Adaptabilidad y estabilidad de cuatro variedades de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en seis localidades de San Dionisio, Matagalpa, en dos ciclos agrícolas, postrera 2013 y primera 2014

El cultivo del Frijol ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es uno de los principales rubro s que producen los agricultores del Municipio de San Dionisio , Matagalpa, haciendo uso de diferentes variedades criollas y acriolladas persistentes en la zona. El objetivo de ésta investigación fue estudiar la variabilidad fenotípica y la adaptabilidad de t res variedades criollas ( Guaniseño, Rojo seda y Rack sequía) y una variedad acriollada (INTA Sequía) durante d os ciclos agrícolas ( Postrera 2013 y Primera 2014 ) . Para esto , se establecieron las parcelas experimentales en una finca por localidad (6), l as dimensiones de las parcelas fueron 5 m de ancho por 10 m de largo y la parcela útil consistió de 3 m de ancho y 6 m de longitud. Para la variabilidad fenotípica se analizaron variables cuantitativas de crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas a través de medidas de tendencias estadísticas y para el análisis de adaptabilidad se analizó la estabilidad del rendimiento de las variedades en las dife rentes localidades por medio de Análisis de Varianza y de Regresión Lineal . Entre los resul tados obtenidos se enc ontró que todas las variedades criollas y acriolladas evaluadas presentaron mayor variabilidad fenotípica en el ciclo agrícola postrera 2013. Las variables emergencia, vaina s por planta, plantas cosechadas y rendimiento por parcela mostraron los coeficientes de variación más altos con valores que oscilan entre 17.96 y 56.01 , principalmente la variable rendimiento p or parcela que fue la que mostró los valores más altos. En cuan to a la adaptabilidad de las variedades , el modelo de regresión lineal no resultó apropiado para analizar los datos obtenidos en ambos ciclos , sin embargo , se pudo tener una idea de la estabilidad de las variedades a través de la Regresión de la Desviación en donde se encontró que la varied ad Rack Sequia fue la que mostró menor coeficiente de Desviación (8.22) lo que demuestra que sus rendimientos fueron los más estables a nivel de fincas y ciclos agrícolas por lo tanto, fue la mejor adaptada a los diferentes ambientes.

Inoculaci?n y establecimiento endof?tico de cepas de los hongos entomopat?genos beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae y lecanicillium lecanii en plantas de fr?jol (Phaseolus vulgaris) [recurso electr?nico]

Los hongos end?fitos han recibido una creciente atenci?n en los a?os recientes, ya que han demostrado tener un potencial econ?mico en la agronom?a, debido a su posible uso como agentes de control biol?gico. El establecimiento endof?tico de hongos entomopat?genos en cultivos de inter?s, ofrece un campo amplio y prometedor para comprender las relaciones entre plantas y hongos y los mecanismos de defensa que estos ?ltimos pueden inducir en las plantas. El presente estudio busc? inocular y evaluar la colonizaci?n endof?tica de tres especies de hongos entomopat?genos en plantas de fr?jol (Phaseolus vulgaris). Para ello, se emplearon dos cepas de cada especie, una comercial y la otra de la colecci?n de entomopat?genos del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical; cada cepa constituy? un tratamiento individual. A partir de la siembra y desarrollo de las cepas, se generaron in?culos de 108 conidios/mL que fueron inoculados en las plantas de fr?jol Diacol, variedad Calima. Se encontr? que Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae y Lecanicillium lecanii colonizaron individualmente las hojas de fr?jol. Los porcentajes de colonizaci?n promedio para las cepas de la colecci?n del CIAT fueron de 16% (?= 18,84) para B. bassiana, 13% (?= 4,96) en M. anisopliae y 4% (?= 4,64) para L. lecanii. Con respecto a las cepas comerciales, estos valores fueron 4% (?= 4,64) para B. bassiana; 26% (?= 32) para M. anisopliae y 44% (?= 13,02) para L. lecanii. Todas las cepas de hongos inoculadas pudieron ser recuperadas de tejido vegetal, lo que sugiere su posible uso como agentes de control biol?gico al menos para el cultivo del fr?jol.

Evaluación nutricional y económica de diferentes planes de fertilización en remolacha forrajera (beta vulgaris) para alimentación de bovinos

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Zootecnia

Caracterização fisio-molecular de cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em resposta à deficiência hídrica

The identification of genotypes for drought tolerance has a great importance in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize genotypes of beans in response to drought tolerance in different reproductive stages through physiologic, agronomic and molecular analysis. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, using a randomized block design with four replicates; 10 cultivars: ANFC 9, ANFP 110, BRS Esplendor, BRSMG Realce, IPR Siriri, IPR Tangará, IPR Tuiuiu, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador and IAC Milênio under two conditions of irrigation: plants irrigated during their entire life cycle, and plants under irrigation suppression in the reproductive stage (R7) until 16% of field capacity, when the irrigation was restored. In the last four days of stress, the gas exchanges were analyzed, and in the last day of stress was analyzed the percentage of closed stomata in the abaxial surface of the leaves, collected in different times of the day (9h, 12h, 15h and 18h). Additionally, plant samples were collected for the following analysis: fresh and dry mass of leaves, stems and legumes, and proline content in leaves and roots. The plants were harvested at the physiological maturity and the yield components and grain yield were determined. In addition, in order to identify polymorphisms in the sequences of promoters and genes related to drought, seven pairs of primers were tested on the group of genotypes. The drought susceptibility indexes (ISS) ranged from 0.65 to 1.10 in the group of genotypes, which the lowest values observed were for IAC Imperador (0.65) and BRS Esplendor (0.87), indicating the ability of these two genotypes to maintain grain yield under water stress condition. All genotypes showed reduction in yield components under water stress. IAC Imperador (43.4%) and BRS Esplendor (60.6%) had the lowest reductions in productivity and kept about 50% of the stomata closed during all the different times evaluated at last day of irrigation suppression. IAC Imperador showed greater water use efficiency and CO2 assimilation rate under drought stress. IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará and IAC Imperador had the highest proline concentrations in the roots. Under water stress condition, there was a strong positive correlation (0.696) between the percentage of stomata closed with the number of grains per plant (0.696) and the fresh mass of leaves (0.731), the maximum percentage of stomata closed 73.71% in water stress. The accumulation of proline in the root was the character that most contributed to the divergence between the genotypes under water deficit, but not always the genotypes that have accumulated more proline were the most tolerant. The polymorphisms in DNA of coding and promoting sequences of transcription factors studied in this experiment did not discriminate tolerant genotypes from the sensitive ones to water stress.

Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress in root tips of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Previous studies have shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress (OS) reduces cell-wall (CW) porosity and limits aluminium (Al) uptake by root tips of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A subsequent transcriptomic study suggested that genes related to CW processes are involved in adjustment to OS. In this study, a proteomic and phosphoproteomic approach was applied to identify OS-induced protein regulation to further improve our understanding of how OS affects Al accumulation. Analysis of total soluble proteins in root tips indicated that, in total, 22 proteins were differentially regulated by OS; these proteins were functionally categorized. Seventy-seven per- cent of the total expressed proteins were involved in metabolic pathways, particularly of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. An analysis of the apoplastic proteome revealed that OS reduced the level of five proteins and increased that of seven proteins. Investigation of the total soluble phosphoproteome suggested that dehydrin responded to OS with an enhanced phosphorylation state without a change in abundance. A cellular immunolocalization analysis indicated that dehydrin was localized mainly in the CW. This suggests that dehydrin may play a major protective role in the OS-induced physical breakdown of the CW structure and thus maintenance of the reversibility of CW extensibility during recovery from OS. The proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses provided novel insights into the complex mechanisms of OS-induced reduction of Al accumulation in the root tips of common bean and highlight a key role for modification of CW structure.

Physiological and molecular analysis of the interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors limiting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the tropics. Short-term effects of Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth in acid, Al-toxic soil were studied, with special emphasis on Al-drought interaction in the root apex. Root elongation was inhibited by both Al and drought. Combined stresses resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation than either stress alone. This result was different from the alleviation of Al toxicity by osmotic stress (-0.60 MPa polyethylene glycol) in hydroponics. However, drought reduced the impact of Al on the root tip, as indicated by the reduction of Al-induced callose formation and MATE expression. Combined Al and drought stress enhanced up-regulation of ACCO expression and synthesis of zeatin riboside, reduced drought-enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of NCED involved in ABA biosynthesis and the transcription factors bZIP and MYB, thus affecting the regulation of ABA-dependent genes (SUS, PvLEA18, KS-DHN, and LTP) in root tips. The results provide circumstantial evidence that in soil, drought alleviates Al injury, but Al renders the root apex more drought-sensitive, particularly by impacting the gene regulatory network involved in ABA signal transduction and cross-talk with other phytohormones necessary for maintaining root growth under drought.

Alteration of cell-wall porosity is involved in osmotic stress-induced enhancement of aluminium resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are the two major abiotic stress factors limiting common bean production in the tropics. Using hydroponics, the short-term effects of combined Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth and Al uptake into the root apex were investigated. In the presence of Al stress, PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol)-induced osmotic (drought) stress led to the amelioration of Al-induced inhibition of root elongation in the Al-sensitive genotype VAX 1. PEG 6000 (>> PEG 1000) treatment greatly decreased Al accumulation in the 1 cm root apices even when the roots were physically separated from the PEG solution using dialysis membrane tubes. Upon removal of PEG from the treatment solution, the root tips recovered from osmotic stress and the Al accumulation capacity was quickly restored. The PEG-induced reduction of Al accumulation was not due to a lower phytotoxic Al concentration in the treatment solution, reduced negativity of the root apoplast, or to enhanced citrate exudation. Also cell-wall (CW) material isolated from PEG-treated roots showed a low Al-binding capacity which, however, was restored after destroying the physical structure of the CW. The comparison of the Al(3+), La(3+), Sr(2+), and Rb(+) binding capacity of the intact root tips and the isolated CW revealed the specificity of the PEG 6000 effect for Al. This could be due to the higher hydrated ionic radius of Al(3+) compared with other cations (Al(3+) >> La(3+) > Sr(2+) > Rb(+)). In conclusion, the results provide circumstantial evidence that the osmotic stress-inhibited Al accumulation in root apices and thus reduced Al-induced inhibition of root elongation in the Al-sensitive genotype VAX 1 is related to the alteration of CW porosity resulting from PEG 6000-induced dehydration of the root apoplast.

Betalain rich functional extract with reduced salts and nitrate content from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using membrane separation technology

An initial laboratory-scale evaluation of separation characteristics of membranes with nominal molecular weight cut-offs (NMWCO) ranging from 30 kD down to 0.5 kD indicated effective separation of betalains in the 0.5 kD region. Subsequent pilot-level trials using 1 kD, loose reverse osmosis (LRO) and reverse osmosis (RO) spiral-wound membranes showed LRO membrane to be very efficient with up to 96% salt and 47% other dissolved solids removed while retaining majority of the pigment (∼98%) in the betalain rich extract (BRE). The total betalain content in the BRE increased up to 46%, the highest recovery reported so far at pilot scale level. Interestingly, more than 95% of the nitrates were removed from the BRE after the three diafiltrations. These studies indicate that membrane technology is the most efficient technique to produce BRE with highly reduced amounts of salts and nitrate content.

Determinación de análisis bromatológico proximal y calidad culinaria de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo cultivado en la zona occidental de El Salvador

Esta investigación apuesta a la utilización del Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo como un recurso que aumente el acceso alimenticio de las familias salvadoreñas. Para ello se estudió la calidad culinaria y bromatológica de tres variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo que respalde el fomento del consumo de esta leguminosa. Los análisis realizados comprende la calidad culinaria que consiste en la determinación del coeficiente de hidratación, tiempo de cocción, densidad del caldo y las dimensiones del grano; y el análisis bromatológico proximal que consiste en la determinación de cenizas, humedad, proteína cruda, fibra cruda, extracto étereo, extracto libre de nitrógeno y minerales de importancia tales como: hierro, calcio, magnesio y zinc. Las muestras son variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo (Cuarentín, Tamazulapa y El Porvenir) cultivadas en la zona occidental de El Salvador. Los resultados se compararon con los valores de referencia de frijol grano negro seco presentados en las tablas de composición de alimentos del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá (INCAP), y se evaluaron estadísticamente a través del análisis de varianza de un factor, análisis de diferencia significativa honesta de Tukey y representación gráfica Biplot. La variedad de frijol común grano negro criollo con mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad culinaria fue la variedad Cuarentín, en cambio en calidad bromatológica y cuantificación de micronutrientes los mejores resultados fueron para las variedades Cuarentín y Tamazulapa; sin embargo, la variedad con mayor cantidad proteica fue la variedad El Porvenir.

AFLP-based genetic mapping of the " bud-flowering" trait in heather (Calluna vulgaris)

Background: Calluna vulgaris is one of the most important landscaping plants produced in Germany. Its enormous economic success is due to the prolonged flower attractiveness of mutants in flower morphology, the so-called bud-bloomers. In this study, we present the first genetic linkage map of C. vulgaris in which we mapped a locus of the economically highly desired trait " flower type" .Results: The map was constructed in JoinMap 4.1. using 535 AFLP markers from a single mapping population. A large fraction (40%) of markers showed distorted segregation. To test the effect of segregation distortion on linkage estimation, these markers were sorted regarding their segregation ratio and added in groups to the data set. The plausibility of group formation was evaluated by comparison of the " two-way pseudo-testcross" and the " integrated" mapping approach. Furthermore, regression mapping was compared to the multipoint-likelihood algorithm. The majority of maps constructed by different combinations of these methods consisted of eight linkage groups corresponding to the chromosome number of C. vulgaris.Conclusions: All maps confirmed the independent inheritance of the most important horticultural traits " flower type" , " flower colour" , and " leaf colour". An AFLP marker for the most important breeding target " flower type" was identified. The presented genetic map of C. vulgaris can now serve as a basis for further molecular marker selection and map-based cloning of the candidate gene encoding the unique flower architecture of C. vulgaris bud-bloomers. © 2013 Behrend et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of three thymus species plants

Thymus plants comprise distinct species with claimed health properties [1], commonly associated to their essential oils and phenolic compounds. Albeit that, the phenolic composition and the biological activities of many Thymus species remain unclear. This work aimed to elucidate the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from Thymus herba barona, Thymus caespetitus and Thymus fragrantissimus. The aqueous extracts of the three Thymus species were evaluated for their total phenolic compounds by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method [2], and individual phenolic compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative mode. The antioxidant activity of each extract was carried out by DPPH● scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays [3]. Total phenolic compounds in the three extracts ranged from 236±27 (T. caespetitus) to 273±17 μg GAE/mg (T. fragrantissimus). Similarly to other Thymus species [1,4], these extracts were rich in caffeic acid derivatives (characteristic UV spectra maxima at 290 and 328 nm) and mainly composed of rosmarinic acid (MW 360). Other caffeic acid derivatives included salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and 3′-O-(8″-Z-caffeoyl)rosmarinic acid (MW 538). High amounts of the flavone luteolin-O-glucuronide ([M-H]− at m/z 461→285) were found in T. caespetitus while the others species contained moderate amounts of this compound. T. herba barona, T. caespetitus and T. fragrantissimus extracts showed high DPPH radical scavenge ability (EC50 values 11.6±0.9, 13.8±0.6 and 10.9±1.2 μg/mL respectively), as well as high reducing power (EC50 values of 35.1±4.5, 39.3±2.7 and 32.4±4.3 μg/mL, respectively), that were comparable to those of reference compounds. This work is an important contribution for the phytochemical characterization and the antioxidant capacity of these three Thymus species.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of three thymus species plants

Thymus plants comprise distinct species with claimed health properties [1], commonly associated to their essential oils and phenolic compounds. Albeit that, the phenolic composition and the biological activities of many Thymus species remain unclear. This work aimed to elucidate the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from Thymus herba barona, Thymus caespetitus and Thymus fragrantissimus. The aqueous extracts of the three Thymus species were evaluated for their total phenolic compounds by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method [2], and individual phenolic compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative mode. The antioxidant activity of each extract was carried out by DPPH● scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays [3]. Total phenolic compounds in the three extracts ranged from 236±27 (T. caespetitus) to 273±17 μg GAE/mg (T. fragrantissimus). Similarly to other Thymus species [1,4], these extracts were rich in caffeic acid derivatives (characteristic UV spectra maxima at 290 and 328 nm) and mainly composed of rosmarinic acid (MW 360). Other caffeic acid derivatives included salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and 3′-O-(8″-Z-caffeoyl)rosmarinic acid (MW 538). High amounts of the flavone luteolin-O-glucuronide ([M-H]− at m/z 461→285) were found in T. caespetitus while the others species contained moderate amounts of this compound. T. herba barona, T. caespetitus and T. fragrantissimus extracts showed high DPPH radical scavenge ability (EC50 values 11.6±0.9, 13.8±0.6 and 10.9±1.2 μg/mL respectively), as well as high reducing power (EC50 values of 35.1±4.5, 39.3±2.7 and 32.4±4.3 μg/mL, respectively), that were comparable to those of reference compounds. This work is an important contribution for the phytochemical characterization and the antioxidant capacity of these three Thymus species.

Effects of Environmental Factors on the Growth, Optical Density and Biomass of the Green Algae Chlorella Vulgaris in Outdoor Conditions

Effect of environmental factors on the growth of the Chlorella vulgaris was studied. C. vulgaris was cultivated in sterilized natural seawater enriched with F/2-Si medium. Then grow in bucket, tub and photobioreactor (PBR) in outdoor condition. The daily routine work consisted of culture checkups of optical density, biomass gains, atmosphere lux, culture lux, atmosphere temperature and culture temperature were recorded. The highest biomass yields were (3.0 μg/ml-1) in December and (2.01 μg/ml-1) in November in PBR. The highest deviation was in atmosphere lux in time 8:30 (± 117.7) and lowest deviation was in atmosphere temperature in time 15:00 (± 1.0499). Optical density (OD) indicated that the best growth of C. vulgaris in outdoor condition was obtained in 650 lux and also it increased with increasing amount of lux. Tub report of C. vulgaris showed different growing behaviors at the various concentration of light and at the different temperatures. Algal production in outdoor PBR is relatively inexpensive, but is only suitable for a few, fast-growing specie. Finally, this fact is noteworthy that in outdoor conditions, temperature and light have important role in growth of C. vulgaris in present study.

Dinâmica das pescas e gestão participativa do polvo vulgar (Octopus vulgaris) capturado pela frota de covos e alcatruzes no sul de Portugal

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Physical and chemical properties of starch and flour from different common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar.

The physical, chemical and pasting properties of the flour and isolated starches from six different bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated in order to obtain information for application in new products. The protein and total starch contents of the bean flours ranged from 17.72 to 20.27% and from 39.68 to 43.78%, respectively. The bean starches had low amounts of proteins, lipids and ash and showed an amylose content ranging between 45.32 and 51.11% and absolute density values between 1.55 and 1.78 g.cm?3. The bean starch granules were round to oval with a smooth surface. Results viscoamylographic profiles of the starches and flours showed the possibility of selecting cultivars for specific applications according to these characteristics.