Imunorreatividade à FMRF-amida no sistema nervoso central e na musculatura pediosa de Megalobulimus oblongus

O mapeamento da imunorreatividade ao neuropeptídio FMRF-amida no SNC e na musculatura pediosa de Megalobulimus oblongus foi realizado com o objetivo de dar continuidade aos estudos que vem sendo realizados nesta espécie, com o interesse em estabelecê-lo como modelo experimental em estudos neurobiológicos. O neuropeptídio FMRF-amida foi o primeiro peptídio nativo de invertebrados a ser purificado e seqüenciado, a partir do extrato de gânglios cardioativos do molusco Macrocallista nimbosa. Ele atuaria sobre os receptores metabotrópicos, induzindo a abertura dos canais iônicos de K+ tipo S (sensíveis à serotonina (5HT)), hiperpolarizando a membrana celular e assim, aumentando o limiar para o desencadeamento do potencial de ação. A distribuição da imunorreatividade à FMRF-amida em M. oblongus foi investigada empregando-se a técnica imunohistoquímica com anticorpo não-marcado de Sternberger (1979). Todos os gânglios nervosos centrais apresentaram neurônios e fibras FLI (FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity), assim como suas comissuras, conetivos e a maioria dos nervos emergentes destes gânglios. Nos cortes da musculatura pediosa observou-se também uma intensa imunorreatividade a FMRF-amida. O maior número de neurônios FLI foi encontrado nos gânglios cerebrais com seus tamanhos variando de pequeno a grande. O corpo dorsal apresentou grande quantidade de fibras viii imunomarcadas. No mesocérebro foram detectados alguns agrupamentos FLI junto ao neuropilo e à comissura cerebral e neurônios dispersos na sua porção ântero-medial. O pró-cérebro mostrou-se repleto de neurônios globulosos FLI. Vários agrupamentos foram observados nos lobos pedal, pleural e comissural do pós-cérebro. Nos gânglios pedais houve intensa imunomarcação em agrupamentos neuronais localizados principalmente nas regiões posterior e lateral dos gânglios. Na região anterior foi observado um par de neurônios gigantes FLI. Uma distribuição homogênea de neurônios FLI foi observada por toda a extensão dos gânglios pleurais, com a exceção de apenas um neurônio grande localizado no gânglio pleural esquerdo. A diferença no tamanho dos dois gânglios parietais foi constatada também em M. oblongus. No hemigânglio esquerdo, o menor, foi identificado um neurônio gigante (300 µm). O gânglio direito apresentou um número maior de neurônios FLI, de tamanhos variados. O gânglio visceral foi a estrutura que mais apresentou neurônios grandes e gigantes por toda a sua extensão, com imunorreatividades variáveis. O par de gânglios bucais possuía agrupamentos neuronais FLI médios e grandes. Os neurônios gigantes não se mostraram imunorreativos, ou foram apenas levemente imunomarcados no trofospôngio. Na musculatura pediosa foram observadas fibras nervosas de diferentes calibres nas regiões dorsal, medial e ventral e sobre as células musculares. Identificaram-se gânglios nervosos nos pontos de intersecção dos ramos nervosos e malhas nervosas que formavam plexos nervosos nas regiões ventral e dorsal da musculatura pediosa de M. oblongus.

Manifestações patológicas de impermeabilizações com uso de sistema não aderido de mantas asfálticas : avaliação e análise com auxílio de sistema multimídia

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as manifestações patológicas decorrentes de insucesso na impermeabilização de laje de cobertura plana horizontal que ocorrem em função da forma como a etapa de projeto é desenvolvida. A metodologia consistiu em proceder pesquisa de campo com o propósito de avaliar a formação técnica dos profissionais que atuam nesta área específica da construção civil. A estratégia adotada foi a de, inicialmente, com o auxílio do Ministério de Educação e Cultura, cadastrar as Faculdades de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura das principais Universidades Públicas e Privadas brasileiras. Posteriormente foi feita investigação dentre as empresas construtoras da Região da Grande Porto Alegre que, amiúde, contratam prestadoras de serviços de impermeabilização para execução de suas obras, e empresas prestadoras de serviços sediadas na mesma região, procurando identificar quais seus procedimentos em relação à NBR 9575/98 - "Projeto de Impermeabilização". A aplicação dos conhecimentos obtidos da revisão bibliográfica, e posterior sistematização dos conceitos e das recomendações ditadas pela Norma supra referida, tornou possível, através da realização de trabalho de campo, constatar casos de desconhecimento e não observância daquelas diretrizes e, fruto desta desatenção, a contribuição para o surgimento de patologias de impermeabilização. Por último, foi produzido um software (CD-ROM) com o propósito de ensinar de forma didática, através de informações audiovisuais, as técnicas de aplicação e a identificação dos componentes do sistema de impermeabilização, orientando na escolha das alternativas mais adequadas, de acordo com as normas vigentes.

Emergência e significado da "participação" do trabalhador na empresa capitalista

A presente dissertação trata do exame da emergência da gestão participativa no processo de trabalho contemporâneo. Partindo de formulações conceituais da teoria da alienação de Karl Marx, e inicialmente enfocando mais amiúde a alienação implicada no ato que executa o trabalho, procura-se, num primeiro momento, acompanhar as diversas fases do processo de trabalho capitalista que se sucederam na história. Posteriormente é reconstituída a introdução e o desenvolvimento das formulações provenientes do estudo do comportamento da força de trabalho para, então, relacionar a influência dos conceitos daí advindos na construção dos modelos participativos utilizados na gestão dos processos de trabalho que se delineiam atualmente. Conclui-se, finalmente, apontando para o significado que esta participação adquire no sentido da alienação implicada, que à despeito das "práticas participativas", persiste num processo de trabalho cuja finalidade última é determinada, à priori, independentemente da vontade do trabalhador.

Reduction capability of soil humic substances from the Rio Negro basin, Brazil, towards Hg(II) studied by a multimethod approach and principal component analysis (PCA)

This paper characterizes humic substances (HS) extracted from soil samples collected in the Rio Negro basin in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, particularly investigating their reduction capabilities towards Hg(II) in order to elucidate potential mercury cycling/volatilization in this environment. For this reason, a multimethod approach was used, consisting of both instrumental methods (elemental analysis, EPR, solid-state NMR, FIA combined with cold-vapor AAS of Hg(0)) and statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and a central composite factorial planning method. The HS under study were divided into groups, complexing and reducing ones, owing to different distribution of their functionalities. The main functionalities (cor)related with reduction of Hg(II) were phenolic, carboxylic and amide groups, while the groups related with complexation of Hg(II) were ethers, hydroxyls, aldehydes and ketones. The HS extracted from floodable regions of the Rio Negro basin presented a greater capacity to retain (to complex, to adsorb physically and/or chemically) Hg(II), while nonfloodable regions showed a greater capacity to reduce Hg(II), indicating that HS extracted from different types of regions contribute in different ways to the biogeochemical mercury cycle in the basin of the mid-Rio Negro, AM, Brazil. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Distribution of neutral prilocaine in a phospholipid bilayer: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

In this work, we report a 20-ns constant pressure molecular dynamics simulation of prilocaine (PLC), in amine-amide local anesthetic, in a hydrated liquid crystal bilayer of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine. The partition of PLC induces the lateral expansion of the bilayer and a concomitant contraction in its thickness. PLC molecules are preferentially found in the hydrophobic acyl chains region, with a maximum probability at similar to 12 angstrom from the center of the bilayer (between the C(4) and C(5) methylene groups). A decrease in the acyl chain segmental order parameter, vertical bar S-CD vertical bar, compared to neat bilayers, is found, in good agreement with experimental H-2-NMR studies. The decrease in vertical bar S-CD vertical bar induced by PLC is attributed to a larger accessible volume per lipid in the acyl chain region. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Encapsulation of Local Anesthetic Bupivacaine in Biodegradable Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) Nanospheres: Factorial Design, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Studies

Local anesthetic agents cause temporary blockade of nerve impulses productiong insensitivity to painful stimuli in the area supplied by that nerve. Bupivacaine (BVC) is an amide-type local anesthetic widely used in surgery and obstetrics for sustained peripheral and central nerve blockade. in this study, we prepared and characterized nanosphere formulations containing BVC. To achieve these goals, BVC loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres (NS) were prepared by nanopreciptation and characterized with regard to size distribution, drug loading and cytotoxicity assays. The 2(3-1) factorial experimental design was used to study the influence of three different independent variables on nanoparticle drug loading. BVC was assayed by HPLC, the particle size and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. BVC was determined using a combined ultrafiltration-centrifugation technique. The results of optimized formulations showed a narrow size distribution with a polydispersivity of 0.05%, an average diameter of 236.7 +/- 2.6 nm and the zeta potential -2.93 +/- 1,10 mV. In toxicity studies with fibroblast 3T3 cells, BVC loaded-PLGA-NS increased cell viability, in comparison with the effect produced by free BVC. In this way, BVC-loaded PLGA-NS decreased BVC toxicity. The development of BVC formulations in carriers such as nanospheres could offer the possibility of controlling drug delivery in biological systems, prolonging the anesthetic effect and reducing toxicity.

Preferential location of prilocaine and etidocaine in phospholipid bilayers: A molecular dynamics study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Polymeric alginate nanoparticles containing the local anesthetic bupivacaine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Itinerário educacional de uma aluna cega e a busca pela imagem adaptada

The scope of this study directs an investigation in search of how the blind person learns knowledge at school mediated by the image in context of an inclusive education and how it can be (or is) triggered by the adaptation of images to the tactile seizure of the blind person and his correlative process of reading. To achieve this intent we choose a qualitative approach of research and opted for the modality of case study, based on the empirical field of a public school in the city of Cruzeta, RN and as a the main subject a congenitally blind female student enrolled in high school there, focusing, often, on the discipline of geography in its words mapping. Our procedures for construction of data are directly involved to the documentary analysis of open reflective interview and observation. The base guiding theory of our assessments is located in the current understanding about the human psychological development of its educational process inside an inclusive perspective, of contemporary conceptions about the visual disability as well of image as a cultural product. Accordingly, the human person is a concrete subject, whose development is deeply marked by the culture, historically built by human society. This subject regardless of his specific features, grasping the world in an interactive and immediate way, internalising and producing culture. In this thinking, we believe that the blind person perceives in multiple senses the stimuli of his environment and acts in the world toward his integration into the social environment. The image as a product of culture, historically and socially determined, appears as a sign conventionally used as an icon that in itself concentrates knowledge of which the student who does not realize visually himself and his surroundings cannot be excluded. In this direction, the inclusive educational process must build conditions of access to knowledge for all students without distinction, including access to the interpretation of the images originally intended for the seizure strictly visual to other perceptive models. Based in this theory and adopting principles of content analysis, we circulated inside the interpretation of the data constructed from the analysis of documents, from the subject speeches, from records of the observation made in the classroom and other notes of the field daily. In the search for pictures on the school contents, adapted to the tactile seizure of blind student, was seen little and not systematic in practice and teaching at the school. It showed us the itinerary of the student life marked by a succession of supports, most of the time inappropriate and pioneers in cooling the construction of her autonomy. It also showed us the tensions and contradictions of a school environment, supposedly inclusive, that stumbles in search of its intent, in the attitudinal and cumulative barriers brought, because of its aggravating maintenance. These findings arose of crossing data around of a categorization that gives importance to 1) Concepts regarding the school inclusion, 2) Elements of the school organization, educational proposal and teaching practice, 3) Meaning of the visual image as the object of knowledge, 4) Perception in multiple senses and 5) Development and learning of the blind person before impositions of the social environment. In light of these findings we infer that it must be guaranteed to the disabled person removal of the attitudinal barriers that are against his full development and the construction of his autonomy. In that sense, should be given opportunity to the student with visual disability, similarly to all students, not only access to school, but also the dynamics of a school life efficient, that means the seizure of knowledge in all its modalities, including the imagery. To that end, there is a need of the continued training of teachers, construction of a support network in response to all needs of students, and the opportunity to development of reading skills beyond a perspective eminently focused in the sight

Molecular Modeling Suggests Cruzain Specificity for Peptide Primaquine Prodrugs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of the gastroprotective effect of a diterpene lactone isolated from Croton cajucara with its synthetic derivatives

The effect of three new derivatives from dehydrocrotonin (DHC-compound I) on gastric damage indifferent animal models including gastric ulceration induced by a necrotic agent and hypothermic restrained-stress was studied: compound 11 (produced by reducing the cyclohexenone moiety of DHC with NaBH4): compound III (produced by reducing the carbonyls with LiAlH4); and compound IV (produced by transforming the lactone moiety into an amide). Their structures were confirmed on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. When previously administered (p.o.) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, compound II significantly (P < 0.01) reduced gastric injury induced by HCl/ethanol (78%) and indomethacin (88%) better than did reference compound 1 (48 and 43%, respectively). But the anti-ulcerogenic activity of compound II was completely abolished by the stress-induced ulcer. Reduction of carbonyls with LiAlH4 (compound 111) caused decreased activity, markedly when no protective effect in any of the models was applied (P > 0.05). However, compound IV, in which the lactone moiety was changed into an amide. when administered at the same dose (100 mg/kg, p.o.), was more effective. The presence of a lactone moiety or Michael acceptor is probably essential for the anti-ulcerogenic effect of these compounds. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural description of humic substances from subtropical coastal environments using elemental analysis, FT-IR and C-13-solid state NMR data

Elemental composition and spectroscopic properties (FT-IR and CP/MAS C-13-NMR) of sedimentary humic substances (HS) from aquatic subtropical environments (a lake, an estuary and two marine sites) are investigated. Humic acids (HA) are relatively richer in nitrogen and in aliphatic chains than fulvic acids (FA) from the same sediments. Conversely, FA are richer in carboxylic groups and in ring polysaccharides than HA. Nitrogen is mostly present as amide groups and for lake and marine HS the FT-IR peaks around 1640 cm(-1) and 1540 cm(-1) identify polypeptides. Estuarine HS exhibit mixed continental-marine influences, these being highly influenced by site location. Overall, the data suggest that aquatic and mixed HS are more aliphatic than has been proposed in current models and also that amide linkages form an important part of their structural configuration.

Monitoring the positioning of short polycationic peptides in model lipid bilayers by combining hydrogen/deuterium exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Shikimate Kinase (EC 2.7.1.71) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Kinetics and Structural Dynamics of a Potential Molecular Target for Drug Development

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)