L'expérience de l'imagination comme agent noétique dans les courants ésotériques occidentaux : aspects méthodologiques, historiques et phénoménologiques

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Conception, synthèse et diversification de l'azaGly-Pro : un mime de tour beta, outil d'étude structure-activité : application au développement d'un nouvel agent tocolytique

Les accouchements prématurés constituent un problème médical majeur en constante augmentation et ce, malgré tous les efforts mis en œuvre afin de contrer le déclenchement des contractions avant terme. Cette thèse relate du ''design'' rationnel d'un nouvel agent thérapeutique (i.e., tocolytique) qui serait capable de 1) arrêter les contractions, et 2) prolonger la gestation. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle cible, la prostaglandine F2α et son récepteur ont été sélectionnés et le peptidomimétisme a été choisi afin de résoudre cette problématique. L'introduction contient un historique rapide de la conception à la synthèse (''drug design'') du peptide parent, le PDC113, premier peptide a avoir démontré des aptitudes tocolytiques suffisantes pour faire du peptidomimétisme. La deuxième partie de l'introduction présente les concepts du peptidomimétisme appliqués au PDC113 qui ont permis d'accéder au PDC113.824, inhibiteur allostérique du récepteur de la prostaglandine F2α, et explique comment ce mime nous a permis d'élucider les mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire impliqués dans la contraction musculaire lisse. Cette thèse présente la conception, la synthèse et l'étude structure-activité de mimes de repliement de tour β au sein du mime peptidique original (PDC113.824) dans lequel nous avons remplacé l'azabicycloalkane central (l'indolizidin-2-one) par une série d'autres azabicycloalcanes connus et des acides aza-aminés dont nous avons élaboré la synthèse. Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle stratégie de synthèse en solution de l'aza-glycyl-proline à partir de la diphényle hydrazone et du chloroformate de p-nitrophényle a été réalisée. Cette stratégie a permis d'éliminer les réactions secondaires de cyclisation intramoléculaires communément obtenues lors de l'introduction d'acides aza-aminés avec les protections traditionnelles de type carbamate en présence de phosgène, mais aussi de faciliter l'accès en une étape à des dérivés peptidiques du type aza-glycyle. L'élongation de l'aza-glycyl-proline en solution nous a permis d'accéder à un nouveau mime tetrapeptidique du Smac, un activateur potentiel de l'apoptose au sein de cellules cancéreuses. Par la suite, nous avons développé une stratégie de diversification sélective de l'azote α du résidu azaglycine en utilisant différents types d'halogénures d'alkyle en présence de tert-butoxyde de potassium. Afin de valider le protocole d'alkylation de l'aza-dipeptide, différents halogénures d'alkyle ont été testés. Nous avons également démontré l'utilité des aza-dipeptides résultants en tant que ''building block'' afin d'accéder à une variété d'azapeptides. En effet, l'aza-dipeptide a été déprotégée sélectivement soit en N-terminal soit en C-terminal, respectivement. D'autre part, la libération de l'amine de l'ester méthylique de l'aza-alkylglycyl-proline a conduit à une catégorie de composés à potentiel thérapeutique, les azadicétopipérazines (aza-DKP) par cyclisation intramoléculaire. Enfin, notre intérêt quant au développement d'un nouvel agent tocolytique nous a amené à développer une nouvelle voie de synthèse en solution du PDC113.824 permettant ainsi d'élucider les voies de signalisation intracellulaires du récepteur de la prostaglandine F2α. Afin de valider l'importance de la stéréochimie et d'étudier la relation structure/ activité du mime, nous avons remplacé l'indolizidin-2-one (I2aa) centrale du PDC113.824 par une série d'autres azabicycloalcanes et azadipeptides. Les azabicycloalcanes D-I2aa, quinolizidinone, et indolizidin-9-one ont été synthétisés et incorporés au sein du dit peptide ne donnant aucune activité ni in vitro ni ex vivo, validant ainsi l'importance du tour β de type II' pour le maintien de l'activité biologique du PDC113.824. Finalement, l'insertion d'une série de dérivés aza(alkyl)glycyl-prolyles a mené à de nouveaux inhibiteurs allostériques du récepteur de la PGF2α, l'un contenant l'azaglycine et l'autre, l'azaphénylalanine. Cette thèse a ainsi contribué, grâce à la conception et l'application de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse d'aza-peptides, au développement de nouveaux composés à potentiel thérapeutique afin d'inhiber le travail prématuré.

Zinc as an agent for the prevention of biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria

Les biofilms sont des communautés structurées de micro-organismes enrobées dans une matrice extracellulaire. Les biofilms sont impliqués dans la persistance de plusieurs maladies infectieuses et la matrice extracellulaire du biofilm protège les bactéries contre les cellules du système immunitaire de l'hôte, les antibiotiques et les désinfectants. Récemment notre laboratoire a démontré que le zinc inhibe la formation de biofilm chez Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, une bactérie pathogène du porc. Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer l'effet du zinc sur la croissance et la formation du biofilm chez différentes bactéries pathogènes du porc, telles que Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus parasuis, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus et Streptococcus suis. Les bactéries ont été cultivées dans des plaques de 96 puits sous condition optimale de formation de biofilm et les biofilms ont été colorés au cristal violet. La présence du biofilm a été confirmée par microscopie confocale à balayage laser à l’aide du marqueur fluorescent FilmTracerTM FM ® 1-43. À des concentrations micromolaires, le zinc inhibe faiblement la croissance bactérienne et bloque d'une manière dose-dépendante la formation de biofilm d’A. pleuropneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium et H. parasuis. De plus, la formation de biofilm de E. coli, S. aureus et S. suis a été faiblement inhibée par le zinc. Nos résultats indiquent que le zinc a un effet inhibiteur sur la formation de biofilm de la plupart des pathogènes bactériens d'origine porcine. Cependant, le mécanisme sous-jacent de l'activité anti-biofilm du zinc reste à être caractérisé.

An algorithm for identifying agent-k-linked allocations in economies with indivisibilities

We consider envy-free (and budget-balanced) rules that are least manipulable with respect to agents counting or with respect to utility gains. Recently it has been shown that for any profile of quasi-linear preferences, the outcome of any such least manipulable envy-free rule can be obtained via agent-k-linked allocations. This note provides an algorithm for identifying agent-k-linked allocations.

Effect of curing temperature , fibre loading and bonding agent on the equilibrium swelling of isora-natural rubbercomposites

Isora fibre-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were cured at 80, 100, 120 and 150°C using a low temperature curing accelerator system. Composites were also prepared using a conventional accelerator system and cured at 150°C. The swelling behavior of these composites at varying fibre loadings was studied in toluene and hexane. Results show that the uptake of solvent and volume fraction of rubber due to swelling was lower for the low temperature cured vulcanizates which is an indication of the better fibre/rubber adhesion. The uptake of aromatic solvent was higher than that of aliphatic solvent, for all the composites. As the fibre content increased, the solvent uptake decreased, due to the superior solvent resistance of the fibre and good fibre-rubber interactions. The bonding agent improved the swelling resistance of the composites due to the strong interfacial adhesion. Due to the improved adhesion between the fibre and rubber, the ratio of the change in volume fraction of rubber due to swelling to the volume fraction of rubber in the dry sample (V,) was found to decrease in the presence of bonding agent. At a fixed fibre loading, the alkali treated fibre composite showed a lower percentage swelling than untreated one for both systems showing superior rubber-fibre interactions.

Mechanical Properties of Short-Isora-Fiber-Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites: Effects of Fiber Length, Orientation, and Loading; Alkali Treatment;and Bonding Agent

A series of short-isora-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites were prepared by the incorporation of fibers of different lengths (6, 10, and 14 mm) at 15 phr loading and at different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 phr) with a 10 mm fiber length. Mixes were also prepared with 10 mm long fibers treated with a 5% NaOH solution. The vulcanization parameters, processability, and stress-strain properties of these composites were analyzed. Properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, and tensile modulus were found to be at maximum for composites containing longitudinally oriented fibers 10 mm in length. Mixes containing fiber loadings of 30 phr with bonding agent (resorcinol-formaldehyde [RF] resin) showed mechanical properties superior to all other composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to investigate the fiber surface morphology, fiber pullout, and fiber-rubber interface. SEM studies showed that the bonding between the fiber and rubber was improved with treated fibers and with the use of bonding agent.

Tribasic Lead Sulphate as Efficient Curing Agent for Polychloroprene

Tribasic lead sulphate is tried as a practical curing agent for polychloroprene. The cure characteristics of the compounds as well as the technical properties of the vulcanizates show that it can act as a potential curative.

Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Nitrile Rubber/Reclaimed Rubber Blend

Blends of nitrile rubber and reclaimed rubber containing different levels of a coupling agent, Si 69 (bis(3- triethoxysilyl propyl)(tetrasulphide) were prepared and the cure characteristic's and mechanical properties were studied. Optimum loading of Si-69 was found to be a function of blend ratio. 3 phi- of Si 69 in a 70:30. Blend was found to be the optimum combination with respect to the mechanical properties. The rate and state of cure were also affected bv the conp/ing agent. Tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance were improved in the presence of coupling agent. While the state of cure improved, the cure rate and scorch time decreased with increasing silane content. Ageing studies showed that the blends containing the coupling agent were inferior to the unmodified blends.

Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Chloroprene Rubber/Reclaimed Rubber Blend

Chloroprene rubber was blended with whole tire reclaimed rubber (WTR) in presence of different levels of a coupling agent Si69 [bis- (3-(triethoxysilyl)propy1)tetrasuIfide] and the cure characteristics and mechanical properties were studied. The rate and state of cure were also affected by the coupling agent. While the cure time was increased, the cure rate and scorch time were decreased with increasing silane content. Tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance were improved in the presence of coupling agent. Compression set and resilience were adversely affected in presence of silane-coupling agent.Aging studies showed that the blends containing the coupling agent were inferior to the unmodified blends.

Rheological Characteristics of Short Nylon -6 Fiber Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber Containing Epoxy Resin as Bonding Agent

The rheological characteristics of short Nylon-6 fiber-reinforced Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR) in the presence of epoxy resin-based bonding agent were studied with respect to the effect of shear rate, fiber concentration , and temperature on shear viscosity and die swell using a capillary rheonzeter. All the composites containing bonding agent showed a pseudoplastic nature, which decreased with increasing temperature. Shear viscosity was increased in the presence of fibers. The temperature sensitivity of the SBR matrices was reduced on introduction of fibers. The temperature sensitivity of the melts was found to be lower at higher shear rates. Die swell was reduced in the presence of fibers. Relative viscosity of the composites increased with shear rate. In the presence of epoxy resin bonding agent the temperature sensitivity of the mixes increased. Die swell was larger in the presence of bonding agent.

Effect of Urethane Based Bonding Agent on the Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber - Whole Tyre Reclaim - Short Nylon Fiber Composite

The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of short nylon fiber- styrene /whole tyre reclaim (SBR/WTR) composites with and without an interfacial bonding agent based on 4,4 diphenyl methane diisocyanate and polyethylene glycol (MDI/PEG) have been studied. An 80:40 blend of SBR/ WTR reinforced with 20 phr of short nylon fiber has been selected and the MDI/ PEG ratio has been changed from 0.67:1 to 2:1. The minimum and maximum torques increased with isocyanate concentration. The scorch time and cure time showed an initial reduction. The cure rate showed an initial improvement. Tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance increased with MDI/PEG ratio, these values were higher in longitudinal direction. Resilience and compression set increased with isocyanate concentration.

Studies on short Nylon-6 fiber - elastomer composites with epoxy resin as bonding agent

The thesis describes the development and evaluation of epoxy resin as interfacial bonding agent for short Nylon-6 fiber elastomer composites. Epoxy resin is well known for its adhesive property. The potential use of it as interfacial bonding agent in short fiber composite is not explored yet. Three rubbers viz., acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), Neoprene rubber (CR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were selected and different fiber loading were tried. The resin concentration was optimized for each fiber loading with respect to cure characteristics and mechanical properties. Rheological characteristics and thermal degradation of the composites containing different fiber loading and different resin concentrations were studied in detail to find the effect of epoxy resin bonding system. The mechanical properties were studied in detail. The short Nylon -6 fiber improved most of the mechanical properties of all the three rubbers. Tensile strength showed a dip at 10 phr fiber loading in the case of CR while it was continuously increased with fiber loading in the case of NBR and SBR. All the composites showed anisotropy in mechanical properties. The epoxy resin is an effective bonding agent for short Nylon -6 fiber reinforced NBR and CR composites. Epoxy resin improved tensile strength, abrasion resistance and modulus of these composites. SEM studies confirmed the improved bonding of fiber and matrix in the presence of epoxy bonding agent. Epoxy resin was not effective as bonding agent in the case of short Nylon fiber- SBR composite. From the rheological studies of the composites with and without bonding agent it was observed that all the composite exhibited pseudoplasticity, which decreased with temperature. At higher shear rates all the mixes showed plug flow. SEM pictures showed that maximum orientation of fibers occured at a shear rate, just before the onset of plug flow. The presence of fiber reduced the temperature sensitivity of the flow at a given shear rate. Die swell was reduced in the presence of fiber. Shear viscosity of the composite was increased in the presence of resin. Die swell was increased in the presence of epoxy resin for composites at all shear rates. The thermal degradation of NBR and SBR composites with and without bonding agent followed single step degradation pattern. Thermal stability of the composites was improved in the presence of bonding agent. The degradation of virgin elastomer and the composites followed first order kinetics.

Physicochemical and molecular characterization of bacteriophages ΦSP-1 and ΦSP-3, specific for pathogenic Salmonella and evaluation of their potential as biocontrol agent

This thesis entitled Physicochemical and molecular characterization of bacteriophages ΦSP-1and ΦSP-3, specific for pathogenic Salmonella and evaluation of their potential as biocontrol agent . Salmonella were screened using standard methodologies from various environmental samples including chicken caecum. Salmonella strains, which were previously isolated and stocked in the lab, were also included in this study as host, for screening Salmonella specific lytic phages. The Salmonella strain in this study designated as S49 which helped in phage propagation by acting as host bacteria was identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica by 16S rRNA gene analysis and serotyping . A total of three Salmonella specific phage named as ΦSP-1, ΦSP-2 and ΦSP-3 were isolated from chicken intestine samples via an enrichment protocol employing the double agar overlay method. ΦSP-1 and ΦSP-3 showing consistent lytic nature were selected for further study and were purified by repeated plating after picking of single isolated plaques from the lawns of Salmonella S49 plates. Both the phages produced small, clear plaques indicating their lytic nature. ΦSP-1 and ΦSP-3 were concentrated employing PEG-NaCl precipitation method before further characterization. The focus of present study was to isolate, characterize and verify the efficacy of lytic bacteriophages against the robust pathogen Salmonella, capable of surviving under various hostile conditions. Two phages, ΦSP-1 and ΦSP-3, belonging to two families, Podovoridae and Siphoviridae were isolated.

Intelligent Agent-based Multilingual Information Retrieval System

The goal of this work is to develop an Open Agent Architecture for Multilingual information retrieval from Relational Database. The query for information retrieval can be given in plain Hindi or Malayalam; two prominent regional languages of India. The system supports distributed processing of user requests through collaborating agents. Natural language processing techniques are used for meaning extraction from the plain query and information is given back to the user in his/ her native language. The system architecture is designed in a structured way so that it can be adapted to other regional languages of India