Estados expulsores y semipersonas en la Unión Europea

La aprobación en junio de 2008 por el Parlamento Europeo de la Directiva de retorno —denominada también Directiva de la infamia o Directiva de expulsión— consolida el proceso de involución que sobre los derechos humanos se viene produciendo en la Unión Europea desde que el miedo a la inmigración irregular se incardinó en sus instituciones. Si bien las legislaciones de extranjería de los años ochenta contenían normas que regulaban el internamiento y la expulsión no es hasta la Directiva 2001/40/CE que comienza a tomar forma una política comunitaria centrada en la inmigración irregular y las expulsiones de migrantes. Las medidas de retorno son, dice la Comisión europea, “una piedra angular de la política de migración de la UE”. Desde entonces, la barbarie de los centros de retención e internamiento, el socavamiento de los derechos y la exclusión y criminalización de los migrantes extranjeros se han convertido en el caballo de batalla de las asociaciones defensoras de los derechos humanos. La erosión que las legislaciones y medidas de expulsión están provocado en los derechos y libertades y en las instituciones del Estado de derecho es inmensa. El retroceso y la erosión en los derechos y libertades es tan grande que ya no es posible continuar hablando sin más de Estados de derecho en la UE, sino más bien de máquinas administrativas para el internamiento y la expulsión, de “Estados expulsores” (1), donde las personas extranjeras son tratadas como semipersonas (2) e incluso como “no-personas” (3).

Estados expulsores y semipersonas en la Unión Europea

La aprobación en junio de 2008 por el Parlamento Europeo de la Directiva de retorno —denominada también Directiva de la infamia o Directiva de expulsión— consolida el proceso de involución que sobre los derechos humanos se viene produciendo en la Unión Europea desde que el miedo a la inmigración irregular se incardinó en sus instituciones. Si bien las legislaciones de extranjería de los años ochenta contenían normas que regulaban el internamiento y la expulsión no es hasta la Directiva 2001/40/CE que comienza a tomar forma una política comunitaria centrada en la inmigración irregular y las expulsiones de migrantes. Las medidas de retorno son, dice la Comisión europea, “una piedra angular de la política de migración de la UE”. Desde entonces, la barbarie de los centros de retención e internamiento, el socavamiento de los derechos y la exclusión y criminalización de los migrantes extranjeros se han convertido en el caballo de batalla de las asociaciones defensoras de los derechos humanos. La erosión que las legislaciones y medidas de expulsión están provocado en los derechos y libertades y en las instituciones del Estado de derecho es inmensa. El retroceso y la erosión en los derechos y libertades es tan grande que ya no es posible continuar hablando sin más de Estados de derecho en la UE, sino más bien de máquinas administrativas para el internamiento y la expulsión, de “Estados expulsores”(1), donde las personas extranjeras son tratadas como semipersonas (2) e incluso como“no-personas” (3).

Supergravity models of (3+1)-dimensional QCD

The most general black M5-brane solution of eleven-dimensional supergravity (with a flat R4 spacetime in the brane and a regular horizon) is characterized by charge, mass and two angular momenta. We use this metric to construct general dual models of large-N QCD (at strong coupling) that depend on two free parameters. The mass spectrum of scalar particles is determined analytically (in the WKB approximation) and numerically in the whole two-dimensional parameter space. We compare the mass spectrum with analogous results from lattice calculations, and find that the supergravity predictions are close to the lattice results everywhere on the two dimensional parameter space except along a special line. We also examine the mass spectrum of the supergravity Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes and find that the KK modes along the compact D-brane coordinate decouple from the spectrum for large angular momenta. There are however KK modes charged under a U(1)×U(1) global symmetry which do not decouple anywhere on the parameter space. General formulas for the string tension and action are also given.

Large N QCD from rotating branes

We study large N SU(N) Yang-Mills theory in three and four dimensions using a one-parameter family of supergravity models which originate from non-extremal rotating D-branes. We show explicitly that varying this angular momentum parameter decouples the Kaluza-Klein modes associated with the compact D-brane coordinate, while the mass ratios for ordinary glueballs are quite stable against this variation, and are in good agreement with the latest lattice results. We also compute the topological susceptibility and the gluon condensate as a function of the "angular momentum" parameter.

Phyllochron estimation in intercropped strawberry and monocrop systems in a protected environment

The phyllochron is defined as the time required for the appearance of successive leaves on a plant; this characterises plant growth, development and adaptation to the environment. To check the growth and adaptation in cultivars of strawberry grown intercropped with fig trees, it was estimated the phyllochron in these production systems and in the monocrop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouses at the University of Passo Fundo (28º15'41'' S, 52º24'45'' W and 709 m) from June 8th to September 4th, 2009; this comprised the period of transplant until the 2nd flowering. The cultivars Aromas, Camino Real, Albion, Camarosa and Ventana, which seedlings were originated from the Agrícola LLahuen Nursery in Chile, as well as Festival, Camino Real and Earlibrite, originated from the Viansa S.A. Nursery in Argentina, were grown in white polyethylene bags filled with commercial substrate (Tecnomax®) and evaluated. The treatments were arranged in a randomised block design and four replicates were performed. A linear regression was realized between the leaf number (LN) in the main crown and the accumulated thermal time (ATT). The phyllochron (degree-day leaf-1) was estimated as the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and when significance was observed, the means were compared using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The mean and standard deviation of phyllochrons of strawberry cultivars intercropped with fig trees varied from 149.35ºC day leaf-1 ± 31.29 in the Albion cultivar to 86.34ºC day leaf-1 ± 34.74 in the Ventana cultivar. Significant differences were observed among cultivars produced in a soilless environment with higher values recorded for Albion (199.96ºC day leaf-1 ± 29.7), which required more degree-days to produce a leaf, while cv. Ventana (85.76ºC day leaf-1 ± 11.51) exhibited a lower phyllochron mean value. Based on these results, Albion requires more degree-days to issue a leaf as compared to cv. Ventana. It was conclude that strawberry cultivars can be grown intercropped with fig trees (cv. Roxo de Valinhos).

Seleção de modelos de regressão para estimar a área foliar de macieiras 'Royal gala' e 'Fuji suprema' sob tela antigranizo e em céu aberto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar e testar modelos matemáticos simples, precisos e acurados para estimar a área foliar de macieiras 'Royal Gala' e 'Fuji Suprema' cultivadas sob tela antigranizo e em céu aberto. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial no município de Vacaria-RS, nos ciclos vegetativos de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. Equações de regressão linear e quadrática foram ajustadas para estimativa da área foliar em função das dimensões das folhas. A seleção dos melhores modelos baseou-se no quadrado médio do erro, no coeficiente de determinação, no erro-padrão da estimativa e na significância dos coeficientes das equações. A área foliar estimada pelos melhores modelos foi comparada com dados obtidos de medição por planímetro e estimados por fotografias digitais. A prova dos modelos baseou-se na significância do coeficiente angular, na linha 1:1 e na raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro. Modelos linear e quadrático que consideram o comprimento e a largura das folhas estimam com acurácia e precisão a área foliar de macieiras 'Royal Gala' e 'Fuji Suprema', tanto sob tela antigranizo quanto em céu aberto. A área foliar de macieira estimada por modelos de regressão que utilizam comprimento e largura de folhas é similar à obtida por planímetro ou fotografia digital.

Observation of VHE γ-rays from Cassiopeia A with the MAGIC telescope

Aims:We searched for very high energy (VHE) γ-ray emission from the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A Methods: The shell-type supernova remnant Cassiopeia A was observed with the 17 m MAGIC telescope between July 2006 and January 2007 for a total time of 47 h. Results: The source was detected above an energy of 250 GeV with a significance of 5.2σ and a photon flux above 1 TeV of (7.3 ± 0.7_stat ± 2.2_sys) × 10-13 cm-2s-1. The photon spectrum is compatible with a power law dN/dE ∝ E-Γ with a photon index Γ = 2.3 ± 0.2_stat ± 0.2_sys. The source is point-like within the angular resolution of the telescope.

Moottoriajoneuvon suorituskyvyn mittausjärjestelmä

Työn tarkoituksena oli toteuttaa moottoriajoneuvon suorituskyvyn mittaukseen käytettävä järjestelmä. Järjestelmä koostuu sylinterin muotoisesta rullasta ja tiedonkeruujärjestelmästä. Rullaa, jonka hitausmomentti tunnetaan kiihdytetään ajoneuvon vetopyörien välityksellä ja mitatuista arvoista lasketaan teho ja vääntömomenttiarvot moottorin kierrosluvun funktiona. Tiedonkeruu tapahtuu PC-mikrotietokoneen avulla, johon on liitetty tiedonkeruukortti. PC-mikrotietokone muodostaa käyttöliittymän, jonka avulla saadut tulokset esitetään kuvaajien avulla käyttäjälle. Käyttöliittymän avulla suoritetaan myös tulosten talletus ja raportin tulostus. Teoriaosassa tarkastellaan suorituskyvyn mittaamiseen käytettyjä menetelmiä ja laitteistoja, sekä tiedonkeruujärjestelmän rakennetta ja sen valintaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Käytännön osassa suunnitellaan muokkainkortti, jonka avulla erilaisilta antureilta saadut signaalit voidaan sovittaa tiedonkeruukortin tuloalueelle sopiviksi. Myös käyttöliittymän toimintaa ja sen rakentamiseen käytettyjä työkaluja tarkastellaan.

Behavior of propagating and evanescent components in azimuthally polarized non-paraxial fields

The contribution of the propagating and the evanescent waves associated with freely propagating non-paraxial light fields whose transverse component is azimuthally polarized at some plane is investigated. Analytic expressions are derived for describing both the spatial shape and the relative weight of the propagating and the evanescent components integrated over the transverse plane. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the plane-wave angular spectrum approach. These results are used to illustrate the behavior of a kind of donut-like beams with transverse azimuthal polarization at some plane.

Synergies between optical and physical variables in intercepting parabolic targets.

Interception requires precise estimation of time-to-contact (TTC) information. A long-standing view posits that all relevant information for extracting TTC is available in the angular variables, which result from the projection of distal objecs on to the retina. The diferent timing models rooted in this tradition have consequently relied on combining visual angle and its rate of expansion in diferent ways with tau being the most well-known solution for TTC...

Estimativa de área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' conduzida em sistema de latada, região norte fluminense

Com o objetivo de estabelecer um modelo matemático para estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, realizou-se este trabalho em vinhedo particular do sítio pioneiro, implantado no ano de 2002, em sistema de latada. Foram coletadas aleatoriamente, no ciclo de produção iniciado em 2011, 70 folhas de diversos tamanhos, completamente expandidas e sem danos aparentes para determinar a relação entre a área foliar (AF) e a área do círculo (AC), considerando seu diâmetro igual à largura da folha. Por meio da análise de regressão, obteve-se a equação linear (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12) que, juntamente com mais outras duas, foram utilizadas para comparar a área foliar estimada com a área foliar medida em 30 folhas do ciclo de produção posterior (Março de 2012). Constatou-se que as equações apresentadas permitem estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada/IAC 572' conduzida em sistema de latada, na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, com apenas uma dimensão foliar: a largura da folha, sendo que o modelo de regressão obtido (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12) foi o que menos subestimou a área da folha comparada (coeficiente angular = 0,99), seguido pelo modelo indicado por Pedro Jr. et al. (1986).

Mueller matrix microscope with a dual continuous rotating compensator setup and digital demodulation

In this paper we describe a new Mueller matrix (MM) microscope that generalizes and makes quantitative the polarized light microscopy technique. In this instrument all the elements of the MU are simultaneously determined from the analysis in the frequency domain of the time-dependent intensity of the light beam at every pixel of the camera. The variations in intensity are created by the two compensators continuously rotating at different angular frequencies. A typical measurement is completed in a little over one minute and it can be applied to any visible wavelength. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument.

Sähkökäyttöisen konejärjestelmän vuorovaikutteinen simulointi

Työn tavoitteena oli toteuttaa simulointimalli, jolla pystytään tutkimaan kestomagnetoidun tahtikoneen aiheuttaman vääntömomenttivärähtelyn vaikutuksia sähkömoottoriin liitetyssä mekaniikassa. Tarkoitus oli lisäksi selvittää kuinka kyseinen simulointimalli voidaan toteuttaa nykyaikaisia simulointiohjelmia käyttäen. Saatujen simulointitulosten oikeellisuus varmistettiin tätä työtä varten rakennetulla verifiointilaitteistolla. Tutkittava rakenne koostui akselista, johon kiinnitettiin epäkeskotanko. Epäkeskotankoon kiinnitettiin massa, jonka sijaintia voitiin muunnella. Massan asemaa muuttamalla saatiin rakenteelle erilaisia ominaistaajuuksia. Epäkeskotanko mallinnettiin joustavana elementtimenetelmää apuna käyttäen. Mekaniikka mallinnettiin dynamiikan simulointiin tarkoitetussa ADAMS –ohjelmistossa, johon joustavana mallinnettu epäkeskotanko tuotiin ANSYS –elementtimenetelmäohjelmasta. Mekaniikan malli siirrettiin SIMULINK –ohjelmistoon, jossa mallinnettiin myös sähkökäyttö. SIMULINK –ohjelmassa mallinnettiin sähkökäyttö, joka kuvaa kestomagnetoitua tahtikonetta. Kestomagnetoidun tahtikoneen yhtälöt perustuvat lineaarisiin differentiaaliyhtälöihin, joihin hammasvääntömomentin vaikutus on lisätty häiriösignaalina. Sähkökäytön malli tuottaa vääntömomenttia, joka syötetään ADAMS –ohjelmistolla mallinnettuun mekaniikkaan. Mekaniikan mallista otetaan roottorin kulmakiihtyvyyden arvo takaisinkytkentänä sähkömoottorin malliin. Näin saadaan aikaiseksi yhdistetty simulointi, joka koostuu sähkötoimilaitekäytöstä ja mekaniikasta. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että sähkökäyttöjen ja mekaniikan yhdistetty simulointi on mahdollista toteuttaa valituilla menetelmillä. Simuloimalla saadut tulokset vastaavat hyvin mitattuja tuloksia.

EXIGÊNCIA TÉRMICA DE DUAS SELEÇÕES E QUATRO CULTIVARES DE MORANGUEIRO CULTIVADO NO PLANALTO CATARINENSE

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a soma térmica e o filocrono de quatro cultivares e duas ‘seleções’ de morangueiro para o Planalto Sul- Catarinense. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Foram utilizadas duas seleções de morangueiro em avançada fase de estudos, denominadas ‘SEL1’ e ‘SEL2’, utilizando mudas provenientes de um programa público de melhoramento genético da Itália e quatro cultivares: Camino Real e Camarosa, provenientes do Chile, e San Andreas eAlbion, provenientes da Argentina. O transplante das mudas foi realizado em 26-06-2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, cada repetição composta de oito plantas, sendo utilizadas as quatro plantas centrais. O filocrono foi determinado a partir do inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o número de folhas acumuladas na haste e a soma térmica acumulada após o transplante. Observou-se linearidade entre o desenvolvimento vegetal e a temperatura média do ar nas condições do estudo. Dentre as seleções e cultivares estudadas a ‘San Andreas’ apresenta o ciclo mais precoce, necessitando de menor acúmulo de temperatura (774,70 grausdia), e a cultivar Camarosa, o ciclo mais tardio, com maior acúmulo de soma térmica (1.137,75 graus-dia). A seleção Sel1 apresentou o menor filocrono, 69,96ºC dia1 folha-1, e a cultivar Albion maior valor, 135,61 oC dia1 folha-1. Durante o período estudado, a cultivar San Andreas apresentou maior produção de frutos.

Deep radio images of the HEGRA and Whipple TeV sources in the Cygnus OB2 region.

The modern generation of Cherenkov telescopes has revealed a new population of gamma-ray sources in the Galaxy. Some of them have been identified with previously known X-ray binary systems while other remain without clear counterparts a lower energies. Our initial goal here was reporting on extensive radio observations of the first extended and yet unidentified source, namely TeV J2032+4130. This object was originally detected by the HEGRA telescope in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 region and its nature has been a matter of debate during the latest years. The situation has become more complex with the Whipple and MILAGRO telescopes new TeV detections in the same field which could be consistent with the historic HEGRA source, although a different origin cannot be ruled out. Aims.We aim to pursue our radio exploration of the TeV J2032+4130 position that we initiated in a previous paper but taking now into account the latest results from new Whipple and MILAGRO TeV telescopes. The data presented here are an extended follow up of our previous work. Methods.Our investigation is mostly based on interferometric radio observations with the Giant Metre Wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) close to Pune (India) and the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico (USA). We also conducted near infrared observations with the 3.5 m telescope and the OMEGA2000 camera at the Centro Astronómico Hispano Alemán (CAHA) in Almería (Spain). Results.We present deep radio maps centered on the TeV J2032+4130 position at different wavelengths. In particular, our 49 and 20 cm maps cover a field of view larger than half a degree that fully includes the Whipple position and the peak of MILAGRO emission. Our most important result here is a catalogue of 153 radio sources detected at 49 cm within the GMRT antennae primary beam with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 43 arc-minute. Among them, peculiar sources inside the Whipple error ellipse are discussed in detail, including a likely double-double radio galaxy and a one-sided jet source of possible blazar nature. This last object adds another alternative counterpart possibility to be considered for both the HEGRA, Whipple and MILAGRO emission. Moreover, our multi-configuration VLA images reveal the non-thermal extended emission previously reported by us with improved angular resolution. Its non-thermal spectral index is also confirmed thanks to matching beam observations at the 20 and 6 cm wavelengths.