystalline domain interior. Erosion and small hole appeared at the surface of the rhombic lamellar micelle 2; no crystallization like that in rhomb 1 occurred. It indicated that the chain-folding degree was different in these two micelles, which resulted in different annealing behaviors.