Phase effects on group velocity propagation in a V-type system with spontaneously generated coherence

The effects of the relative phase between two laser beams on the propagation of a weak electromagnetic pulse are investigated in a V-type system with spontaneously generated coherence (SGC). Due to the relative phase, the subluminal and superluminal group velocity can be unified. Meanwhile, SGC can be regarded as a knob to manipulate light propagation between subluminal and superluminal.

Upper level and phase controlling group velocity in V-type system

With the external field coupling the two upper levels, we investigate the light pulse propagation properties with weak probe field in a V-type system. Due to the external upper level (UL) coupling field, the dispersion of the system has been influenced by the relative phase. It is shown that the UL field and the relative phase can be regarded as switches to manipulate light propagation between subluminal and superluminal. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Discovery of viruses lysing blue-green algae in the Dneprovsk reservoirs. [Translation of: Water blooms (ed. A. V. Topachevskii) pp.171-174. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1968]

Viruses, which are characterised by a relative simplicity of chemical composition, are involved with all the groups of the animal and plant world. The discovery of viruses of lower organisms has special interest. Along with the already known viruses lysing bacteria and actinomycetes, viruses have been discovered in recent years which lyse algae. During investigations of water from water-bloom patches and of mud taken from zones of massive accumulation of blue-green algae in the Dneprovsk reservoirs, the authors obtained viruses lysing algae. The revealing of viruses producing lysis of blue-green algae, which one could use in the control of water-blooms, has the greatest interest. With this aim, samples of water were collected from various zones of water-bloom patches in the Kremenchug, Dneprovsk and Kukhov reservoirs. For viruses lysing algae we propose the name 'algophages'. Along with the existence of viruses of algae of the phage type, one cannot deny the possibility of the existence of viruses of another type, multiplying in the cells of algae and causing their virus illnesses.

Key to the larvae of the genera of the sub-family Orthocladiinae from Larvae and Pupae of midges of the sub-family Orthocladiinae of the fauna of the USSR. [Translation from: Larvae and pupae of midges of the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the fauna of the USSR (Diptera, Chironomidae = Tendipedidae) (ed. Pankratova V.Ya.), 51-55. Leningrad, Nauka, 1970. ]

A key to the larvae of the genera of the sub-family Orthocladiinae from Larvae and Pupae of midges of the sub-family Orthocladiinae. Parts of the key refer to the rest of the publication which is not included in this partial translation.

Keys to the larvae of the species of the genera Diamesa, Eukiefferiella, Orthocladius, Cricotopus, Psectrocladius and Chaetocladius. [Translation from: Larvae and pupae of midges of the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the fauna of the USSR (Diptera, Chironomidae = Tendipedidae) (ed. V.Y. Pankratova) p76-8,151-152,173-174,188-189. Leningrad, Nauka, 1970. ]

Eudiaptomus vulgaris Schmeil is the most abundant copepod in Lake Maggiore and forms also, in respect to other entomostraca, the most important element, through its average biomass and because it is fairly numerous throughout the year. Plankton samples collected in a systematic and quantitative way, gave the opportunity to study some aspects of the dynamics of the population of this copepod, in safety in view of the uncertainty which in this kind of study can ensue when samples are taken only at a single station - in consequence of the changes in size of population between different water masses. The results of the biometrical observations are of the population of Eudiaptomus vulgaris is presented.

Special carbon requirement of Spirulina platensis culture. [Translation from: Materialy VII Vsesoyuznogo Rabochego Soveshchanii po Voprosu Krugovorota Veshchestv v Zamknutoi Sisteme na Osnove Zhiznedeyatel'nosti Nizshikh Organizmov p55-57. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1972.]

By the industrial cultivation of blue-green algae, there very much appears the important question about their carbon nutrition. Spirulina grows within the range of pH value of medium of 8.5 - 11.0. In this range of pH value in the culture medium CO2 is present in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate, which serves as principal source of carbon for the present type of algae. There is little information yet about the influence of the pH of the medium, and the form of carbon components of the medium, on the rate-increase of Spirulina. Investigations were conducted into the influence of some pH values of medium on the rate-increase of the alga Spirulina platensis.

Extent and biomass of the aquatic chariphytes and mosses in Lake Sevan [Translation from: Rasprostranenie i biomassa kharovykh vodoroslei i mkha v os. Sevan, 1951]

This study focusses on the plants in the open parts of the lake - mostly aquatic charophytes and mosses, in what are called in Lake Sevan (Armenia), the ”zones of chara and moss”. Distribution and other ecological conditions are reviewed. Quantity of chara in the littoral zone of lake Sevan is provided

The effect of oxygen concentration in water on the growth and nitrogen metabolism in the fry of rainbow trout [Translation from: Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,V.33, 74-75, 1957]

To ascertain the effect of various concentrations of oxygen in water on the fry of rainbow trout experiments were made with aquaria at various concentrations of oxygen. The food supplied was chironomid larvae (Chironomus plumosus). A surplus of food was supplied to the fry. Indices are given of the reaction of the fry to different temperatures.

Pulsed neutron measurements in two adjacent finite media

The pulsed neutron technique has been used to investigate the decay of thermal neutrons in two adjacent water-borated water finite media. Experiments were performed with a 6x6x6 inches cubic assembly divided in two halves by a thin membrane and filled with pure distilled water on one side and borated water on the other side.

The fundamental decay constant was measured versus the boric acid concentration in the poisoned medium. The experimental results showed good agreement with the predictions of the time dependent diffusion model. It was assumed that the addition of boric acid increases the absorption cross section of the poisoned medium without affecting its diffusion properties: In these conditions, space-energy separability and the concept of an “effective” buckling as derived from diffusion theory were introduced. Their validity was supported by the experimental results.

Measurements were performed with the absorption cross section of the poisoned medium increasing gradually up to 16 times its initial value. Extensive use of the IBM 7090-7094 Computing facility was made to analyze properly the decay data (Frantic Code). Attention was given to the count loss correction scheme and the handling of the statistics involved. Fitting of the experimental results into the analytical form predicted by the diffusion model led to

Ʃ_av = 4721 sec^-1 (±150)</sub>

D_o = 35972 cm²sec^-1 (±800) for water at 21˚C

C (given) = 3420 cm⁴sec^-1

These values, when compared with published data, show that the diffusion model is adequate in describing the experiment.

Potencial antiinflamatório do extrato aquoso de Echinodorus macrophyllus e de suas fra��ões em modelo de inflama��ão aguda

A Echinodorus macrophyllus (Alismataceae), conhecida como chapéu de couro no Brasil, é usada popularmente para tratar doenças reumáticas e inflamatórias. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos antiinflamatórios do extrato aquoso de E. macrophyllus (EAEm) e suas fra��ões etanólicas no modelo murino de air pouch. Para a obtenção das fra��ões, 7 g do EAEm foram aplicadas em uma coluna cromatográfica aberta de sílica gel eluída com diferentes concentra��ões de etanol. Os cromatogramas do EAEm/fra��ões foram obtidos usando um sistema de HPLC. Foram obtidas quatro fra��ões, duas delas com maior rendimento. Resumidamente, a bolha de ar foi induzida pela injeção de 5 mL de ar estéril (s.c) no dorso de camundongos SW machos (25-35 g). Após 3 dias, mas 3 mL de ar estéril foram injetados para manter a bolha. No sexto dia, cada grupo (n = 4) foi tratado intraperitoneal (ip) ou oralmente (v.o) com EAEm (25 ou 250 mg/kg), Fr20 ou Fr40 (2,5, 25, 50 ou 100 mg/kg) e os controles com indometacina (10 mg/kg, v.o.) ou veículo (salina). Uma hora depois, 1 mL de salina ou de carragenina 1% estéril foi injetada dentro da bolha. Após 4 h, a cavidade foi lavada com NaCl 0,9%, EDTA 2 mM (1 mL), para a determina��ão do número de leucócitos, volume do exsudato e concentra��ão de proteínas. Células do exsudato foram preparadas em citocentrífuga e coradas pelo método do Panótico para a contagem diferencial dos leucócitos. Cortes histológicos coletados dos diferentes grupos foram fixados com formol tamponado 10% (pH 7,4) por 7 dias, corados com HE e analisados em MO. A análise da expressão da iNOS e da COX-2 foi realizada em células do exsudato por RT-PCR. O acúmulo de nitrito (NO2−) no sobrenadante do cultivo de células RAW 264.7 foi determinado usando um ensaio colorimétrico baseado na rea��ão de Griess. Os resultados foram expressos como média EP e comparados usando ANOVA seguido de teste de Dunnet. Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata. No modelo air pouch, a injeção de carragenina 1% aumentou tanto a migra��ão celular quanto a concentra��ão de proteína no exsudato. Contudo, enquanto o pré-tratamento com a Fr40 aumentou a resposta inflamatória, o pré-tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20, sobretudo por via i.p., inibiu esta resposta quando comparado ao grupo controle tratado apenas com o veículo. Assim, foram observadas as seguintes razões de inibição da migra��ão de células: EAEm, i.p. a 25 mg/kg (66,44%) e a 250 mg/kg (87,27%) e Fr20 a 2,5 mg/kg (26,89%), 25 mg/kg (60,06%), 50 mg/kg (63,13%) e a 100 mg/kg (77,47%). Em rela��ão à contagem diferencial, o EAEm e a Fr20 afetaram principalmente o número de neutrófilos, inibindo sua migra��ão no exsudato. O EAEm e a Fr20 também reduziram a concentra��ão total de proteínas no exsudato principalmente no tratamento i.p.; EAEm a 25 e 250 mg/kg mostrou 3,33 0,55 e 2,05 0,51 mg/mL, respectivamente, quando comparado aos grupos controles (Indometacina 2.88 0.64 mg/mL; Veículo 5.48 0.88 mg/mL). A Fr20 a 2,5, 25, 50 e 100 mg/kg mostrou 4,788 0,444, 1,417 0,519, 2,474 0,529 e 2,215 0, 361 mg/mL. A análise histológica mostrou infiltrado celular, principalmente composto de leucócitos polimorfonucleares ao longo da derme inflamada de animais tratados com veículo. O tratamento com o EAEm ou Fr20 reduziu a infiltra��ão de leucócitos no tecido inflamado. Além disso, o tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20 mostrou atividade supressora sobre a expressão de iNOS e COX-2, e mostrou efeitos inibitórios na produção de NO induzida por LPS. Concluindo, todos estes resultados confirmam o potencial antiinflamatório sugerido para esta planta e fornecem uma base para a compreensão de seus mecanismos moleculares de a��ão. Contudo, outros estudos devem ser realizados para melhor elucidar as vias pelas quais o EAEm e a Fr20 exercem seus efeitos antiinflamatórios. Além disso, estudos fitoquímicos devem ser realizados para identificar os compostos ativos no EAEm e na Fr20.

Heteroepitaxy of Group IV and Group III-V semiconductor alloys for photovoltaic applications

Photovoltaic energy conversion represents a economically viable technology for realizing collection of the largest energy resource known to the Earth -- the sun. Energy conversion efficiency is the most leveraging factor in the price of energy derived from this process. This thesis focuses on two routes for high efficiency, low cost devices: first, to use Group IV semiconductor alloy wire array bottom cells and epitaxially grown Group III-V compound semiconductor alloy top cells in a tandem configuration, and second, GaP growth on planar Si for heterojunction and tandem cell applications.

Metal catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid grown microwire arrays are an intriguing alternative for wafer-free Si and SiGe materials which can be removed as flexible membranes. Selected area Cu-catalyzed vapor-liquid solid growth of SiGe microwires is achieved using chlorosilane and chlorogermane precursors. The composition can be tuned up to 12% Ge with a simultaneous decrease in the growth rate from 7 to 1 μm/min^-1. Significant changes to the morphology were observed, including tapering and faceting on the sidewalls and along the lengths of the wires. Characterization of axial and radial cross sections with transmission electron microscopy revealed no evidence of defects at facet corners and edges, and the tapering is shown to be due to in-situ removal of catalyst material during growth. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal a Ge-rich crystal at the tip of the wires, strongly suggesting that the Ge incorporation is limited by the crystallization rate.

Tandem Ga<sub>1-xIn_xP/Si microwire array solar cells are a route towards a high efficiency, low cost, flexible, wafer-free solar technology. Realizing tandem Group III-V compound semiconductor/Si wire array devices requires optimization of materials growth and device performance. GaP and Ga<sub>1-xIn_xP layers were grown heteroepitaxially with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Si microwire array substrates. The layer morphology and crystalline quality have been studied with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and they provide a baseline for the growth and characterization of a full device stack. Ultimately, the complexity of the substrates and the prevalence of defects resulted in material without detectable photoluminescence, unsuitable for optoelectronic applications.

Coupled full-field optical and device physics simulations of a Ga<sub>0.51In_0.49P/Si wire array tandem are used to predict device performance. A 500 nm thick, highly doped "buffer" layer between the bottom cell and tunnel junction is assumed to harbor a high density of lattice mismatch and heteroepitaxial defects. Under simulated AM1.5G illumination, the device structure explored in this work has a simulated efficiency of 23.84% with realistic top cell SRH lifetimes and surface recombination velocities. The relative insensitivity to surface recombination is likely due to optical generation further away from the free surfaces and interfaces of the device structure.

Finally, GaP has been grown free of antiphase domains on Si (112) oriented substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Low temperature pulsed nucleation is followed by high temperature continuous growth, yielding smooth, specular thin films. Atomic force microscopy topography mapping showed very smooth surfaces (4-6 Å RMS roughness) with small depressions in the surface. Thin films (~ 50 nm) were pseudomorphic, as confirmed by high resolution x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping, and 200 nm thick films showed full relaxation. Transmission electron microscopy showed no evidence of antiphase domain formation, but there is a population of microtwin and stacking fault defects.

Reggeization of some unequal mass processes involving higher spins : the reactions pion-nucleon going to (V,Nucleon), pion-nucleon going to (V,delta-hyperon), and photon-proton going to (positive pion,neutron)

Recent theoretical developments in the reggeization of inelastic processes involving particles with high spin are incorporated into a model of vector meson production. A number of features of experimental differential cross sections and density matrices are interpreted in terms of this model.

The method chosen for reggeization of helicity amplitudes first separates kinematic zeros and singularities from the parity-conserving amplitudes and then applies results of Freedman and Wang on daughter trajectories to the remaining factors. Kinematic constraints on helicity amplitudes at t = 0 and t = (M – M_Δ)² are also considered.

It is found that data for reactions of types πN→VN and πN→VΔ are consistent with a model of this type in which all kinematic constraints at t = 0 are satisfied by evasion (vanishing of residue functions). As a quantitative test of the parametrization, experimental differential cross sections of vector meson production reactions dominated by pion trajectory exchange are compared with the theory. It is found that reduced residue functions are approximately constant, once the kinematic behavior near t = (M – M_Δ)² has been removed.

The alternative possibility of conspiracy between amplitudes is also discussed; and it is shown that unless conspiracy is present, some amplitudes allowed by angular momentum conservation will not contribute with full strength in the forward direction. An example, γp→π⁺n in which the data for dσ/dt indicate conspiracy, is studied in detail.

Actas del I. Congreso Interuniversitario sobre el trabajo fin de grado : Retos y oportunidades del TFG en la sociedad del conocimiento : Bilbo, Bizkaia Aretoa, 2014-V-19/20

Este primer Congreso Interuniversitario sobre el Trabajo Fin de Grado ha supuesto un encuentro y un espacio de reflexión e intercambio de diversas experiencias procedentes de los distintos grados y áreas de conocimiento de las universidades participantes. Esta diversidad se ha manifestado en las temáticas presentadas, que hacen referencia a: normativas de TFG, modalidades de TFG, número de créditos y del peso académico del TFG en cada plan de estudios, enfoques e instrumentos de evaluación, desarrollo de materiales para la elaboración del TFG, guías docentes, defensas del TFG, las plataformas de gestión integral desarrolladas en algunas universidades, etc. También se ha reflexionado sobre las diversas formas de la difusión de los TFG (Open Access, repositorios digitales propios de cada universidad) y la transferencia de conocimiento desde los grados a los distintos sectores de la sociedad, la cultura, economía, tecnología, salud, innovación social, etc.

Cristianismo y mundo romano : V y VI ciclos de conferencias sobre el mundo clásico

¿Interrumpió la aparición del Cristianismo el lento deambular de la cultura romana hacia no sabemos dónde? O, por el contrario, ¿vino a reforzar los elementos culturales que habían venido sedimentándose desde tiempos lejanos para confluir en lo que conocemos hoy como civilización romano-cristiana? La relación del mundo judío con el helenismo fue tormentosa, la relación con el mundo romano fue variable. De protegidos pasaron a ser perseguidos, y otro tanto de lo mismo les ocurrió a los cristianos. Es posible detectar esa sorda lucha en diversas manifestaciones que se abordan en la presente obra: desde la aparición, proceso y muerte del Nazareno hasta la victoria del Cristianismo con Constantino, la unión con el fantasma, el luto de la viuda, el derecho de asilo del perseguido por la injusticia, las uniones desiguales, etc.