927 resultados para Soybean glycinin


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GCTE(全球变化和陆地生态系统),作为IGBP的核心计划之一,其目的是研究陆地生态系统与全球气候变化及人类社会经济和土地利用改变之间相互作用的耦合机理关系,预测生态系统结构、功能的未来变化。其中,植物个体水平的生理生态学模型研究是GCTE中必不可少的重要环节,它不仅可以揭示植物在个体水平上对全球变化的动态响应机制,而且可通过揭示大尺度响应所隐含的微观生物学机理,为大尺度研究提供重要的生理学参数和规律,在全球变化各尺度研究中发挥着不可替代的作用。本文主要围绕植物个体的生理生态学模型开展了如下研究:在开顶式气室CO2倍增大豆生长实验基础上,建立描述植物主要生理过程的生理生态模型,分析植物个体的光合作用、气孔传导度、蒸腾作用以及水分利用效率在全球场变化下的动态响应机制;在此基础上,建立起以统计性天气模型驱动的植物个体生长发育系统动力学模型,通过敏感度分析探讨植物个体的生理生态特性,如光合、呼吸、绿色及非绿色生物量等,对全球变化,特别是对CO2增加,气温升高及降水改变共同作用的响应机制;针对固氮植物的特点,将前一模型发展成为基于共生固氮和同化过程相互作用机制的植物个体生理生态系统动力学模型,模拟不同CO2浓度、气候变化以及固氮与不固氮条件下植物个体生物量的动态响应,并分析CO2浓度、气候条件和是否具固氮能力在对植物生长发育影响方面的相互作用;以中间锦鸡儿为研究材料进行水分控制实验,观测水分对植物同化物分配等过程的影响;将水分利用效率模型应用到NECT样带的主要植物种,得出各植物种的描述其水分利用效率特性的参数,结合样带上各植被类型的结构特征,得到沿样带各植被类型在植物种类组成方面的水分利用效率参数;应用系统聚类分析、因子分析等多元统计方法对样带上锡林河流域122种植物的化学成分与植物类群和所处生境的关系进行了定量分析。结果表明: 1)CO2倍增情况下,净光合速率提高45%,其中光量子效率显著增加,而CO2传导系数略有下降;气孔传导度、蒸腾速率下降约30%;水分利用效率随CO2浓度增加几乎呈线性增长,倍增后提高近一倍。(当气温,水分适宜,光合有效辐射为1000μmol photons m-2 s-1); 2)在北京地区仅CO2倍增而气候条件维持现状的情况下可导致大豆总生物量峰值提高70%,绿色部分提高56%,其中,全生育期内总净光合量增加,而单位干重的暗呼吸速率下降;由于受同化物分配中物候因素的影响,绿色生物量比总生物量提前10日左右到达其峰值。 3)CO2浓度增加和具固氮能力在模拟范围内对植物生长均产生正效应;而在水分为植物生长限制因子的干旱半干旱地区,降水增加对植物生长产生正效应,气温升高则具负效应; 4)随着C供给条件的好转,具固氮能力对植物生长的影响增强;反之随植物吸收N能力的提高,C供给对植物生长的作用加剧。 5)气温、降水在对植物生长发育影响方面,随着一方条件的好转,另一方对植物生长产生的效应增强; 6)具固氮能力对植物生长的正效应随气候条件的好转而增强,气候变化对植物生长的影响随植物具备了固氮能力而加剧; 7)气候条件越恶劣,如在此半干旱区变得更为干旱,CO2浓度增加对植物生长的正效应越加显著;且随CO2浓度的增加,气候因子的效应逐渐减弱。这主要是因CO2增加提高了植物个体的水分利用效率,从而使得CO2的正效应在水分胁迫下更为明显;同时由于水分利用效率的提高,使得植物个体抵御和适应外界环境变化,特别是由气温、降水改变导致的水分条件变化,的能力得到增强。 8)锦鸡儿水分生理生态实验的初步结果表明,土壤水分状况影响着植物的同化物分配,随着水分胁迫的加剧,同化物分配向根部集中,植物的根冠比增加。 9)沿样带水分递减梯度,植被类型在植物种类组成方面的反映水分利用效率特性的参数kv逐渐增加,从而显示出随着水分条件的不足,植被类型中耐旱品种,尤其是C4种增加;人为活动干扰,主要是对草场等的过度利用而导致的盐渍化、沙化,使得退化了的植被类型中k_v值显著提高,表明原有的植物种逐渐被耐旱、耐盐碱的品种,特别是C4植物所代替;在样带动上,这种由于人为活动干扰所引起的植被类型在植物种类组成方面反映水分利用效率特性的参数kv的变化明显大于因样带水分梯度改变而带来的变化。 10)锡林河流域草原植物化学成分一方面与植物类群有关,受自身历史演化的决定,另一方面更受到所处生境条件的极度大影响和制约。其中,禾本科、豆科植物分别具有明显的化学成分特征;撂荒地群落与自然群落中植物、沙质与非沙质生境中植物化学成分差异较显著;因子分析中认为存在大量元素与微量元素两个公共因子,豆科与禾本科相比,豆科植物因其固氮能力,所含大量元素水平较高,而禾本科植物因细胞壁硅质化,含微量元素稍高;沙质生境因其养分贫瘠,植物的大量与微量元素均较非沙质生境中的低;特别是本区地带性土壤-栗钙土与特异性生境沙带中的疏林沙土相比,疏林沙土上植物大量与微量元素含量较栗钙土区植物明显偏低。

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本论文由三部分组成: 1) 大豆高产品种黑农40与低产品种黑农37不同发育时期叶片光合生理生态特性的研究;以不同产量水平的东北大豆黑农40和对照品种黑农37为试验材料,研究了从幼苗期到衰老期五个不同发育时期叶片光合作用特性的变化。尤其是系统的研究了光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率的变化之间的联系,以及气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度的相随变化。发现净光合速率和产量之间存在明显的正相关关系,各个光合生理生态参数之间也有密切的关系。 2) 在大豆生长过程的重要时期结荚期,对大豆品种黑农37和黑农40的光合和水分特性的日变化研究;测定结荚期黑农37和黑农40的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度和水分特征(水分利用效率和水势)的日变化以及它们之间可能存在的联系,并分析了光抑制的现象,研究表明在晴朗的一天中,光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线,在整个日变化中,黑农40的净光合速率都比黑农37的要高。黑农40和黑农37相比,在水分亏缺的情况下黑农40能维持较高的水势和水分利用效率,特别是在中午的时候,差别更加明显。 3) 比较研究了1970s 、1980s 和1990s 期间不同大豆 (Glycine max (L) Merr.)品种的生理生态特性:光合作用、蒸腾作用、水分利用效率和叶片水势,分析了各生理生态特性之间以及与产量的关系。研究表明光合速率和产量之间存在显著的相关关系,大豆叶片水势和净光合速率之间也存在明显正相关关系,高产大豆在水分亏缺的情况下仍能维持较高的的水分利用效率和水势。

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钾是作物生长发育的必需矿质元素,缺钾对大豆产量和营养品质影响显著。硅是植物的有益元素,在低钾胁迫条件下,硅对大豆生长是否有改善作用还未见相关报道,本研究以对低钾敏感的不同基因型大豆品种(铁丰35和铁丰31)为试验材料,在低钾条件下(1 mmol L-1),施加Na2SiO3,通过大豆生物量、根系形态学、生理学和抗氧化物酶活性等参数的变化,研究硅在大豆缺钾胁迫生长中的作用。主要研究结果如下: 1低钾胁迫对大豆生长发育和生理指标形状的影响 与正常钾生长条件(5 mmol L-1)相比,对低钾敏感的基因型大豆品种铁丰35,低钾胁迫使铁丰35品种主根、侧根,过氧化氢 (H2O2)和丙二醛含量(MDA),根系和叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和光合特性指标等发生显著变化,同样地,铁丰31品种根系的SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA含量也发生显著变化。相反,铁丰31品种的其它形态学和生理学指标参数受低钾胁迫影响差异不显著。 2 Si和Na+对大豆生长发育和生理过程中低钾胁迫的减缓作用 为探明Si对大豆生长发育和生理过程中低钾胁迫的减缓作用,我们将Na2SiO3分别设立3个浓度处理水平(0.1, 2.0, 5.0 mmol L-1),对照CK0:5.0 mmol/L KNO3+0.0 mmol/L Na2SiO3,副对照CK1:1.0 mmol/L KNO3+4.0mmol/L NaCl,其中以Si2处理是2个品种减缓低钾胁迫效应最好的,对大豆生长发育和促进大豆根、茎和叶内钾浓度含量,低钾胁迫使SOD、POD、CAT活性,H2O2和MDA含量,以及光合特性(Pn, WUE)等指标参数得以显著地改善,但Na2SiO3对低钾敏感品种铁丰35的减缓作用远大于对低钾不敏感的品种铁丰31。为排除Na2SiO3中Na+对低钾大豆的生长作用,用等浓度NaCl进行检验,结果表明,Na+可以部分地减缓低钾胁迫,并且这减缓作用远小于等浓度的Si。本试验结果说明Si通过改变几个关键的生理过程,进而提高低钾胁迫条件下,大豆生长发育的表达活力,以有效地改善低钾对大豆生长的胁迫。 3 Si通过提高抗氧化胁迫进而减缓大豆生长发育中低钾胁迫 低钾胁迫使大豆地上和地下生物产量与对照CK0相比显著减少,增施Na2SiO3前后大豆其根冠比、过氧化氢积累、钾含量、膜质过氧化产物和抗氧化物酶活性变化显著。另外,Na2SiO3显著减缓了低钾胁迫使大豆根冠比、提高了低钾大豆根、茎、叶内钾浓度,Si还减缓了过氧化氢 (H2O2)和丙二醛含量(MDA),这说明Si抑制了低钾的过氧化胁迫,显著地抑制了因低钾胁迫而使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等活性的升高,这些酶活性提高效应被施加的Na2SiO3消除,这些结果表明,Si通过提高抗氧化胁迫能力,进而减缓大豆生长发育的低钾胁迫,对低钾胁迫有非常重要的减缓调控作用。

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An experiment was conducted for a period of 28 days using 7-day old C. batrachus larvae of initial total length (±S.D.) of 7.4 ± 0.49 mm and weight (±S.D.) of 2.8 ± 0.75 mg. Five test diets viz. diets I, II, III, IV and V were prepared. Diet I was formulated using 30% fish meal (FM), 20% soybean meal (SM) and 20% Baker's yeast (BY), diet III using 15% FM, 20% SM, 15% cotton seed meal and 30% BY and diet IV using 20% FM, 30% BY and 30% powdered milk. The remaining two diets (diets II and V) were prepared using minced clam meat (96%) and BY (90%) respectively as the sole source of protein. Three replications were used for each treatment. The larvae fed on diet II exhibited significantly (P<0.05) better length gain and specific growth rate (SGR) than those of the larvae fed on diet III and there was no significant difference among the length gain and SGR of the larvae fed on diet I,II,IV and V. The larvae fed on diet II also showed significantly better weight gain and survival than those of the larvae fed on other diets. There was no significant difference between the condition factor of the larvae fed on diet II and IV. However, the larvae fed on diet II showed better condition factor than those of the larvae fed on other diets.

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An experiment was conducted for 105 days in 12 earthen mini ponds of each 30m² size. Five different experimental diets containing 32% protein were formulated and prepared using fishmeal, shrimp meal, soybean meal, mustard oil cake, sesame meal, wheat bran and rice bran. A commercial shrimp diet (SABINCO starter-III) was assigned to treatment six and considered as the control. Prawns were stocked at the rate of 2.5 fry/m² and feed twice daily at the rate of 10% at the beginning and reduced to 8% for the last two months. The results of the experiment showed that prawn fed diets 1, 2, and 6 (control) showed significantly (P<0.05) highest weight gain among the dietary groups, while prawn fed diet 5 showed significantly lowest weight gain. The FCR values of diets ranged between 3.06 to 4.85. Prawns fed diet 1 and 6 showed significantly higher SGR, survival (%) and production among the dietary groups. The survival (%) of the prawns ranged between 46.6 to 66.6% and the production ranged between 304.5 to 563.3 kg/ha/105 days. The result of the study showed that diet containing 30% fishmeal, 5% shrimp meal, 5% soybean meal, 10% mustard oil cake, 10% sesame meal, 20% wheat bran, 18% rice bran, 1% oyster shell and 1% vitamin premix may be recommended for monoculture of M. rosenbergii.

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To overcome the problem of underutilization of marine by-catches, Basu et al. (1985) developed fish cube from minced fish meat. Although the product was acceptable, it had little rubbery texture. An attempt was made to improve the texture of the cake by several methods. It was found that 5% tapioca starch along with 3% texturised soybean protein improved the texture and juiciness of the rehydrated product. Preheating of the minced meat at 70°C for 30 minutes also improved the texture appreciably. It was also found that mixing of the ingredients at low speed (less than 100 rpm) in a dough mixer gave the best texture, higher speed and sharp blades leading to rubbery texture. The dehydrated product (moisture 19-20%) thus prepared had a shelf life of six months at ambient temperature.

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本论文由三部分组成,一、大豆高产品种黑农40与低产品种黑农37不同发育时期叶片光合功能的比较研究。二、大豆非叶器官豆荚的光合特性。三、不同大豆品种叶片和非叶器官光合特性的比较分析。 一、 黑农40和黑农37不同发育时期叶片的光合特性。 以不同产量水平的东北大豆黑农40和对照品种黑农37为试验材料,研究了从幼苗期到衰老期五个不同发育时期叶片光合作用特性的变化。尤其是比较系统地研究了C4途径的表达,并通过相关分析,发现C4途径酶的活性与大豆的光合效率及其产量密切相关。主要研究结果如下: 1.测定不同发育时期大豆叶片净光合速率、DCIP光还原活力和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPcase)活力,结果表明,黑农40和黑农37叶片净光合速率均在初荚期达到最高值,而且不同发育时期的黑农40叶片光合能力均强于黑农37。 2.随着大豆叶片的发育和衰老,其叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的含量及Chla/b比值有一个逐渐升高,而后降低的过程。在同一发育时期,高产高光效品种黑农40光合色素含量均高于黑农37,有助于黑农40捕获更多的光能供光合作用所利用。 3.叶绿体吸收光谱及四阶导数光谱表明在整个生育期内以初荚期叶片对光能的吸收能力最强;而每一个发育时期黑农40叶片对光能吸收的能力均比黑农37高。荧光动力学参数表明,高产大豆黑农40叶片PSII活性(Fv/Fo),光化学猝灭系数(qP)及PSII总的光化学量子产量也均高于对照品种黑农37的相应值:而黑农40的非光化学猝灭系数(qN)低于黑农37。说明高产大豆叶片具有与产量潜力相关的较高光能吸收和原初转化能力。通过对叶片及其叶绿体低温(77K)荧光发射光谱特性的分析表明,黑农40叶绿体对两个光系统之间激发能的调节能力优于黑农37。总之,黑农40对光能的吸收、传递和转化能力高于黑农37,从而能为碳同化提供更多能量。 4.通过研究苗期、开花期、初荚期、鼓粒期和衰老期等发育阶段的黑农40和黑农37叶片中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、NADP-苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH)、NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)、丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)等C4途径的关键酶的活性变化,结合同位素14CO2喂饲试验,证明两种大豆叶片均含有C4途径四种关键酶,其原初产物含有有限的有机酸,说明有C4循环存在;而从PEPCase/RuBPcase的比值看,C4途径的酶在黑农40叶片中表达较高。通过相关分析,我们发现Pn与PSII光化学活性,RuBPCase及C4酶活性密切相关。这些结果还暗示有可能通过检测C4途径酶的表达水平及比例,筛选出具有高产潜力的大豆种质。 二、大豆非叶器官豆荚的光合特性。 通过对大豆非叶器官豆荚光合特性的研究,结果表明大豆豆荚的光合能力在鼓粒期达到最高值。通过叶绿体吸收光谱、荧光动力学和低温荧光等测定技术,我们发现鼓粒期的豆荚对光能的吸收、传递和转化有更高的能力;在鼓粒期不同品种的豆荚色素的含量也较高,从而有利于捕获更多的光能,供光合作用利用。DCIP光还原活力的测定结果表明鼓粒期豆荚也具有较高光合能力。 通过对大豆的初荚期、鼓粒期和衰老期豆荚RuBPCase和四种C4途径酶活性的研究,不仅证明非叶器官中有高活性的C4途径酶和存在有限的C4途径,而且鼓粒期豆荚有较高的碳同化效率。 三、不同大豆叶片和非叶器官光合特性的比较分析。 对三种大豆叶片、豆荚、种皮和子叶的色素含量和Chla/b进行测定,利用光谱技术、荧光技术及RuBPCase活性的测定,分析了大豆不同器官的光合特性。试验结果证明,非叶器官具有与叶器官相似的光合性能。与叶片比较,表明在非叶器官中具有非常高的C4酶活性。有利于补偿叶片开始衰老光合作用衰退的不足,因此非叶器官的这些光合特性有助于增加大豆光合产物的积累。

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Effects of three different doses of vitamin D sub(3) on molting, growth, and calcium and phosphate composition of tissue and molt during the grow-out of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (average weight 10.56 ± 0.20 g), obtained from a grow-out pond, were studied. Intramuscular doses of vitamin D sub(3) (100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight) were given on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th days. All the experimental animals were fed with a basal diet containing fish meal, shrimp meal, wheat flour, groundnut de-oiled cake, soybean meal and wheat bran at 3% of the body weight. The numbers of molts were recorded as 20±0.50, 29±1.16, 51±1.87, and 30±1.60 in control, 100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight physiological doses, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in prawns given 500 IU/ kg dose. Survival was between 58.33 ± 9.13 and 77.77 ± 8.61%. The ash content and calcium level increased significantly (p<0.05) and recorded the highest values in 500 IU/kg physiological dose. However, the inorganic phosphate (P sub(i)) content recorded the highest values in tissue in 2000 IU/kg dose (p<0.05, F = 50.60613). There is no significant difference in calcium contents (p>0.05) in both tissue and molt at 500 and 2000 IU/kg doses. It was found that a higher physiological dose (2000 IU/kg) of vitamin D sub(3) increased the rate of mortality. Results have shown that vitamin D sub(3) has a positive impact on the growth and survival of M. rosenbergii and it interferes with the metabolism of Ca and P sub(i), in tissue, and alters molting frequency. Results on physiological dose suggest an alternative and effective dietary supplementation method of vitamin D sub(3) in the grow-out phase of M. rosenbergii.

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利用RNAi改良大豆油脂品质 大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]起源于中国,栽培历史悠久,是重要的粮食作物, 同时也是植物油和蛋白的重要来源。随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们不但对大豆的需求量大大增加,同时对大豆的品质也提出了更高的要求。近年来,我国大豆进口量逐年攀升,已远远超过本国生产量。国外转抗除草剂转基因大豆大面积种植大大降低了生产成本,直接影响了我国大豆生产。因此,提高产量和改良品质是当前中国大豆生产所面临的重要课题。基因工程是大豆品种改良更为有效和快速的方法,但是由于历史原因我国的大豆转基因育种与发达国家尚存在一定差距,对我国的大豆生产贡献十分有限。因此,建立高效的大豆转化体系,加强大豆基因工程研究和育种是解决大豆面临困境的关键。 本研究的目的是以我国主要栽培大豆品种(黑农、合丰和东农等)为材料,利用GUS(β-glucuronidase)报告基因和RNAi技术,建立高效的大豆基因转化体系和基因功能研究体系。为大豆产量和品质基因工程改良提供技术手段和理论基础。结果如下: 以大豆下胚轴为外植体,对分生组织产生不定芽的频率进行了研究。培养基中添加高浓度BAP(6-benzylaminopurine)可以诱导外植体分生组织增殖产生不定芽的发生率;在培养基中添加银离子可以明显地促进大豆单个外植体多芽的产生,使得诱导不定芽总数目显著增加;不同基因型大豆再生不定芽能力有着较大区别,黑农44,黑农37,合丰35,合丰39等品种再生能力强;相对于大豆子叶节等再生系统,大豆下胚轴体系具有高效高频的再生特点(总的再生频率高于80%),且重复性好,容易操作。 以大豆下胚轴为外植体,用含有GUS报告基因的根癌农杆菌对其进行遗传转化,并重点对农杆菌菌液浓度、农杆菌侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮(AS)和抗氧化剂浓度等因素对农杆菌大豆转化效率的影响进行了研究。组织化学染色结果显示GUS基因在外植体顶端表达强烈,表达位置主要位于初生芽基部周围的分生组织。 农杆菌浸染时间以 4h 为最佳,此时的GUS瞬时表达频率可达73.0%;培养基中添加浓度为200μmol/L的乙酰丁香酮,可以显著增加GUS瞬时表达频率。抗氧化剂可以显著降低共培养阶段外植体的褐化和坏死率,进而显著提高农杆菌转化效率。用根癌农杆菌转化大豆下胚轴的方法得到了表达GUS基因转基因大豆株系。 利用大豆油酸去饱和酶基因(FAD2-1;Genbank, L43920)在第315-852碱基之间的基因片断构建了反向重复的RNAi表达载体,以农杆菌介导大豆下胚轴转化方法进行转化,并且获得转基因植株。经过PCR,Southern杂交和转基因后代的脂肪酸分析,表明沉默结构已经成功整合到大豆基因组中,并成功抑制了内源基因的表达。与栽培大豆品种相比较,转基因大豆种子的脂肪酸组成发生显著变化,油酸含量由栽培大豆的18.1%增加到71.5%¬-81.9%;亚油酸含量从栽培大豆的46.4%降到了约3.4%。 栽培大豆种子中油酸去饱和比率(ODP, oleic desaturation proportion)为0.76 到 0.84,转基因大豆种子的油酸去饱和比率降为0.06-0.26,表明Δ12-去饱和酶活性降低了74%-94%。上述结果表明,我们构建的RNAi反向重复序列沉默结构高效地抑制了大豆种子FAD2-1基因。 在本研究中,我们通过外源GUS基因的表达和内源FAD2基因的抑制,成功地建立了以大豆下胚轴为外植体的高效农杆菌介导大豆转化体系,并获得了相应的转基因株系。本研究对我国大豆品种基因工程改良以及进一步大豆功能基因组研究有重要参考价值。 四合木茎积累三脂酰甘油特征 四合木(Tetraena mongotica Maxim)是蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceac)四合木属唯一的种,是地球上最具代表性的古老残遗濒危珍稀植物。由于四合木极易燃烧,当地居民称其为“油柴”。 通过对四合木内可能存在的“油”成分进行了分析,我们发现其茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油(Triacylglycerols),含量达到46 mg/g DM。在韧皮部中更高,达到90 mg/g DM。我们通过半薄切片对四合木中三脂酰甘油在不同组织的分布和存在形式进行了研究,发现三脂酰甘油主要以油体形式存在于木质部和韧皮部的薄壁组织中。在韧皮部中,几乎所有的薄壁细胞都含有大量的油体。 三脂酰甘油在植物的生长发育中起着非常重要的作用。作为植物生长发育所需的碳源和能量,三脂酰甘油一般储存在植物的种子和果实中。虽然也有关于其在茎和叶中发现的报道,但是含量很少。四合木茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油,这种现象可能与四合木茎中存在茎特异油脂合成酶系统有关。因此,克隆相关基因并在作物中表达,将对能源植物的开发具有重要意义。

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大豆 (Glycine max (L.) Meer.)是人们日常生活中不可缺少的食品,也是一种非常重要的油质、蛋白资源。目前根据大豆种子吸胀阶段对低温敏感性的不同,可将其划分成3种生态型:低温非敏感型、低温敏感型及中间型。对于低温非敏感型的种子来讲,4℃下吸胀24小时对其发芽率影响很小,而敏感型种子萌发率不超过5%。我国属于温带大陆性气候,大豆播种后由于温度波动而造成一部分种子不能萌发,最终导致减产甚至绝产的现象普遍存在。高产是育种工作的主要目标,提高逆境胁迫的适应能力是高产的前提和基础,所以从分子角度研究种子吸胀非常必要,一方面能够挖掘新的基因资源,另一方面为今后育种工作提供必要的理论依据。 本试验以此为立足点,低温吸胀非敏感型大豆品种 (Z22)为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP方法及蛋白质技术分离与低温吸胀相关的基因及蛋白,得到结果如下: 第一,本试验成功的分离出4个受低温诱导的基因,半定量RT-PCR方法进一步验证了这4个基因在种子吸胀24小时内受低温诱导。 第二,利用RACE方法成功的得到2个完整的全长基因,在NCBI数据库中查找后发现其中1个基因为新基因,命名为SCHI基因 (SCHI:Soybean chilling-induced gene)。SCHI全长为390bp,编码分子量大约为14.2KD的蛋白;另外一个基因是已知基因,其同源序列已经在其他的物种中得到分离。由于此基因与核糖体蛋白L34高度同源,所以把把这个基因命名为SOL34 (Soybean L34)。 第三,利用半定量RT-PCR方法对基因表达模型进行分析,结果表明:SCHI在种子低温吸胀18~24小时期间诱导表达量最高,而当种子低温吸胀24小时后转入常温下,其表达量在常温下18小时左右迅速下降;ABA (100μM)、PEG (30%,10000)及NaCl (250mM)能够诱导SCHI的表达,在诱导表达量上,ABA和PEG诱导效果最明显,而NaCl能够微弱的诱导此基因表达;对不同生态型的大豆品种而言,低温吸胀过程中,SCHI在非敏感型种子中的表达量高于敏感型种子,但非敏感型和中间型之间没有差别;另外,SCHI在大豆胚轴中是诱导型表达,在叶片和根尖中则是组成型表达。SOL34的表达在萌发前24小时内被低温诱导,但在不同生态型之间没有差别。SOL34在胚轴和根尖中受低温诱导,在叶片中是组成型表达。 第四,SCHI能够在原核生物中表达出相应蛋白,诱导表达蛋白的分子量在26-29KD,大约为理论值的2倍,说明在大肠杆菌中被表达的蛋白以2聚体形式存在。另外低温试验结果表明SCHI能够提高菌落忍耐短时间-20℃低温的能力。 第五,利用双元表达载体把SCHI转入拟南芥植株,经过低温、干旱和盐胁迫后,转基因植株的成活率均高于野生型植株。超表达SOL34的拟南芥植株降低了对低温的耐性;而抑制拟南芥中L34的表达反而提高了植株对低温的抗性。 第六,本试验利用蛋白质等有关试验检测了大豆种子低温吸胀时蛋白质发生的变化。从吸胀 (4℃和22℃下24h)后的大豆胚轴中成功鉴定出上调蛋白点25个,下调蛋白点15个。其中有参与能量代谢反应 (占10%,例如柠檬酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等)、细胞生长与分裂相关反应 (20%,例如LEA蛋白和种子成熟蛋白PM26)、胁迫反应 (10%,如乙醇脱氢酶)、种子宿命和贮藏蛋白 (20%,大豆球蛋白)等蛋白在此过程中发生了变化,暗示种子萌发前期低温吸胀过程中多种代谢发生变化。细胞生长变缓、能量代谢增强、胁迫代谢蛋白的高表达以及贮藏蛋白降解速度减慢等变化都有利于种子在吸胀过程中度过低温环境,为以后的生长作好准备。

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大豆是重要的油料和蛋白植物。在生产实践中,在播种后达到早苗和齐苗是大豆丰收的前提。种子的吸胀冷害是农业生产的严重问题。吸胀冷害发生在种子开始吸水萌动的萌发初始阶段。吸胀冷害不仅发生在高寒地带和低温冷湿地区,尤其在我国东北地区,造成我国乃至全球大豆不同程度的减产。吸胀冷害的原初作用位点在生物膜上,本实验从呼吸代谢的角度研究吸胀冷害对种子活力的影响,探讨吸胀冷害的机制。 本实验选用由黑龙江省黑河农业科学院提供的对低温中度敏感的黑河13 号大豆种子为材料,分别经22°C、10°C 和4°C 恒温培养箱24 h 后,测定其生理指标,通过透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,利用蛋白质组技术研究低温吸胀与种子呼吸代谢的关系,得到的结果如下: 低温吸胀阻碍胚轴膜系统的修复。通过电解质渗漏率测定发现,4°C 到22°C 温度范围内,提高吸胀温度有助于保持细胞膜的完整性,显著降低吸胀后胚轴电解质渗漏。在低温下吸胀,胚轴活性氧清除酶的活性受到抑制,活性氧含量增加,增强了膜脂过氧化作用,进而导致种子活力下降。 通过透射电子显微镜观察,大豆种子在22°C 吸胀24 h 后,胚轴细胞液泡明显变大,在细胞中所占比例很高,并且细胞内膜系统比较发达,能清晰观察到细胞核,线粒体,质膜,内质网整齐有序的形状。胚轴的细胞含有其它结构正常的细胞器,包括细胞壁,胞间连丝,淀粉粒和油体等。线粒体的外膜、内膜、嵴发育较完善。10°C 和4°C 的吸胀严重损伤了胚轴中细胞器的修复,细胞膜不规则,没有发现内质网和胞间连丝,线粒体的体积较小以及膜系统不发达,尤其是4°C 吸胀的胚轴中细胞器的损伤更加严重,细胞膜系统紊乱。 低温吸胀抑制了线粒体从轻线粒体向重线粒体的修复,以及线粒体的耗氧能力。22°C 吸胀的线粒体的总体耗氧能力较高,电子传递主要是利用复合体I 的电子传递途径。10°C 吸胀的线粒体总体耗氧呼吸较低,且其线粒体的电子传递主要以复合体II 的途径。4°C 吸胀的线粒体的耗氧能力则更低。 将分离得到的线粒体进行的蛋白质组分析,共分离400 多个蛋白点,其中有20 个点有表达差异。经ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS 鉴定,六个下调的蛋白质分别为ATP 合成酶的亚基 (线粒体的氧化磷酸化),线粒体延长因子Tu(线粒体基因组转录), 苹果酸脱氢酶(三羧酸循环),精氨酸酶(尿素循环)和2 个线粒体chaperonin-60 (热稳定蛋白)。这些蛋白在低温吸胀时下调表达,影响了线粒体的正常生理代谢,说明它们在维持线粒体正常代谢中起到了重要的作用。 综上所述,低温吸胀影响了线粒体的结构和生理功能的修复,减少了能量和中间物质供应给种子萌发,造成了种子活力的下降。

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A specific blood coagulation factor X activator was purified from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah by gel filtration and two steps of FPLC Mono-Q column ion-exchange chromatography. It showed a single protein band both in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mol. wt was estimated to be 62,000 in non-reducing conditions and 64,500 in reducing conditions by SDS-PAGE. The isoelectric point was found to be pH 5.6. The enzyme had weak amidolytic activities toward CBS 65-25, but it showed no activities on S-2266, S-2302, thrombin substrate S-2238, plasmin substrate S-2251 or factor Xa substrate S-2222. It had no arginine esterase activity toward substrate benzoylarginine ethylester (BAEE). The enzyme activated factor X in vitro and the effect was absolutely Ca2+ dependent, with a Hill coefficient of 6.83. It could not activate prothrombin nor had any effect on fibrinogen and thus appeared to act specifically on factor X. The procoagulant activity of the enzyme was almost completely inhibited by serine protease inhibitors like PMSF, TPCK and soybean trypsin inhibitor; partially inhibited by L-cysteine. Metal chelator EDTA did not inhibit its procoagulant activity. These results suggest that the factor X activator from O. hannah venom is a serine protease.

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A specific activator of blood coagulation factor X was purified from the venom of Bungarus fasciatus by gel filtration and by ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono-Q column (FPLC). It consisted of a single polypeptide chain, with a mel. wt of 70,000 in reducing and non-reducing conditions. The enzyme had an amidolytic activity towards the chromogenic substrates S-2266 and S-2302 but it did not hydrolyse S-2238, S2251 or S-2222, which are specific substrates for thrombin, plasmin and factor Xa, respectively. The enzyme activated factor X in vitro and the effect was Ca2+ dependent with a Hill coefficient of 7.9. As with physiological activators, the venom activator cleaves the heavy chain of factor X, producing the activated factor Xa alpha. The purified factor X activator from B. fasciatus venom did not activate prothrombin, nor did it cleave or clot purified fibrinogen. The amidolytic activity and the factor X activation activity of the factor X activator from B. fasciatus venom were readily inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), benzamidine and by soybean trypsin inhibitor but not by EDTA. These observations suggest that the factor X activator from B. fasciatus venom is a serine protease. It therefore differs from those of activators obtained from Vipera russelli and Bothrops atrox venoms, which are metalloproteinases.

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An attempt was made to study the input-output relationships and economics of pangas monoculture and carp-pangas polyculture in Bangladesh. By analyzing the data collected from 50 pangas farms and 55 carp-pangas farms, the study has investigated the production systems of two technologies and the effects of fingerling stocking and applications of feed and fertilizer on fisheries income. The data were collected from the fishermen of Trishal and Bhaluka of Mymensingh district, and Kahaloo and Adamdighee of Bogra district during 2001-02. For pangas monoculture, the stocking density was 31,561 per ha while it was 55,017 per ha in carp-pangas polyculture. Most of the farmers used urea, TSP and lime before stocking. Rice and wheat bran happened to be the most common feed ingredients for both types of culture in general. Other important ingredients used were mustard oil-cakes, rice polish, wheat flour, fish meal, bone meal, soybean meal and poultry litter. In terms of quantities, rice bran and wheat bran dominated the farmers list. Rice and wheat bran together constituted about 60% of all studied feeds. Feed cost constituted 59.13% of total costs for pangas monoculture and 67.44% for carp-pangas polyculture. Per ha productions of pangas and carp-pangas in a single culture cycle were 15,508 kg and 19,745 kg, respectively. Per ha gross profits were estimated to be Tk 310,311 and Tk 464,418 for pangas monoculture and carp-pangas polyculture, respectively. Net profit appeared to be Tk 264,216 per ha for pangas monoculture and Tk 416,509 per ha for carp-pangas polyculture. The BCRs calculated were 1.46 and 1.68 for monoculture and polyculture, respectively. The break-even costs per kg of fish were estimated at Tk 36.93 for pangas and Tk 30.93 for mixed species which was much lower than the prices the producers received. Break-even productions were estimated at 10,702 kg per ha for pangas monoculture and 11,784 kg per ha for carp-pangas polyculture. Fingerling and feed cost, and pond size significantly explained the variation of income from pangas monoculture. These factors have significantly influenced the income from the crop. Functional analysis shows that 1% increase in the feed cost might increase 0.51% of pangas income and 0.41% in carp-pangas income. No other inputs had shown this much of responses to increasing income from a fish.

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The culture of Penaeus monodon has explicitly defined the need for diet formulations or supplementary feeds that would promote optimum growth and survival of the animal. A total of 28 feed combinations were developed for P. monodon. Fish meal, shrimp head meal, squid head meal, Ascetes spp. rice bran, and soybean cake were used as primary ingredients in these feeds. The commercial vitamin mix No. 22 was added to the dry ingredients. Gelatinized corn starch and wheat flour were used as binders. The pellets were extruded using a portable kitchen grinder with a diameter of 4 mm. The products were either sun-dried for 8 hours or oven-dried overnight at 50 degree C to stabilize moisture at 8-10%. The pellets were then kept in covered glass bottles and stored in the laboratory at room temperature. The cost of the feeds excluding labour were also computed. The pellets were analyzed for protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash, and moisture contents using standard procedures. They were also analyzed for water stability. To test the stability of pellets in water, 2-g samples were placed in plankton nets (mesh #40) and suspended in water for two, and six hours. The undissolved samples were then vacuum-dried and the moisture determined. Cost of the feeds ranged from P1.10 to P2.60 per kg depending on the feed ingredient. Squid and Ascetes spp. were rather expensive for use as basic ingredients. Proximate analysis of dry weight showed percentage protein content ranged from 20-63 g; fat, 8-20 g; carbohydrate (by difference), 11-36 g; ash, 8-28 g; moisture, 6-11 g; and crude fiber, 5 . 13 g. Stability tests showed that after two hours, 35-88% of solids remained intact and after 6 hours, 20-55% of the pellets remained undissolved. When a pellet disintegrates easily, pollution of the water occurs. Chances for the shrimp to feed on the pellet is minimized when the pellet is unstable. Thus, the search for a more compact feed pellet has to be continued.