Acaricidas utilizados na citricultura convencional e orgânica: manejo da leprose e populações de ácaros fitoseídeos

O controle da leprose dos citros no Estado de São Paulo é realizado quase que exclusivamente com aplicações de acaricidas para o controle do ácaro vetor Brevipalpus phoenicis, as quais contribuem para o aumento dos custos de produção e podem afetar negativamente as populações de organismos benéficos. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, durante quatro safras, os efeitos de acaricidas indicados para o controle do ácaro B. phoenicis em citros convencional e orgânico sobre a evolução da leprose dos citros e sobre ácaros fitoseídeos. O experimento foi instalado em outubro de 2003, em pomar de laranja localizado no município de Reginópolis-SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, estabelecendo-se os tratamentos, expressos em mL de p.c./100 L de água: spirodiclofen a 20 mL e cyhexatin a 50 mL (aplicados em rotação), calda sulfocálcica a 4.000 mL e testemunha sem aplicação de acaricidas. Entretanto, a rotação entre spirodiclofen e cyhexatin iniciou-se em setembro de 2006 e, anteriormente a esse período, utilizou-se somente o spirodiclofen. A cada quinze dias, foram realizados levantamentos populacionais do ácaro B. phoenicis e dos ácaros predadores Iphiseiodes zuluagai e os do gênero Euseius. O nível de controle adotado para o B. phoenicis foi de 8,3%, sendo que as aplicações dos produtos foram realizadas com pulverizador de arrasto tratorizado munido com lanças manuais. Na safra de 2007-2008, coletaram-se 10 frutos caídos devido à leprose por parcela e quantificou-se o número de lesões de leprose presentes em cada fruto. Avaliaram-se, ao término da safra de 2007-2008, a produtividade, as perdas devido à leprose, bem como a incidência e a severidade da leprose. Constatou-se que o local das lesões no fruto é mais importante para determinar sua queda do que o número de lesões presentes. Quanto mais intensa a infestação do ácaro B. phoenicis, maior é o número de lesões de leprose, resultando em maior queda prematura de frutos. Os acaricidas spirodiclofen e cyhexatin e spirodiclofen em rotação proporcionaram controle mais eficiente de B. phoenicis, em relação à calda sulfocálcica, resultando em maior produtividade, menores perdas de frutos e nos menores níveis de severidade da leprose. As aplicações de calda sulfocálcica reduziram os níveis populacionais do ácaro B. phoenicis abaixo do nível de controle, porém não evitaram o surgimento de lesões de leprose. As aplicações dos acaricidas apresentaram efeito nocivo sobre os ácaros fitoseídeos, pois houve redução da densidade populacional.

Sobre Euphorbia baetica Boiss.

Euphorbia baetica Boiss., Cent. Euphorb.: 36 (1860) = Tithymalus baeticus (Boiss.) Samp. in Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17:46 (1931) = E. trinervia Boiss., Elench. Pl. Nov.: 82 (1838), non E. trinervia Schum., Beskr. Guin. pl.: 253 (1827)

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Differentially Affects the Virus-Induced Type I Interferon Response and Mitochondrial Apoptosis Mediated by RIG-I/MAVS.

Arenaviruses are important emerging human pathogens maintained by noncytolytic persistent infection in their rodent reservoir hosts. Despite high levels of viral replication, persistently infected carrier hosts show only mildly elevated levels of type I interferon (IFN-I). Accordingly, the arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) has been identified as a potent IFN-I antagonist capable of blocking activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) via the retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-I/mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway. Another important mechanism of host innate antiviral defense is represented by virus-induced mitochondrial apoptosis via RIG-I/MAVS and IRF3. In the present study, we investigated the ability of the prototypic Old World arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to interfere with RIG-I/MAVS-dependent apoptosis. We found that LCMV does not induce apoptosis at any time during infection. While LCMV efficiently blocked induction of IFN-I via RIG-I/MAVS in response to superinfection with cytopathic RNA viruses, virus-induced mitochondrial apoptosis remained fully active in LCMV-infected cells. Notably, in LCMV-infected cells, RIG-I was dispensable for virus-induced apoptosis via MAVS. Our study reveals that LCMV infection efficiently suppresses induction of IFN-I but does not interfere with the cell's ability to undergo virus-induced mitochondrial apoptosis as a strategy of innate antiviral defense. The RIG-I independence of mitochondrial apoptosis in LCMV-infected cells provides the first evidence that arenaviruses can reshape apoptotic signaling according to their needs. IMPORTANCE: Arenaviruses are important emerging human pathogens that are maintained in their rodent hosts by persistent infection. Persistent virus is able to subvert the cellular interferon response, a powerful branch of the innate antiviral defense. Here, we investigated the ability of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to interfere with the induction of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in response to superinfection with cytopathic RNA viruses. Upon viral challenge, persistent LCMV efficiently blocked induction of interferons, whereas virus-induced apoptosis remained fully active in LCMV-infected cells. Our studies reveal that the persistent virus is able to reshape innate apoptotic signaling in order to prevent interferon production while maintaining programmed cell death as a strategy for innate defense. The differential effect of persistent virus on the interferon response versus its effect on apoptosis appears as a subtle strategy to guarantee sufficiently high viral loads for efficient transmission while maintaining apoptosis as a mechanism of defense.

Absorption and pharmacokinetics of green tea catechins in beagles

The present study evaluates for the first time in dogs, the kinetics of green tea catechins and their metabolic forms in plasma and urine. Ten beagles were administered 173 mg (12·35 mg/kg body weight) of catechins as a green tea extract, in capsules. Blood samples were collected during 24 h after intake and urine samples were collected during the following periods of time: 0-2, 2-6, 6-8 and 8-24 h. Two catechins with a galloyl moiety and three conjugated metabolites were detected in plasma. Most of the detected forms in plasma reached their maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at around 1 h. Median Cmax for (2)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (2)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (2)-epigallocatechin glucuronide (EGCglucuronide), (2)-epicatechin glucuronide (EC-glucuronide), (2)-epicatechin sulphate (EC sulphate) were 0·3 (range 0·1-1·9), 0·1 (range 0-0·4), 0·8 (range 0·2-3·9), 0·2 (range 0·1 1·7) and 1 (range 0·3-3·4) mmol/l, respectively. The areas under the plasma concentration v. time curves (AUC0!24) were 427 (range 102-1185) mmol/l £ min for EGC-glucuronide, 112 (range 53-919) mmol/l £ min for EC-sulphate, 71 (range 26-306) mmol/l £ min for EGCG, 40 (range 12-258) mmol/l £ min for EC-glucuronide and 14 (range 0·1-124) mmol/l £ min for ECG. The values of mean residence time (MRT0!24) were 5 (range 2-16), 2 (range 1-11), 10 (range 2-13), 3 (range 2-16) and 2·4 (range 1-18) h for EGCG, ECG, EGC-glucuronide, EC-glucuronide and EC sulphate, respectively. In urine, catechins were present as conjugated forms, suggesting bile excretion of EGCG and ECG. Green tea catechins are absorbed following an oral administration and EGC-glucuronide is the metabolic form that remains in the organism for a longer period of time, suggesting that this compound could suffer an enterohepatic cycle.

Absorption and pharmacokinetics of green tea catechins in beagles

The present study evaluates for the first time in dogs, the kinetics of green tea catechins and their metabolic forms in plasma and urine. Ten beagles were administered 173 mg (12·35 mg/kg body weight) of catechins as a green tea extract, in capsules. Blood samples were collected during 24 h after intake and urine samples were collected during the following periods of time: 0-2, 2-6, 6-8 and 8-24 h. Two catechins with a galloyl moiety and three conjugated metabolites were detected in plasma. Most of the detected forms in plasma reached their maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at around 1 h. Median Cmax for (2)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (2)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (2)-epigallocatechin glucuronide (EGCglucuronide), (2)-epicatechin glucuronide (EC-glucuronide), (2)-epicatechin sulphate (EC sulphate) were 0·3 (range 0·1-1·9), 0·1 (range 0-0·4), 0·8 (range 0·2-3·9), 0·2 (range 0·1 1·7) and 1 (range 0·3-3·4) mmol/l, respectively. The areas under the plasma concentration v. time curves (AUC0!24) were 427 (range 102-1185) mmol/l £ min for EGC-glucuronide, 112 (range 53-919) mmol/l £ min for EC-sulphate, 71 (range 26-306) mmol/l £ min for EGCG, 40 (range 12-258) mmol/l £ min for EC-glucuronide and 14 (range 0·1-124) mmol/l £ min for ECG. The values of mean residence time (MRT0!24) were 5 (range 2-16), 2 (range 1-11), 10 (range 2-13), 3 (range 2-16) and 2·4 (range 1-18) h for EGCG, ECG, EGC-glucuronide, EC-glucuronide and EC sulphate, respectively. In urine, catechins were present as conjugated forms, suggesting bile excretion of EGCG and ECG. Green tea catechins are absorbed following an oral administration and EGC-glucuronide is the metabolic form that remains in the organism for a longer period of time, suggesting that this compound could suffer an enterohepatic cycle.

Executive functions profile in extreme eating/weight conditions: from anorexia nervosa to obesity

Extreme weight conditions (EWC) groups along a continuum may share some biological risk factors and intermediate neurocognitive phenotypes. A core cognitive trait in EWC appears to be executive dysfunction, with a focus on decision making, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Differences between individuals in these areas are likely to contribute to the differences in vulnerability to EWC. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a common pattern of executive dysfunction in EWC while comparing anorexia nervosa patients (AN), obese subjects (OB) and healthy eating/weight controls (HC).

Changes in the phenolic content of low density lipoprotein after olive oil consumption in men. A randomized crossover controlled trial

Olive oil decreases the risk of CVD. This effect may be due to the fatty acid profile of the oil, but it may also be due to its antioxidant content which differs depending on the type of olive oil. In this study, the concentrations of oleic acid and antioxidants (phenolic compounds and vitamin E) in plasma and LDL were compared after consumption of three similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic content. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, randomized supplementation trial. Virgin, common, and refined olive oils were administered during three periods of 3 weeks separated by a 2-week washout period. Participants were requested to ingest a daily dose of 25 ml raw olive oil, distributed over the three meals of the day, during intervention periods. All three olive oils caused an increase in plasma and LDL oleic acid (P,0·05) content. Olive oils rich in phenolic compounds led to an increase in phenolic compounds in LDL (P,0·005). The concentration of phenolic compounds in LDL was directly correlated with the phenolic concentration in the olive oils. The increase in the phenolic content of LDL could account for the increase of the resistance of LDL to oxidation, and the decrease of the in vivo oxidized LDL, observed in the frame of this trial. Our results support the hypothesis that a daily intake of virgin olive oil promotes protective LDL changes ahead of its oxidation.

Estilos de vida y aprendizaje universitario

En este artículo se describen el concepto y supuestos teóricos de estilos de vida y sus relaciones con la actividad académica y el aprendizaje universitario, situando los estilos de vida en esa confluencia entre lo permanente y el cambio, entre las capacidades y las emociones, entre el mundo exterior y el interior. Porque para hablar de estilos de aprender, enseñar o evaluar, es importante conocer los estilos de vida que arraigan en los impulsos básicos y fundamentales del ser humano, impulsos que influyen en las decisiones y compromisos, en la concepción de vida y en las preferencias académicas. Existen en nosotros inclinaciones de las que no somos conscientes y que son motivadoras de buena parte de nuestros actos, tanto en el contexto de la enseñanza como en la vida cotidiana. Las preferencias arraigan en los impulsos e inclinaciones básicas del ser humano, fruto de la interacción entre componentes genéticos, neurológicos, psicológicos y el medio sociocultural y educativo en permanente intercambio y recursividad. Ahora bien, la proyección de estas preferencias en la forma de ser, pensar, sentir, actuar, decidir , es lo que denominamos 'estilo de vida'. El predominio de unos componentes u otros conformarán un determinado estilo. En el presente trabajo se da cuenta de los resultados obtenidos en una investigación llevada a cabo con 356 estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Educación, tomando en consideración indicadores como género, turno, carrera. Tras aplicar un 'Cuestionario de preferencias personales' (CPP) de inferencia verbal y de cuestiones abiertas, se constata que el lenguaje puede ser un instrumento útil para indagar sobre las preferencias que mueven nuestra manera de ver la realidad, decidir y actuar.

Adversidad y Diversidad Creadoras, Desarrollando otra Conciencia

La adversidad y la carencia la enfermedad y el sufrimiento cuando nos hacen tocar fondo nos enfrentan a nuevos retos: son esos impulsos creadores los que nos lanzan hacia lo nuevo. Conciencia, empeño, pasión, son los principales conceptos que convierten la adversidad en creadores procesos.

Creativos en la adversidad: Presentacion de relatos de vida de personajes celebres

La intención de esta sección es ilustrar con historias de personajes célebres cómo los percances que pasaron en alguna etapa de su vida, sirvió para inspirarse o cambiar el rumbo de su actividad. En lugar de lamentarse supieron transformar esos momentos, a veces muy prolongados, en fuente de creatividad. De estas historias admirables, a veces alucinantes, podemos aprender valores, actitudes, convicciones y lo que es más, claves que nos ayuden a conocer algo más sobre los procesos de adversidad creadora.

Wage inequality and economic growth in Mexican regions

Only a few studies have analysed the relationship between intraregional inequality and growth, although several studies have measured inequality at the regional level. The objective of this paper is to analyse the relationship between income (wage) inequality and economic growth in different regions of Mexico. We also try to identify factors that explain the variation of intra-regional inequality across Mexican regions and over time. Using macroeconomic databases and publicly available microdata, we apply techniques used in the fields of statistics and econometrics to obtain robust evidence on the relationship between growth and inequality. Our aim is to provide policy recommendations to support the design and implementation of growth-promoting measures thatavoid the exclusion of certain social groups. This paper provides reasons to use a spatial approach and an analysis of particular regions to avoid «one size fits all» policy recommendations.

Edificio de 68 viviendas en el 22@ Barcelona

A partir de una volumetría marcada y definida, el proyecto consta de 68 viviendas de 70m2 repartidas en pb+6 y pb+11 en la parte de la torre. Se propone una planta tipo clara con una franja central de núcleo de servicios. Esto se consigue mediante pequeños recortes en la fachada que dan juegos de luz y color a la pieza estableciendo diferencias entre los alzados los cuales, a su vez,recuperan el uso de la ventana horizontal.

Descubriendo la creatividad en estudiantes universitarios: preferencias y tendencias mediante la prueba DTC

En este trabajo de investigación se realiza una exploración de las tendencias y preferencias creativas de estudiantes universitarios de diferentes especialidades, a través de la prueba"Descubre tu creatividad" (DTC) de Saturnino de la Torre (2006). El estudio nos adentra en la consistencia de la autoimagen que tienen de sus inclinaciones creativas, así como en los campos en los que se manifiesta. En ese sentido, la investigación nos permite conocer la percepción de las expresiones creativas de los estudiantes y dar cuenta del momento en que se encuentran y de las potencialidades que poseen. La metodología consistió en un enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño de estudio de caso de tipo instrumental. Los resultados tienen que ver con realizaciones creativas y potenciales que se expresan de forma focalizada o en diversos ámbitos de expresión. Se destaca la importancia de los ambientes de aprendizaje y los socioculturales en el desarrollo de la creatividad.

Sensibilidade da seriografia do esôfago, estômago e duodeno para o diagnóstico de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico em recém-nascidos prematuros

OBJETIVO: Determinar a sensibilidade da seriografia do esôfago, estômago e duodeno (SEED) para o diagnóstico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) em recém-nascidos prematuros, tendo como padrão ouro a monitoração prolongada do pH esofágico distal, e descrever a presença de anormalidades anatômicas do tubo digestivo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 41 recém-nascidos, com média de 1.243,9 g, apresentando sinais/sintomas de DRGE e resultados alterados na monitoração do pH (índice de refluxo > 10%). A SEED foi realizada logo que as condições clínicas dos recém-nascidos foram estáveis para a realização dos exames radiológicos. RESULTADOS: A monitoração prolongada do pH e a SEED foram realizadas com 49,8 e 66,8 dias de vida, respectivamente. A sensibilidade da seriografia foi de 39,0% (IC 95%: 25,7–54,3%). Refluxo significativo foi observado em 41,4% dos casos, refluxo médio em 44,8% e refluxo pequeno em 13,8%. A SEED identificou apenas um caso de hérnia de hiato. CONCLUSÃO: A SEED apresentou baixa sensibilidade para a DRGE em prematuros e não se associou com a gravidade do refluxo, na comparação com a monitoração do pH, sendo, entretanto, útil no diagnóstico de alteração anatômica.

Prognostic Importance of the Cuse of Renal Failure in Patients With Cirrhosis

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The prognostic value of the different causes of renal failure in cirrhosis is not well established. This study investigated the predictive value of the cause of renal failure in cirrhosis. METHODS: Five hundred sixty-two consecutive patients with cirrhosis and renal failure (as defined by serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dL on 2 successive determinations within 48 hours) hospitalized over a 6-year period in a single institution were included in a prospective study. The cause of renal failure was classified into 4 groups: renal failure associated with bacterial infections, renal failure associated with volume depletion, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and parenchymal nephropathy. The primary end point was survival at 3 months. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-three patients (82.4%) had renal failure that could be classified in 1 of 4 groups. The most frequent was renal failure associated with infections (213 cases; 46%), followed by hypovolemia-associated renal failure (149; 32%), HRS (60; 13%), and parenchymal nephropathy (41; 9%). The remaining patients had a combination of causes or miscellaneous conditions. Prognosis was markedly different according to cause of renal failure, 3-month probability of survival being 73% for parenchymal nephropathy, 46% for hypovolemia-associated renal failure, 31% for renal failure associated with infections, and 15% for HRS (P .0005). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for potentially confounding variables, cause of renal failure was independently associated with prognosis, together with MELD score, serum sodium, and hepatic encephalopathy at time of diagnosis of renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: A simple classification of patients with cirrhosis according to cause of renal failure is useful in assessment of prognosis and may help in decision making in liver transplantation.