Trajectory and predictors of quality of life in first episode psychotic mania.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the trajectory of quality of life (QoL) following a first episode of psychotic mania in bipolar disorder (BD). This 18-month longitudinal study investigated the trajectory of QoL, and the influence of premorbid adjustment and symptoms on 18-month QoL in a cohort of young people experiencing a first episode of psychotic mania. METHODS: As part of an overarching clinical trial, at baseline, sixty participants presenting with a first episode of psychotic mania (BD Type 1 - DSM-IV) completed symptomatic and functional assessments in addition to the Premorbid Adjustment Scale - General Subscale. Symptom measures were repeated at 18-month follow up. QoL was rated using the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) at designated time points. RESULTS: Mean QLS scores at initial measurement (8 weeks) were 61% of the maximum possible score, increasing significantly to 70% at 12 months, and 71.2% at 18-month follow-up. Premorbid adjustment and 18-month depressive symptoms were significantly associated with QoL at 18-month follow-up. LIMITATIONS: Study limitations include the small sample size, inclusion of participants with psychotic mania only, use of measures originally designed for use with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and lack of premorbid or baseline measurement of QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that QoL can be maintained early in BD, and reinforce the importance of assertively treating depressive symptoms throughout the course of this disorder. The emergence of a link between premorbid adjustment and poorer QoL in this cohort highlights the importance of assessing facets of adjustment when planning psychological interventions.

Aspectos físico-químicos e biológicos relacionados à ocorrência de Biomphalaria glabrata em focos litorâneos da esquistossomose em Pernambuco

This study analyzes the physico-chemical and biological parameters of freshwater aquatic environments in coastal areas of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, where snail vector foci and cases of schistosomiasis have been recorded. The tests were carried out using standard methods and sediments were analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence technique. The micro-algae were analyzed using conventional microscopy. The most abundant chemical elements in the sediments were Fe, Ca, Si and Al and there were high concentrations of electrolytes in comparison with data published in the literature. The mean values for salinity (7.7 g/L) and sulfate (489 mg/L) were much higher than normal for freshwater environments. The micro-algae identified are those that inhabit environments with higher levels of salinity. The snail Biomphalaria glabrata seems, therefore, to be more tolerant to salty environments and this constitutes a risk of spread of schistosomiasis.

Montaigne, philosophe au quotidien: vie privée et vie publique dans les essais

De concert avec ses fonctions politiques - et cela sur vingt ans -, Montaigne rédigea ses Essais que l'on considère trop souvent comme séparés de ses responsabilités publiques aujourd'hui reléguées à l'arrière plan de sa carrière d'écrivain. Nous voudrions arguer que ses Essais sont indissociables de sa vie publique. Certes, les préoccupations littéraires et politiques de Montaigne changent avec son temps, mais ce qui fonde la forme de l'essai - à savoir un discours profondément inscrit dans le présent - ne permet pas d'établir une différence théorique entre le privé et le public puisque les deux sont pratiquement inséparables quand ils sont réduits à leur unité la plus stricte qui se rapporte essentiellement au quotidien, car dans l'immédiat du vécu, le privé et le public sont pratiquement indissociables. Si une philosophie se dégage indubitablement des Essais, elle a peut-être plus à voir avec la manipulation constante effectuée par Montaigne entre le particulier (vie privée) et l'universel (vie publique) que sur le contenu de tel précepte moral ou dogme des écoles antiques. La temporalité de l'écriture et celle des événements ne sont pas en synchronie dans les Essais et Montaigne joue constamment sur cette image d'un livre privé (hors de toute temporalité historique) alors que les Essais sont conçus comme un objet lui permettant précisément l'accès à la vie publique. Cette philosophie du quotidien et du temps présent qui ressort des Essais ne saurait mettre à l'écart les considérations publiques et historiques qui rythment toujours l'écriture d'une vie bien particulière.

Atividade antifúngica de extratos vegetais sobre o desenvolvimento de fitopatógenos

A formação de uma consciência ecológica e a busca pela preservação do meio ambiente tem gerado a necessidade de testar produtos naturais, visando um controle alternativo de fitopatógenos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de dez extratos aquosos sobre o desenvolvimento in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos. Foram conduzidos seis ensaios experimentais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos e 10 repetições para cada ensaio. Os tratamentos constaram dos extratos bruto aquosos de alho, arruda, canela, cravo-da-índia, cavalinha, eucalipto, hortelã, jabuticaba, melão de são caetano e nim na concentração de 20%, mais a testemunha (somente BDA). Os ensaios foram realizados com os fungos Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercosporakikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani e Phomopsis sp. Os extratos foram filtrados em papel wathman nº 1, colocados em banho maria a 65ºC, durante 1 hora, incorporados em meio BDA e após vertido em placas de Petri, transferiu-se discos de micélio dos patógenos (0,3 cm de diâmetro). Foi analisado o crescimento micelial da colônia, a porcentagem de inibição e a taxa de crescimento dos fungos. Observou-se que os meios de cultura contendo os extratos de cravo-da-índia, alho e canela apresentaram maior atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos, quando comparados aos demais extratos utilizados, destacando o extrato de cravo-da-índia, que inibiu completamente o desenvolvimento de todos os fitopatógenos testados.

Relação de massa e localização do escleródio no solo com germinação carpogênica de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum permitem ao fungo conservar seu poder patogênico por vários anos no solo, todavia, são incipientes os estudos que relacionam a massa e a localização dos escleródios no solo com sua patogenicidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar se a massa dos escleródios e a sua localização no solo podem interferir na germinação carpogênica de S. sclerotiorum. Os escleródios foram pesados e classificados em seis classes, (C1) escleródios com massa inferior a 0,01 g, (C2) 0,01<0,02 g, (C3) 0,02<0,03 g, (C4) 0,03<0,04 g, (C5) 0,04<0,05 g e (C6) 0,05<0,06 g. Depois, foram acondicionados em caixas gerbox contendo solo umedecido até 100% da saturação, sendo alocados na superfície do solo e enterrados a uma profundidade de 3 cm. Os gerbox foram incubados em câmara BOD, temperatura de 20ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Notou-se maior percentual de germinação carpogênica nos escleródios colocados na superfície do solo em todas as classes analisadas. Foi observada uma tendência em aumentar a germinação carpogênica com o aumento na massa dos escleródios, constatando-se nos escleródios colocados na superfície, germinação de 37,5; 62,5; 75; 87,5; 100 e 100%, enquanto que para os escleródios enterrados foi de 0; 37,5; 37,5; 62,5; 62,5 e 62,5%, nas classes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6, respectivamente. Ao final das avaliações, os escleródios enterrados apresentaram menor número de estipes e apotécios. Os escleródios C4, C5 e C6, quando na superfície do solo originaram mais estipes e apotécios, enquanto que para os enterrados, apenas os escleródios C5 e C6 proporcionaram maior número de estipes e apotécios por escleródio.

Molluscicidal activity of Punica granatum bark and Canna indica root

The molluscicidal activity of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae) and Canna indica Linn. (Cannaceae) against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied. The molluscicidal activity of P. granatum bark and C. indica root was found to be both time and dose dependent. The toxicity of P. granatum bark was more pronounced than that of C. indica. The 24 h LC50 of the column-purified root of C. indica was 6.54 mg/l whereas that of the column-purified bark of P. granatum was 4.39 mg/l. The ethanol extract of P. granatum (24 h LC50: 22.42 mg/l) was more effective than the ethanol extract of C. indica (24 h LC50: 55.65 mg/l) in killing the test animals. P. granatum and C. indica may be used as potent molluscicides since the concentrations used to kill the snails were not toxic for the fish Colisa fasciatus, which shares the same habitat with the snail L. acuminata.

Expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early development of Rhynchosciara americana embryos

The establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in Drosophila is a complex process which involves the action of maternal and zygotically expressed genes. Interspecific differences in the expression pattern of some of these genes have been described in other species. Here we present the expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early embryogenesis in the lower dipteran Rhynchosciara americana. The expression of four genes, the ventralizing genes snail (sna) and twist (twi) and the dorsalizing genes decapentaplegic (dpp) and zerknüllt (zen), was investigated by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Sense and antisense mRNA were transcribed in vitro using UTP-digoxigenin and hybridized at 55°C with dechorionated fixed embryos. Staining was obtained with anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody revealed with NBT-BCIP solution. The results showed that, in general, the spatial-temporal expression of R. americana dorsal-ventral genes is similar to that observed in Drosophila, where twi and sna are restricted to the ventral region, while dpp and zen are expressed in the dorsal side. The differences encountered were subtle and probably represent a particular aspect of dorsal-ventral axis determination in R. americana. In this lower dipteran sna is expressed slightly later than twi and dpp expression is expanded over the lateral ectoderm during cellular blastoderm stage. These data suggest that the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in R. americana embryos follows a program similar to that observed in Drosophila melanogaster.

The terrestrial Gastropoda Megalobulimus abbreviatus as a useful model for nociceptive experiments: effects of morphine and naloxone on thermal avoidance behavior

We describe the behavior of the snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus upon receiving thermal stimuli and the effects of pretreatment with morphine and naloxone on behavior after a thermal stimulus, in order to establish a useful model for nociceptive experiments. Snails submitted to non-functional (22ºC) and non-thermal hot-plate stress (30ºC) only displayed exploratory behavior. However, the animals submitted to a thermal stimulus (50ºC) displayed biphasic avoidance behavior. Latency was measured from the time the animal was placed on the hot plate to the time when the animal lifted the head-foot complex 1 cm from the substrate, indicating aversive thermal behavior. Other animals were pretreated with morphine (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) or naloxone (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg/kg) 15 min prior to receiving a thermal stimulus (50ºC; N = 9 in each group). The results (means ± SD) showed an extremely significant difference in response latency between the group treated with 20 mg/kg morphine (63.18 ± 14.47 s) and the other experimental groups (P < 0.001). With 2.5 mg/kg (16.26 ± 3.19 s), 5.0 mg/kg (11.53 ± 1.64 s) and 7.5 mg/kg naloxone (7.38 ± 1.6 s), there was a significant, not dose-dependent decrease in latency compared to the control (33.44 ± 8.53 s) and saline groups (29.1 ± 9.91 s). No statistically significant difference was found between the naloxone-treated groups. With naloxone plus morphine, there was a significant decrease in latency when compared to all other groups (minimum 64% in the saline group and maximum 83.2% decrease in the morphine group). These results provide evidence of the involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in the control of thermal withdrawal behavior in this snail, and reveal a stereotyped and reproducible avoidance behavior for this snail species, which could be studied in other pharmacological and neurophysiological studies.

Role of the cardiac nerve in the effect of a novel innocuous stimulus on the heart rate of Megalobulimus mogianensis

The effects of a brief jet of water delivered to the anterior portion of body-head on the heart rate of Megalobulimus mogianensis were determined in a group of intact snails (N = 8), previously prepared for electrocardiogram recording. The heart rate was significantly increased following stimulation. Nevertheless, with repetition of the stimulus there was a significant decrease in the magnitude of the heart rate variation and in the time for the basal heart rate to recover (first stimulus, 7.4 ± 1.2 bpm and 15.5 ± 1.8 min; second stimulus, 4.8 ± 1.0 bpm and 10.6 ± 1.5 min; third stimulus, 5.0 ± 0.3 bpm and 11.1 ± 1.8 min), indicating that this behavioral response undergoes early habituation. To determine the role of the cardiac nerve in mediating the heart rate alterations induced by the jet of water two other groups were tested: denervated animals (N = 8) and sham-operated control animals (N = 8). Although the innocuous stimulus caused the heart rate to increase significantly in both experimental groups, the mean increase in heart rate in denervated animals (3.2 ± 0.4 bpm) was 41% of the value obtained in sham-operated animals (7.8 ± 1.5 bpm), indicating that the cardiac nerve is responsible for 59% of the cardioacceleration induced by the innocuous stimulus. The increase in heart rate observed in denervated animals may be due to an increase in venous return promoted by the intense muscular activity associated with the retraction-protraction of the anterior part of the body induced by the jet of water.

Sweden and Norway according to the newest observations by H. Moll geographer.

D. east from London = 0-meridiaani: Lontoo. - Koordinaattiasteikko: [W5°] E5-45°, N[70°]65-55°.

Role of nuclear factor kappa B and reactive oxygen species in the tumor necrosis factor-a-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of MCF-7 cells

The microenvironment of the tumor plays an important role in facilitating cancer progression and activating dormant cancer cells. Most tumors are infiltrated with inflammatory cells which secrete cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). To evaluate the role of TNF-a in the development of cancer we studied its effects on cell migration with a migration assay. The migrating cell number in TNF-a -treated group is about 2-fold of that of the control group. Accordingly, the expression of E-cadherin was decreased and the expression of vimentin was increased upon TNF-a treatment. These results showed that TNF-a can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-7 cells. Further, we found that the expression of Snail, an important transcription factor in EMT, was increased in this process, which is inhibited by the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) inhibitor aspirin while not affected by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Consistently, specific inhibition of NFkB by the mutant IkBa also blocked the TNF-a-induced upregulation of Snail promoter activity. Thus, the activation of NFkB, which causes an increase in the expression of the transcription factor Snail is essential in the TNF-a-induced EMT. ROS caused by TNF-a seemed to play a minor role in the TNF-a-induced EMT of MCF-7 cells, though ROS per se can promote EMT. These findings suggest that different mechanisms might be responsible for TNF-a - and ROS-induced EMT, indicating the need for different strategies for the prevention of tumor metastasis induced by different stimuli.

Role of the cardiac nerve in the adaptive changes of heart rate in response to an aversive stimulus in Megalobulimus mogianensis

The effect of an aversive stimulus represented by contact with a hot plate on the heart rate of Megalobulimus mogianensis was evaluated with electrocardiogram recording in intact snails (N = 8). All stimulated animals showed an increase in heart rate, with mean values ranging from 35.6 ± 1.2 (basal heart rate) to 43.8 ± 0.9 bpm (post-stimulation heart rate). The cardioacceleration was followed by gradual recovery of the basal heart rate, with mean recovery times varying from 4.3 ± 0.3 to 5.8 ± 0.6 min. Repetition of the stimulus did not affect the magnitude of variation nor did it influence the basal heart rate recovery time. To investigate the role of the cardiac nerve in mediating the heart rate alterations induced by the aversive stimulus, denervated (N = 8) and sham-operated (N = 8) animals were also tested. Although the aversive stimulus caused the heart rate to increase significantly in both experimental groups, the mean increase in heart rate in denervated animals (4.4 ± 0.4 bpm) was 57% of the value obtained in sham-operated animals (7.7 ± 1.3 bpm), indicating that the cardiac nerve is responsible for 43% of the cardioacceleration induced by the aversive stimulus. The cardioacceleration observed in denervated snails may be due to an increase in venous return promoted by the intense muscular activity associated with the withdrawal response. Humoral factors may also be involved. A probable delaying inhibitory effect of the cardiac nerve on the recuperation of the basal heart rate is suggested.

Mechanisms of RON-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MDCK cells through the MAPK pathway

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in neoplastic metastasis, and the RON protein may be involved. In the present study, we determined the role and the mechanisms of action of RON in EMT in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells by Western blot and cell migration analysis. Activation of RON by macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) results in cell migration and initiates changes in the morphology of RON-cDNA-transfected MDCK cells. The absence of E-cadherin, the presence of vimentin and an increase in Snail were observed in RE7 cells, which were derived from MDCK cells transfected with wt-RON, compared with MDCK cells. Stimulation of RE7 cells with MSP resulted in increased migration (about 69% of the wounded areas were covered) as well as increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β; the percent of the activation ratio was 143.6/599.8% and 512.4%, respectively), which could be inhibited with an individual chemical inhibitor PD98059 (50 μM) specific to MAPK/ERK kinase (the percent inhibition was 98.9 and 81.2%, respectively). Thus, the results indicated that RON protein could mediate EMT in MDCK cells via the Erk1/2 pathway. Furthermore, GSK-3β regulates the function of Snail in controlling EMT by this pathway.

Germinação de sementes e vigor de plântulas de milho submetidas ao estresse salino induzido por diferentes sais

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do estresse salino induzido por diferentes potenciais osmóticos das soluções de NaCl, KCl e CaCl2, na germinação de sementes e no vigor de plântulas de milho. O trabalho foi constituído por dois experimentos realizados no Laboratório de Sementes da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados e em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Dourados-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 6, com quatro repetições, sendo o primeiro fator constituído pelos sais e o segundo pelos potenciais osmóticos: 0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,8; -1,2 e -1,6MPa. Foram analisadas as variáveis: Experimento 1 - porcentagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e comprimento da raiz primária; Experimento 2 - altura final de planta, comprimento radicular, diâmetro de colmo, área foliar, teor de clorofila e massa seca de parte aérea e de raiz. A germinação não foi afetada pelo estresse salino. A diminuição do potencial osmótico nas soluções de KCl e NaCl, causou decréscimos no comprimento de parte aérea e acréscimos no comprimento da raiz primária. A condição de estresse provocada pelos sais proporciona comportamento diferenciado no vigor de plântulas de milho. O efeito salino do NaCl é maior nas características altura de planta, comprimento radicular, área foliar e massa seca de raiz.