Maailmalle yhtenä, takaisin toisena? Suomalaisten ekspatriaattiperheiden lapset kulttuurisissa siirtymissä

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan vanhemman globaalin työn vuoksi tapahtuvaa perheen ulkomaille muuttoa ja paluumuuttoa lapsen kulttuurisina siirtyminä. Tutkittavista lapsista käytetään käsitettä ekspatriaattiperheen lapset. Ekspatriaatti määrittyy väliaikaisesti ulkomailla työskenteleväksi työntekijäksi, joka voi olla ulkomailla joko työnantajansa lähettämänä tai itsenäisesti työpaikkansa järjestäneenä. Ekspatriaattiutta ei rajata perinteisen ekspatriaattitutkimuksen tapaan ainoastaan yritysmaailmaan, vaan siihen sisällytetään myös muiden alojen työntekijät kuten tutkijat. Tutkimus tarkastelee siten makrotason ilmiöiden – globaalin työelämän ja kansainvälisen liikkuvuuden – seurauksia mikrotasolla, lapsen elämässä. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin kahdeksan suuren suomalaiskaupungin (Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa, Turku, Oulu, Lahti, Kuopio ja Jyväskylä) peruskoulujen kautta. Aineisto koostuu vanhemmilta kerätystä sähköisestä kyselyaineistosta (N = 202 perhettä, 333 lasta) sekä lapsilta kerätystä haastatteluaineistosta (N = 8). Tutkimuksessa käytettiin erityisesti kahta teoreettista lähestymistapaa: perhetutkimuksellista näkökulmaa ja siinä tarkemmin perhesysteemistä teoriaa sekä lapsuudentutkimuksellista näkökulmaa. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ekspatriaattiperheiden voimavaroja, jotka muodostavat lasten kulttuuristen siirtymien keskeisen kontekstin. Tutkimuksen tehtävänä oli kuvailla lasten sopeutumista siirtymiin sekä löytää sille mahdollisia selityksiä. Sopeutumisen käsite kattaa psykologisen ja sosiokulttuurisen sopeutumisen sekä kulttuurisen identiteetin. Lisäksi tutkimustehtävänä oli ymmärtää lasten kokemusten rakentumista ulkomaille muuton ja paluumuuton siirtymissä. Siirtymäkokemukset nähdään sopeutumisen ulottuvuuksia vastaten tunteina, toimintana ja identiteettinä. Keskiluokkaisilla ekspatriaattiperheillä oli runsaasti voimavaroja. Perheiden sisäiset voimavarat olivat vahvat, vaikkakin vanhemmuudessa oli havaittavissa epätasapainoisen lapsi-vanhempisuhteen merkkejä. Ekspatriaattiperheet olivat kulttuurisissa siirtymissä dynaamisessa muutoksessa. Tulosten perusteella vanhempien tulisi ulkomaille muuton ja paluumuuton siirtymissä keskittyä takaamaan lasten jatkuvuuden kokemuksia sekä tukemaan lasten emotionaalista hyvinvointia. Perheiden ulkopuolisissa voimavaroissa epävirallisen sosiaalisen tuen merkitys oli tärkeä. Virallinen tuki, työn ja koulun tuki, oli ulkomailla asuttaessa hyödyllisempää kuin paluumuuton jälkeen. Kansainvälisten koulujen sijaan lapset kävivät pääosin ”tavallista” koulua. Vanhemmilta kerätyn aineiston perusteella lasten ulkomaille muuttoon ja paluumuuttoon sopeutumisesta piirtyi erittäin myönteinen kuva. Lapsen sopeutumiseen heijastuivat erityisesti perheeseen liittyvät asiat. Perhe oli lasten kulttuuristen siirtymien keskeisin konteksti ja myös tärkein tukija. Ulkomaille muutto näyttäytyi paluumuuttoa vaikeampana siirtymänä ainoastaan sosiaaliskielellisten vaikeuksien näkökulmasta. Paluumuuton haasteellisuus suhteessa ulkomaille muuttoon tuli esiin tuloksissa. Lasten haastatteluaineisto toi vanhempien myönteisen käsityksen rinnalle myös muita sävyjä. Lasten kokemuksia rakensi muun muassa ikävän tunne. Lasten identiteetit näyttäytyivät lapsilta kerätyn aineiston valossa dynaamisina ja tilanteisina. Paluumuuton jälkeen osalla lapsista oli kulttuurienvälinen identiteetti. Lasten kulttuurienvälisyys on suomalaisessa kontekstissa piilossa: lapset nähdään ainoastaan suomalaisina. Lasten identiteettien kulttuurienvälisyys tulisi saada näkyviin kodin ulkopuolella. Koulukontekstissa tätä tukisi paluuoppilaskäsitteen uudelleen käyttöönotto, joka liittäisi nämä kulttuurienväliset lapset osaksi kulttuurienvälisyyskasvatusta.

L'Univers

1895/12/14 (Numéro 10198).

La Jeunesse illustrée

1930/12/14 (N1419).

La Jeunesse illustrée

1924/12/14 (N1106).

La Jeunesse illustrée

1919/12/14 (N848).

On Innovative Search: the use of internal and external sources of innovation among Finnish innovators

This dissertation explores the use of internal and external sources of knowledge in modern innovation processes. It builds on a framework that combines theories such as a behavioural theory of the firm, the evolutionary theory of economic change, and modern approaches to strategic management. It follows the recent increase in innovation research focusing on the firm-level examination of innovative activities instead of traditional industry-level determinants. The innovation process is seen as a problem- and slack- driven search process, which can take several directions in terms of organizational boundaries in the pursuit of new knowledge and other resources. It thus draws on recent models of technological change, according to which firms nowadays should build their innovative activities on both internal and external sources of innovation rather than relying solely on internal resources. Four different research questions are addressed, all of which are empirically investigated via a rich dataset covering Finnish innovators collected by Statistics Finland. Firstly, the study examines how the nature of problems shapes the direction of any search for new knowledge. In general it demonstrates that the nature of the problem does affect the direction of the search, although under resource constraints firms tend to use external rather than internal sources of knowledge. At the same time, it shows that those firms that are constrained in terms of finance seem to search both internally and externally. Secondly, the dissertation investigates the relationships between different kinds of internal and external sources of knowledge in an attempt to find out where firms should direct their search in order to exploit the potential of a distributed innovation process. The concept of complementarities is applied in this context. The third research question concerns how the use of external knowledge sources – openness to external knowledge – influences the financial performance of firms. Given the many advantages of openness presented in the current literature, the focus is on how it shapes profitability. The results reveal a curvilinear relationship between profitability and openness (taking an inverted U-shape), the implication being that it pays to be open up to a certain point, but being too open to external sources may be detrimental to financial performance. Finally, the dissertation addresses some challenges in CISbased innovation research that have received relatively little attention in prior studies. The general aim is to underline the fact that comprehensive understanding of the complex process of technological change requires the constant development of methodological approaches (in terms of data and measures, for example). All the empirical analyses included in the dissertation are based on the Finnish CIS (Finnish Innovation Survey 1998-2000).

Acidic dissolution of iron oxides and regeneration of a ceramic filter medium

The dewatering of iron ore concentrates requires large capacity in addition to producing a cake with low moisture content. Such large processes are commonly energy intensive and means to lower the specific energy consumption are needed. Ceramic capillary action disc filters incorporate a novel filter medium enabling the harnessing of capillary action, which results in decreased energy consumption in comparison to traditional filtration technologies. As another benefit, the filter medium is mechanically and chemically more durable than, for example, filter cloths and can, thus, withstand harsh operating conditions and possible regeneration better than other types of filter media. In iron ore dewatering, the regeneration of the filter medium is done through a combination of several techniques: (1) backwashing, (2) ultrasonic cleaning, and (3) acid regeneration. Although it is commonly acknowledged that the filter medium is affected by slurry particles and extraneous compounds, published research, especially in the field of dewatering of mineral concentrates, is scarce. Whereas the regenerative effect of backwashing and ultrasound are more or less mechanical, regeneration with acids is based on chemistry. The chemistry behind the acid regeneration is, naturally, dissolution. The dissolution of iron oxide particles has been extensively studied over several decades but those studies may not necessarily be directly applicable in the regeneration of the filter medium which has undergone interactions with the slurry components. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if free particle dissolution indeed correlates with the regeneration of the filter medium. For this purpose, both free particle dissolution and dissolution of surface adhered particles were studied. The focus was on acidic dissolution of iron oxide particles and on the study of the ceramic filter medium used in the dewatering of iron ore concentrates. The free particle dissolution experiments show that the solubility of synthetic fine grained iron oxide particles in oxalic acid could be explained through linear models accounting for the effects of temperature and acid concentration, whereas the dissolution of a natural magnetite is not so easily explained by such models. In addition, the kinetic experiments performed both support and contradict the work of previous authors: the suitable kinetic model here supports previous research suggesting solid state reduction to be the reaction mechanism of hematite dissolution but the formation of a stable iron oxalate is not supported by the results of this research. Several other dissolution mechanisms have also been suggested for iron oxide dissolution in oxalic acid, indicating that the details of oxalate promoted reductive dissolution are not yet agreed and, in this respect, this research offers added value to the community. The results of the regeneration experiments with the ceramic filter media show that oxalic acid is highly effective in removing iron oxide particles from the surface of the filter medium. The dissolution of those particles did not, however, exhibit the expected behaviour, i.e. complete dissolution. The results of this thesis show that although the regeneration of the ceramic filter medium with acids incorporates the dissolution of slurry particles from the surface of the filter medium, the regeneration cannot be assessed purely based upon free particle dissolution. A steady state, dependent on temperature and on the acid concentration, was observed in the dissolution of particles from the surface even though the limit of solubility of free iron oxide particles had not been reached. Both the regeneration capacity and efficiency, with regards to the removal of iron oxide particles, was found to be temperature dependent, but was not affected by the acid concentration. This observation further suggests that the removal of the surface adhered particles does not follow the dissolution of free particles, which do exhibit a dependency on the acid concentration. In addition, changes in the permeability and in the pore structure of the filter medium were still observed after the bulk concentration of dissolved iron had reached a steady state. Consequently, the regeneration of the filter medium continued after the dissolution of particles from the surface had ceased. This observation suggests that internal changes take place at the final stages of regeneration. The regeneration process could, in theory, be divided into two, possibly overlapping, stages: (1) dissolution of surface-adhered particles, and (2) dissolution of extraneous compounds from within the pore structure. In addition to the fundamental knowledge generated during this thesis, tools to assess the effects of parameters on the regeneration of the ceramic filter medium are needed. It has become clear that the same tools used to estimate the dissolution of free particles cannot be used to estimate the regeneration of a filter medium unless only a robust characterisation of the order of regeneration efficiency is needed.

Structural and operational optimisation : applications in energy systems

In this work mathematical programming models for structural and operational optimisation of energy systems are developed and applied to a selection of energy technology problems. The studied cases are taken from industrial processes and from large regional energy distribution systems. The models are based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) and on a hybrid approach of a combination of Non-Linear Programming (NLP) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The optimisation of the structure and operation of energy systems in urban regions is treated in the work. Firstly, distributed energy systems (DES) with different energy conversion units and annual variations of consumer heating and electricity demands are considered. Secondly, district cooling systems (DCS) with cooling demands for a large number of consumers are studied, with respect to a long term planning perspective regarding to given predictions of the consumer cooling demand development in a region. The work comprises also the development of applications for heat recovery systems (HRS), where paper machine dryer section HRS is taken as an illustrative example. The heat sources in these systems are moist air streams. Models are developed for different types of equipment price functions. The approach is based on partitioning of the overall temperature range of the system into a number of temperature intervals in order to take into account the strong nonlinearities due to condensation in the heat recovery exchangers. The influence of parameter variations on the solutions of heat recovery systems is analysed firstly by varying cost factors and secondly by varying process parameters. Point-optimal solutions by a fixed parameter approach are compared to robust solutions with given parameter variation ranges. In the work enhanced utilisation of excess heat in heat recovery systems with impingement drying, electricity generation with low grade excess heat and the use of absorption heat transformers to elevate a stream temperature above the excess heat temperature are also studied.

Journal des débats et des décrets

1803/12/14.

Journal des débats et des décrets

1804/12/14.

Journal des débats et des décrets

1802/12/14.

Journal des débats et des décrets

1801/12/14.