Morphological variation with interspecific implications in a population of Sigara dorsalis (Leach) (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Corixidae), and a request for British specimens

Sigara dorsalis belongs to a very closely related group of six species forming the sub-genus Sigara sensu strictu. Each of the six species has a distinct allopatric geographical distribution in Europe. Studies were started on a series of populations in the north west Midlands of England. All the populations examined, except one, contained only males with the typical diagnostic features of S. dorsalis, albeit with considerable variation. One pond near Congleton, Cheshire situated in a permanent-ley pasture and apparently free from pollution contained typical S. dorsalis males but, in addition, many atypical individuals. From one sample of forty-six males, all possessed left parameres with the slight point on the dorsal surface characteristic of S. dorsalis. However, almost half possessed additional morphological features intermediate between S. dorsalis and S. striata.

Seasonal variation in the diurnal periodicity of activity of the perch, Perca fluviatilis L. [Translation from: Kalamies 1973(3) 3.]

The most common catch of the amateur angler is the perch and it is the diurnal periodicity of activity (& catchability) which is examined in this study based on earlier articles and manuscripts by the authors. Of all environmental factors, variation in light and temperature are the chief reasons in establishing the times of activity periods. Winter, summer and autumn activity was studied. The spawning perch was found to be more active than the non-spawning perch. The time of day in which the fish may be active is dependant on its ability to sense changes in the external environment. Its adaptation to light is the reason for day-activity in the winter, and also accounts for the fact that hardly any activity occurs between sunset and sunrise when this period exceeds 6 hours.

Ecological significance of seasonal variation in clutch-size of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer in alpine lakes of high altitudes (Val Bognanco) [Translation from: Bollettino di Zoologia 37 491-492, 1970]

This brief paper describes the significance of seasonal variation in clutch-size of the copepod Arctodiaptomus bacillifer in alpine lakes of high altitudes (Val Bognanco). Seasonal dynamics of the zooplankton of these lakes was studied during summer and autumn of 1968 and 1969and results are summarised.

Highly sensitive wave-front sensor with a non-zero-order phase plate

We propose a novel highly sensitive wave front detection method for a quick check of a flat wave front by taking advantage of a non-zero-order pi phase plate that yields a non-zero-order diffraction pattern. When a light beam with a flat wave front illuminates a phase plate, the zero-order intensity is zero. When there is a slight distortion of the wave front, the zero-order intensity increases. The ratio of first-order intensity to that of zero-order intensity is used as the criterion with which to judge whether the wave front under test is flat, eliminating the influence of background light. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is efficient, robust, and cost-effective and should be highly interesting for a quick check of a flat wave front of a large-aperture laser beam and adaptive optical systems. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Dielectric recovery of short A-C arcs between low-boiling-point electrodes

The re-ignition characteristics (variation of re-ignition voltage with time after current zero) of short alternating current arcs between plane brass electrodes in air were studied by observing the average re-ignition voltages on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope and controlling the rates of rise of voltage by varying the shunting capacitance and hence the natural period of oscillation of the reactors used to limit the current. The shape of these characteristics and the effects on them of varying the electrode separation, air pressure, and current strength were determined.

The results show that short arc spaces recover dielectric strength in two distinct stages. The first stage agrees in shape and magnitude with a previously developed theory that all voltage is concentrated across a partially deionized space charge layer which increases its breakdown voltage with diminishing density of ionization in the field-tree space. The second stage appears to follow complete deionization by the electric field due to displacement of the field-free region by the space charge layer, its magnitude and shape appearing to be due simply to increase in gas density due to cooling. Temperatures calculated from this second stage and ion densities determined from the first stage by means of the space charge equation and an extrapolation of the temperature curve are consistent with recent measurements of arc value by other methods. Analysis or the decrease with time of the apparent ion density shows that diffusion alone is adequate to explain the results and that volume recombination is not. The effects on the characteristics of variations in the parameters investigated are found to be in accord with previous results and with the theory if deionization mainly by diffusion be assumed.

Variation in bacterial populations in time and space

Obtaining a reliable estimate of the bacterial population is one of the main problems facing the bacterial ecologist. The author discusses the various methods available and concludes that the observed variability in bacterial populations depends on the sampling interval used.

Description of sampling stations, methods of benthic sampling and biological water quality assessment; with some consideration of the influence of sample variation on the assessment values obtained

The first bilateral study of methods of biological sampling and biological methods of water quality assessment took place during June 1977 on selected sampling sites in the catchment of the River Trent (UK). The study was arranged in accordance with the protocol established by the joint working group responsible for the Anglo-Soviet Environmental Agreement. The main purpose of the bilateral study in Nottingham was for some of the methods of sampling and biological assessment used by UK biologists to be demonstrated to their Soviet counterparts and for the Soviet biologists to have the opportunity to test these methods at first hand in order to judge the potential of any of these methods for use within the Soviet Union. This paper is concerned with the nine river stations in the Trent catchment.

Corroborative studies on the effects of sample variation on three macroinvertebrate biological assessment methods at different water quality states

In recent collaborative biological sampling exercises organised by the Nottingham Regional Laboratory of the Severn-Trent Water Authority, the effect of handnet sampling variation on the quality and usefulness of the data obtained has been questioned, especially when this data is transcribed into one or more of the commonly used biological methods of water quality assessment. This study investigates if this effect is constant at sites with similar typography but differing water quality states when the sampling method is standardized and carried out by a single operator. An argument is made for the use of a lowest common denominator approach to give a more consistent result and obviate the effect of sampling variation on these biological assessment methods.

Quantificação da área ocupada pela guta-percha e pelo Resilon em canais achatados após termoplastificação

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar, comparativamente, a área de preenchimento de dois materiais obturadores sólidos, cones de guta-percha (GP) e cones de Resilon (R), no terço apical de incisivos inferiores humanos, ex vivo, obturados pela técnica da onda contínua de condensação. Os espécimes foram submetidos a um protocolo, desde a cirurgia de acesso até o final do preparo químico-mecânico e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, de 21 dentes cada, de acordo com o material utilizado. Não foi utilizado cimento endodôntico em nenhuma das amostras. Após a obturação, as amostras foram seccionadas transversalmente em dois níveis, a 3 e a 5mm do ápice, e subdivididas em grupos de acordo com a altura de corte e do material obturador, sendo estabelecido: GP3 (guta-percha com corte a 3mm), GP5 (guta-percha com corte a 5mm), R3 (Resilon com corte a 3mm) e R5 (Resilon com corte a 5mm). Posteriormente, as amostras foram submetidas a um processo de lixamento e polimento e examinadas em microscópio óptico por reflexão com aumento de 50x a 100x. Para a análise e processamento digital das imagens, foi utilizado o sistema de imagens Axio Vision 4.6 para Windows, sendo obtidas as medidas para cada área observada em micrômetros (μm); uma da área da cavidade, e outra da área de material obturador. Foi aferido o grau de circularidade de cada amostra, por uma fórmula matemática utilizada automaticamente pelo programa, onde 1 (um) é considerado o círculo perfeito e, quanto mais achatado o canal, mais tendente a 0 (zero) nesta escala. Obteve-se a área do canal, a circularidade de 0 a 1, a área preenchida pelo material obturador e, a porcentagem da área de preenchimento do material obturador em relação à área do canal. Foi realizado o cruzamento dos grupos dois a dois pelo teste t de Student, sendo verificada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos GP3 e R3, tendo o grupo R3 apresentado maior porcentagem de área do canal radicular preenchida pelo material obturador em suas amostras (p<0,05). Na relação da circularidade com a quantidade de preenchimento, com o teste de Correlação de Pearson, não foi observada forte correlação entre a forma final do canal (relação de circularidade) e a quantidade de preenchimento do canal radicular pelos materiais obturadores testados. Conclui-se que houve grande variação de preenchimento mínimo e máximo em todos os grupos testados e o Resilon apresentou maior porcentagem de preenchimento de área do canal radicular em suas amostras.

Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital holography

A simple method to suppress the zero-order diffraction in the reconstructed image of digital holography is presented. In this method, the Laplacian of a detected hologram is used instead of the hologram itself for numerical reconstruction by computing the discrete Fresnel integral. This method can significantly improve the image quality and give better resolution and higher accuracy of the reconstructed image. The main advantages of this method are its simplicity in experimental requirements and convenience in data processing. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.