Delayed presentation of deep penetrating trauma to the subaxial cervical spine.

PURPOSE: To present a rare case of deep penetrating neck trauma in which a retained foreign body in the cervical spine (a broken knife blade) resulted in delayed radicular injury. We describe the surgical management using a retrojugular approach. CASE REPORT: Our patient sustained a stab wound to the supraclavicular triangle from a small pocketknife. He was initially managed in a local hospital by simple primary wound closure without any radiological examinations, and was discharged home. The patient re-consulted in a delayed fashion with mild local persistent neck pain. Subsequent radiological investigations revealed a foreign body (the broken blade of a pocket knife) embedded in the left neural foramen between the C6 and C7 vertebrae penetrating the disc space. The blade was lying between the left C7 nerve root and the ipsilateral vertebral artery (VA) at the transition of V1 and V2 segments. Initial neurological evaluation was normal. Some days later, the patient developed a delayed left C7 radicular deficit. We undertook urgent exploration along the wound corridor through a retrojugular, transforaminal approach with successful removal of the blade. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is a unique case where a retained foreign body penetrated the soft tissues of the neck, embedding deep in the vertebral column without vascular, aerodigestive or significant primary neurological injury, while causing delayed neck pain and delayed onset radicular injury. We describe our surgical management for removal of the retained blade. The retrojugular approach gives excellent access to all of the important anatomical structures of the neck from an anterolateral approach.

Comprometimento ósseo do joelho pós-trauma: avaliação pela ressonância magnética

Neste trabalho são apresentados 50 casos de trauma do joelho submetidos a ressonância magnética, no período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1997. Foram avaliados o aspecto e a incidência das principais alterações ósseas, correlacionando-as com os mecanismos de agressão e com os dados clínicos, e demonstrando as principais lesões associadas. As contusões ósseas foram os achados mais comuns, sendo encontradas em 38 indivíduos (76%). As fraturas osteocondrais ocorreram em cinco pacientes (10%). As fraturas ósseas foram detectadas em cinco casos (10%), sendo três deles associados a contusão de outros compartimentos ósseos adjacentes. A condromalácia da patela mostrou-se presente em apenas dois indivíduos (4%). Concluímos que a ressonância magnética é o método de escolha no estudo por imagem para o diagnóstico das lesões ósseas no trauma do joelho.

Tumor de pequenas células redondas desmoplásico intra-abdominal: relato de caso

Os autores relatam um caso de tumor de pequenas células redondas desmoplásico intra-abdominal acometendo paciente do sexo masculino, de 21 anos de idade, atendido com quadro de dor abdominal, trombose do membro inferior direito e perda da função renal, de causa obstrutiva. A investigação demonstrou volumosa lesão abdominopélvica, sólida, bocelada, com áreas císticas internas, situada posteriormente à bexiga, causando obstrução ureteral, compressão da veia ilíaca direita e oclusão parcial do reto, além de acometimento de linfonodos intra e retroperitoneais. São descritos os achados cirúrgicos, de ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, bem como aqueles do estudo macroscópico, microscopia e imuno-histoquímica.

Valor da ultra-sonografia abdominal com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 mhz no diagnóstico de apendicite

Neste trabalho procura-se estabelecer o valor da ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico de apendicite, com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 MHz. Foi realizado estudo transversal de casos consecutivos de 240 pacientes, de abril de 1996 a setembro de 1998, com suspeita de apendicite. Os critérios ecográficos de apendicite foram apêndice não-compressível e com espessura acima de 6,0 mm, com ou sem apendicólito e/ou coleção. O padrão ouro utilizado foram achados cirúrgicos e acompanhamento clínico durante um ano. A prevalência de apendicite foi de 59%. A ultra-sonografia mostrou sensibilidade de 90%, especificidade de 97%, acurácia de 93%, valor preditivo positivo de 98% e valor preditivo negativo de 87%, tendo ocorrido 2,4% de falso-positivos e 13% de falso-negativos. O ultra-som com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 MHz mostra-se um método muito eficaz no diagnóstico de apendicite.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Abdominal Complications After Lung Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Due to the underlying diseases and the need for immunosuppression, patients after lung transplantation are particularly at risk for gastrointestinal (GI) complications that may negatively influence long-term outcome. The present study assessed the incidences and impact of GI complications after lung transplantation and aimed to identify risk factors. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all 227 consecutively performed single- and double-lung transplantations at the University hospitals of Lausanne and Geneva was performed between January 1993 and December 2010. Logistic regressions were used to test the effect of potentially influencing variables on the binary outcomes overall, severe, and surgery-requiring complications, followed by a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Final analysis included 205 patients for the purpose of the present study, and 22 patients were excluded due to re-transplantation, multiorgan transplantation, or incomplete datasets. GI complications were observed in 127 patients (62 %). Gastro-esophageal reflux disease was the most commonly observed complication (22.9 %), followed by inflammatory or infectious colitis (20.5 %) and gastroparesis (10.7 %). Major GI complications (Dindo/Clavien III-V) were observed in 83 (40.5 %) patients and were fatal in 4 patients (2.0 %). Multivariate analysis identified double-lung transplantation (p = 0.012) and early (1993-1998) transplantation period (p = 0.008) as independent risk factors for developing major GI complications. Forty-three (21 %) patients required surgery such as colectomy, cholecystectomy, and fundoplication in 6.8, 6.3, and 3.9 % of the patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified Charlson comorbidity index of ≥3 as an independent risk factor for developing GI complications requiring surgery (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: GI complications after lung transplantation are common. Outcome was rather encouraging in the setting of our transplant center.

Ruptura traumática do diafragma: aspectos na tomografia computadorizada

A ruptura traumática do diafragma é uma condição incomum, porém cada vez mais freqüentemente diagnosticada pela tomografia computadorizada, especialmente pela técnica helicoidal associada às reconstruções multiplanares, possibilitando a adoção de conduta terapêutica cirúrgica rápida e eficiente. Os autores estudaram seis pacientes com ruptura traumática do diafragma submetidos a tomografia computadorizada, que demonstrou herniação de estruturas abdominais para o interior do tórax através de área de ruptura na hemicúpula frênica esquerda em quatro casos; os outros dois pacientes foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico por trauma abdominal associado, que demonstrou lesões diafragmáticas, sem evidência de herniação na tomografia computadorizada.

Contribuição da ultra-sonografia abdominal no seguimento de pacientes pós-tratamento de câncer mamário

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição da ultra-sonografia abdominal em um grupo de pacientes em seguimento pós-tratamento de câncer primário da mama. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os resultados dos exames ecográficos abdominais em 100 prontuários de pacientes tratadas de câncer primário da mama, realizados de janeiro a dezembro de 1997, no Setor de Ultra-sonografia da Divisão de Radiologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Informações como idade, tipo histológico, estadiamento, número e resultados dos exames ultra-sonográficos foram tabelados e analisados. RESULTADOS: Em 70% dos casos os laudos ecográficos abdominais eram normais. O diagnóstico de metástase hepática foi de 3%. CONCLUSÃO: O maior porcentual de alterações encontradas não estava relacionado diretamente como complicação do câncer mamário.

Endovascular Versus Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Best Decision.

Since the first implantation of an endograft in 1991, endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) rapidly gained recognition. Historical trials showed lower early mortality rates but these results were not maintained beyond 4 years. Despite newer-generation devices, higher rates of reintervention are associated with EVAR during follow-up. Therefore, the best therapeutic decision relies on many parameters that the physician has to take in consideration. Patient's preferences and characteristics are important, especially age and life expectancy besides health status. Aneurysmal anatomical conditions remain probably the most predictive factor that should be carefully evaluated to offer the best treatment. Unfavorable anatomy has been observed to be associated with more complications especially endoleak, leading to more re-interventions and higher risk of late mortality. Nevertheless, technological advances have made surgeons move forward beyond the set barriers. Thus, more endografts are implanted outside the instructions for use despite excellent results after open repair especially in low-risk patients. When debating about AAA repair, some other crucial points should be analysed. It has been shown that strict surveillance is mandatory after EVAR to offer durable results and prevent late rupture. Such program is associated with additional costs and with increased risk of radiation. Moreover, a risk of loss of renal function exists when repetitive imaging and secondary procedures are required. The aim of this article is to review the data associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm and its treatment in order to establish selection criteria to decide between open or endovascular repair.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: What About Screening?

The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in general population is 4-9% with a high mortality rate when ruptured. Therefore, screening programs were developed in many countries to detect small and large AAA in selected patients. Indeed, prevalence of AAA increases in patients over 65 years old with cigarette smoking history. This paper reviews recent literature related to AAA screening focusing on epidemiology, screening tests and evidence based medicine to highlight not only advantages but also disadvantages of screening programs among population.

Prediction of multiple infections after severe burn trauma: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop predictive models for early triage of burn patients based on hypersusceptibility to repeated infections. BACKGROUND: Infection remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity after severe trauma, demanding new strategies to combat infections. Models for infection prediction are lacking. METHODS: Secondary analysis of 459 burn patients (≥16 years old) with 20% or more total body surface area burns recruited from 6 US burn centers. We compared blood transcriptomes with a 180-hour cutoff on the injury-to-transcriptome interval of 47 patients (≤1 infection episode) to those of 66 hypersusceptible patients [multiple (≥2) infection episodes (MIE)]. We used LASSO regression to select biomarkers and multivariate logistic regression to built models, accuracy of which were assessed by area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and cross-validation. RESULTS: Three predictive models were developed using covariates of (1) clinical characteristics; (2) expression profiles of 14 genomic probes; (3) combining (1) and (2). The genomic and clinical models were highly predictive of MIE status [AUROCGenomic = 0.946 (95% CI: 0.906-0.986); AUROCClinical = 0.864 (CI: 0.794-0.933); AUROCGenomic/AUROCClinical P = 0.044]. Combined model has an increased AUROCCombined of 0.967 (CI: 0.940-0.993) compared with the individual models (AUROCCombined/AUROCClinical P = 0.0069). Hypersusceptible patients show early alterations in immune-related signaling pathways, epigenetic modulation, and chromatin remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: Early triage of burn patients more susceptible to infections can be made using clinical characteristics and/or genomic signatures. Genomic signature suggests new insights into the pathophysiology of hypersusceptibility to infection may lead to novel potential therapeutic or prophylactic targets.