Charter and Context: The Facts for Which We Need Evidence and The Mysterious Other Ones

Cet article a précédemment été publié par la Supreme Court Law Review (Second Series).

Justice constitutionnelle et subsidiarité : l'apport de l'expérience canadienne pour la construction européenne

La précision des critères d’application du principe de subsidiarité et le développement de son contrôle par les institutions politiques constituent un progrès vers un plus grand respect de ce principe ; ces avancées restent néanmoins insuffisantes à en prévenir toute violation. En droit canadien, le problème est similaire, la précision des critères de la clause Paix, Ordre et Bon Gouvernement et de la clause de commerce, si utile qu’elle soit, ne permet pas d’éviter tout conflit de loi. L’étude de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice montre ses réticences à procéder à un contrôle allant au-delà de la recherche d’une motivation formelle de la nécessité de l’intervention européenne. Pourtant, la comparaison de la capacité à agir des différents niveaux de gouvernements, capacité à agir évoluant dans le temps, ne peut se faire sans référence au contexte d’application de la norme. La Cour de Justice pourrait comme la Cour Suprême du Canada, expliciter dans ses décisions son appréciation de la capacité à agir de chaque niveau de gouvernement. La subsidiarité éclaire sous un jour nouveau la clause de commerce ou la doctrine de l’intérêt national, jusqu’alors parfois perçues comme permettant un développement constant et unilatéral des compétences fédérales au détriment de celles des provinces. L’efficacité du contrôle du principe de subsidiarité ne dépend pas seulement de la Cour qui le met en œuvre mais peut aussi dépendre des institutions politiques l’ayant saisi, de l’argumentation des requérants en particuliers.

Encadrement provincial des valeurs mobilières : à la recherche d’un modèle amélioré

Mise en garde : Ce mémoire a été réalisé grâce au soutien financier du Fonds d’éducation et de saine gouvernance de l'Autorité des marchés financiers. Les informations, opinions et avis exprimés n'engagent que la responsabilité de Marie-Annick Laurendeau.

Constitution de l’univers discursif de la prostitution au Québec : enjeux autour de la sexualité dans les médias québécois à la lumière du projet de loi C-36

Ce mémoire vise à explorer les manières dont les discours autour de la sexualité furent créés et comment ils ont circulé dans les médias québécois suite à la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada en décembre 2013 de réviser les articles de loi en matière de prostitution (Canada (Procureur général) c. Bedford, 2013 CSC 72). En mobilisant une analyse de discours tout en puisant dans la théorie féministe afin de conceptualiser la sexualité en ce qui concerne les systèmes de classes sexuelles et de dynamiques sexuelles, l’analyse suivante aborde des discours rivaux dans un cadre temporel qui suit l'invalidation des lois jusqu'au dépôt du projet de loi C-36 présenté par le Parti conservateur. Les discours déployés dans les médias et les systèmes de régulation qu’ils entraînent (voix privilégiées, couverture orientée, débats encadrés etc.) aident à mettre de l’avant certaines idées autour de la sexualité tout en les normalisant. Par l’entremise de nombreux sujets sociaux (des politicien-nes, des groupes de femmes, des universitaires, des femmes prostituées et des avocat-es), les discours rivaux articulés autour de la morale et du choix en matière de sexualité ont nourri un débat public construit sur un antagonisme semblable à celui exprimé lors des sex wars féministes. Ce mémoire comprend ces discours encadrés au sein du débat sur la prostitution comme étant constitutifs dans la compréhension des systèmes actuels de sexualité et de classes sexuelles.

Judicial Review of Academic Decisions

This thesis entitled “Judicial review of academic decisions.Education in India is being increasingly controlled and guided by the courts.This study makes an attempt to assess the involvement of the court in regulating education and its role or interference in the conventional concepts of ‘academic freedom’ and ‘university autonomy.The study mostly concentrates on the jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution and its invocation in academic matters with particular reference to the decisions of the Kerala High Court.The concept of judicial review in the Constituent Assembly, initial approach of the Supreme Court of India towards the doctrine, gradual empowerment of Indian judiciary in this area and the resultant judicial activism.The study proceeds through the analysis of ‘academic freedom’ and ‘university autonomy’ in the 4"‘ chapter. This chapter attempts to probe academic freedom and university autonomy in India,England and United States and autonomy of Indian universities before and after independence.Basic principles and the jurisdictional parameters of judicial review in the area of academic decisions, as pronounced by the Apex Court, can be convincingly and consistently followed by the High Courts, which is possible only if special Academic Benches are constituted.

Judicial Creativity in Constitutional Interpretation

The focus of study in this thesis is on the necessity and extent of judicial creativity in interpreting provisions in certain crucial areas in the Constitution of India. Judicial innovation was essential to adapt the constitutional provisions to modern changed context. Creativity of the Court has been mainly in the creation and introduction of certain new concepts not found in any specific provision of the Constitution which, but were essential for its meaningful interpretation.Independence of the judiciary, basic structure and certain elements of social justice cherished as ideal by the makers of the Constitution are some such concepts infused into the Constitution by the judiciary. The second aspect of creativity lies in the attempt of the Court to construe provisions in the Constitution with a view to upholding and maintaining the concepts so infused into the Constitution. Introduction of those concepts into the Constitution was necessary and is justified. all important features of the Constitution like democratic form of government, federal structure, judicial review, independence of judiciary and rule of law were thus included in the doctrine to prevent their alteration by amendments.As a result of such a construction, the nature of those directive principles itself has changed. They ceased to be mere directives for state action but became mandate for it. If left to legislative or executive will for their implementation, the directives would have remained enforceable as ordinary right.To conclude, notwithstanding the errors committed by the Supreme Court in construing the provisions in the above areas, they stand testimony to its creative and innovative response in interpreting the Constitution. If this trend is continued, it will be possible to achieve through the judicial process, maintenance of independence of the judiciary, avoidance of destruction of the Constitution through the process of amendment and realisation of social justice envisaged in the directive principles. It can be hoped that the Court would maintain its energetic and vibrant mind and rise up to the occasions and extend the same to other areas in future.

Rights of the Prisoner: An Evolving Jurisprudence

Imprisonment is the most common method of punishment resorted to by almost all legal systems.The new theories of crime causation propounded in the latter half of the nineteenth century gave rise to the feeling that the prisons could be used as appropriate institutions for reforming the offenders. It called for individualisation of punishment.As a result of international movements for humanisation of prisons the judiciary' in tine common law countries started taking active interest in prisoner's treatment.Various studies reveal that much has been done in America to improve the lot of prisoners and to treat them as human beings.The courts there have gone to the extent of saying that there is no iron curtain between a prisoner and the constitution. Most of the rights available to citizens except those which they cannot enjoy due to the conditions of incarceration have also been granted to prisoner.In India also the judiciary has come forward to protect the rights of the prisoners.Maneka Gandhi is a turning point in prisoner's rights.The repeated intervention of courts in prison administration project the view that prisoners have been denied the basic human rights.The High Courts and the Supreme Court of India have been gradually exercising jurisdiction ixl assuming prison justice, including improving the quality of food and amenities, payment of wages and appropriate standards of medical care. Access to courts must be made easier to the aggrieved prisoners.The government should come forward along with some public spirited citizens and voluntary organisations to form a "discharged prisoner“ aid society. The society should exploit opportunities for rehabilitation of prisoners after their release.Most of the prison buildings in the State of Kerala are ill-equipped, ill furnished and without proper ventilation or sanitation and with insufficient water supply arrangements.In India prisoners and prisons today are governed by the old central legislations like Prisons Act l894 Prisoners Act 1900 and the Transfer of Prisoners Act 1950.

Dismissal in industrial employment

This is a study in labour law.. Dismissal of workmen in private lndustrial sector is the area of this study. Confined within the framework of the Industrial Disputes act 1947, the study is an analytical assessment of the decisions of the supreme Court of India. on dismissal in industrial employment. Few attempts were made in the past to analyse on identical lines the problems in this area. Hence what is| written in this thesis is ones own. Dismissal carries a stigma. the dismissed employee may find it difficult to get alternative employment especially in a land of severe unemployment. The need for law with built in safeguards against arbitrary dismissal cannot be overemphasized. From this perspective the study examines to what extent the industrial disputes act 1947 provides protection and how far the protection is adequate.

Cinematographic Licensing

In India, film censorship originated with Cinematograph Act 1918 empowering the Provincial Governments to establish censorial authorities. In 1949, an amendment provided for a Central Board of Film Censors. In 1952, a new legislation gave the Central Government enormous powers, making the Board to function as a department of the Central Government. The Government had control over the Board with the mechanism of issuing 'directions' to the censors and laying down censorship rules. The legislation did not provide any objective criteria for censoring films. The 1959 amendment, aimed at curing this defect, only incorporated the grounds contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. Even after expert studies and a significant decision by the Supreme Court, pointing out the inadequacy of the existing system, and governmental attempts to bring reforms by way of fresh directions, appointment of appellate authority and framing of new rules, the system still warrants radical change. The thesis explores them.

Coastal regulation zone rules in coastal panchayats (villages) of Kerala, India vis-a` -vis socio-economic impacts from the recently introduced peoples’ participatory program for local self-governance and sustainable development

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest of Government of India in February 1991 as a part of the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 to protect the coast from eroding and to preserve its natural resources. The initial notification did not distinguish the variability and diversity of various coastal states before enforcing it on the various states and Union Territories. Impact assessments were not carried out to assess its impact on socio-economic life of the coastal population. For the very same reason, it was unnoticed or rather ignored till 1994 when the Supreme Court of India made a land mark judgment on the fate of the coastal aquaculture which by then had established as an economically successful industry in many South Indian States. Coastal aquaculture in its modern form was a prohibited activity within CRZ. Lately, only various stakeholders of the coast realized the real impact of the CRZ rules on their property rights andbusiness. To overcome the initial drawbacks several amendments were made in the regulation to suit regional needs. In 1995, another great transformation took place in the State of Kerala as a part of the reorganization of the local self government institutions into a decentralized three tier system called ‘‘Panchayathi Raj System’’. In 1997, the state government also decided to transfer the power with the required budget outlay to the grass root level panchayats (villages) and municipalities to plan and implement the various projects in their localities with the full participation of the local people by constituting Grama Sabhas (Peoples’ Forum). It is called the ‘‘Peoples’ Planning Campaign’’(Peoples’ Participatory Programme—PPP for Local Level Self-Governance). The management of all the resources including the local natural resources was largely decentralized to the level of local communities and villages. Integrated, sustainable coastal zone management has become the concern of the local population. The paper assesses the socio-economic impact of the centrally enforced CRZ and the state sponsored PPP on the coastal community in Kerala and suggests measures to improve the system and living standards of the coastal people within the framework of CRZ.

Caimanes and the Water - Infinite Legal Struggles about a Finite Good

This report is intended to shed more light on the ongoing water struggle in Caimanes, a small urban area in the central northern area of Chile, neighbouring Latin America’s biggest tailings dam. Undoubtedly, the water in Caimanes is running out and the conflict between the opponents of the dam and its owner, a multinational copper enterprise, is getting more and more attention by the national and also international media. In the discussion a judgment of the Chilean Supreme Court from last October plays a central role, because it is said to have granted the people from Caimanes their right to water. After a short introduction with some details about Camaines and the tailings from the dam El Mauro, the key points of this judgment shall be outlined. The final part of the report is dedicated to various institutional problems of the Chilean resources law and policy that can become virulent for the water supply and the environmental well-being of many other urban areas in the industrialized north of Chile.

La imposibilidad de la aplicación de la autoría mediata por dominio funcional de aparatos de poder en el sistema legal colombiano y los delitos de constreñimiento a delinquir y de inducción a delinquir como posibles fórmulas de solución

La Corte Suprema de Justicia, en su Sala de Casación Penal, ha venido aplicando la teoría de la autoría mediata por dominio funcional de aparatos organizados de poder, para imputar responsabilidad a jefes de grupos armados al margen de la ley o a políticos vinculados con los mismos por los hechos cometidos por estas organizaciones. En el presente artículo sostenemos que esto no es posible ni resuelve la problemática de la violencia de género en este contexto, para lo cual se exploran los delitos de constreñimiento a delinquir y de instigación a delinquir para resolver esta problemática.

Responsabilidad penal médica, imputación objetiva y atención médico asistencial a personas pertenecientes a grupos armados al margen de la ley

En una reciente decisión, la Corte Suprema de Justicia Colombiana condenó a un médico por haber prestado sus servicios profesionales a personas pertenecientes a un grupo armado al margen de la Ley. En el presente escrito revisamos ese fallo a la luz de la teoría de la imputación objetiva para diferir de la opinión del Alto Tribunal, por cuanto entendemos que el ejercicio de la medicina jamás constituirá un riesgo desaprobado y éste es un elemento necesario para que pueda hablarse de un delito.

Apuntes sobre el delito de falsedad ideológica. A propósito del fallo del 16 de marzo de 2011 emanado de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de Casación Penal

El pasado 16 de marzo de 2011, la Corte Suprema de Justicia se ocupó de un caso donde se califica a un Juez con el delito de falsedad ideológica en documento público. En este fallo se trazaron los lineamientos fundamentales de este delito, mismos que son analizados en el presente escrito para concluir que si bien el resultado del proceso en la Corte −la condena del procesado− es correcto, es necesario superar el entendimiento causal de este delito para interpretarlo de acuerdo con la moderna teoría de la imputación objetiva.