998 resultados para Preparação de arestas de corte e integridade superficial


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O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar as injúrias mecânicas que ocorrem em mamões 'Golden' e avaliar seus efeitos na qualidade dos frutos armazenados a 22ºC e 85% UR durante 10 dias. As injúrias identificadas como abrasão, corte e amassado foram reproduzidas nos frutos. As abrasões foram provocadas com lixa grão 200, numa área de 6cm². Os cortes foram realizados com incisões de 30 mm de comprimento e 5 mm de profundidade. O amassado foi provocado pelo impacto dos frutos, que foram deixados cair de uma altura de 2 m. Cada fruto recebeu 2 injúrias em lados opostos, na região de maior diâmetro. Mamões intactos foram utilizados como controle. A região danificada pela abrasão não desenvolveu cor amarelo-alaranjada; ocorreu escurecimento da casca, comprovado pelos menores valores de luminosidade e cromaticidade. Abrasão e impacto levaram a maior redução da firmeza da polpa e perda de massa. Imagens de ressonância magnética revelaram que frutos danificados pelas injúrias perderam sua integridade, o que foi identificado por áreas claras devido à presença de água livre. A qualidade de mamões 'Golden' é prejudicada por injúrias mecânicas, principalmente pelo impacto pela abrasão.

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A redução na qualidade pós-colheita do mamão deve-se em grande parte aos danos mecânicos, especialmente àqueles do tipo corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reproduzir este dano mecânico e avaliar os efeitos do número de cortes na qualidade e na fisiologia pós-colheita de mamões 'Golden'. Os cortes foram obtidos com o uso de uma lâmina de aço de 30 mm de comprimento e 5 mm de profundidade. Os tratamentos consistiram na reprodução de 1 a 4 cortes na região mediana dos frutos. Mamões sem cortes foram utilizados como controle. Após a reprodução dos danos, os frutos foram armazenados em câmara a 22ºC e 80-90% de UR por 10 dias. As análises de qualidade foram realizadas a cada dois dias, e as fisiológicas, diariamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a firmeza, o teor de sólidos solúveis e de ácido ascórbico, a atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno foram influenciados pelo número de cortes, de forma que a perda de qualidade dos frutos foi diretamente proporcional ao número de cortes.

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Nanocomposites obtained by the encapsulation of conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polydiphenylamine in 2H-MoS2 and 1T-TiS2 are synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrophotometry. The synthesis consists in intercalating the layered compound with n-butyllithium and subsequent exfoliation in water and organic solvents. The nanocomposites are obtained by the adsorption of the polymers into the single-layers sulfides and posterior restacking. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the organic conducting polymers are encapsulated in mono and bilayers arrangement in a well-ordered fashion to produce single phase compounds.

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Anionic collagen: calcium phosphate composite was obtained by controlled mixing of collagen and calcium phosphate until the consistence of a past. Material was characterized by a Ca/P ratio of 1.55, with a X-ray diffraction pattern similar to that for hydroxyapatite. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed that the protein is not denatured under the processing conditions. Scanning Electronic Microscopy showed that the mineral phase are regularly covered with collagen fibers, indicating that anionic collagen is efficient in the preparation of stable form of calcium phosphate ceramic paste.

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Studies of the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions on well oriented single crystal surfaces have demonstrated the influence of surface structure on the rate and mechanisms of many electrochemical processes. The preparation and characterization of these surfaces is the first step in this type of studies. In this paper, a methodology employed in order to ensure the quality and cleanliness of single crystals and their utilization as rotating electrodes is described.

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Introducció: Els cigarrets electrònics estan dissenyats per alliberar una solució líquida que conté substàncies químiques i nicotina o altres aromes mitjançant vaporització, i imiten l'estètica de la cigarreta convencional. Van ser dissenyats com a substituts del tabac per poder fumar sense córrer el risc de patir els efectes nocius d'aquest consum. El coneixement sobre aquests productes és molt escàs, i la seva comercialització i ús està creant gran controvèrsia en salut pública a causa dels interrogants sobre els possibles riscos per a la salut dels seus usuaris i no usuaris, la seva eficàcia per a la deshabituació tabàquica, i les possibles interferències del seu ús amb les activitats de control del tabac existents i l'aplicació del CMCT de l'OMS. Segons estudis, l'ús d'aquests dispositius s'ha expandit ràpidament, encara que de moment, no s'ha aconseguit definir un patró d'usuaris de cigarrets/cigarros electrònics ni del seu ús. Objectius: definir el patró sociodemogràfic dels usuaris de cigarrets electrònics i del seu ús en el grup poblacional estudiat, i analitzar la relació entre la dependència a la nicotina i el consum tabàquic amb l'ús d'aquests dispositius. Metodologia: consta de dues fases diferenciades però alhora complementàries constituint un estudi mixt, amb una primera fase quantitativa, en la qual es desenvoluparà un estudi observacional transversal, i una segona fase qualitativa, en la qual es desenvoluparà un estudi de tall etnogràfic. La primera fase, consta d'una primera etapa per reclutar els participants de l'estudi a través dels establiments registrats a la Cambra de Comerç de Barcelona i se'ls administrarà dos qüestionaris sobre les característiques sociodemogràfiques i el consum de tabac i l'ús dels cigarrets electrònics. En la segona etapa es recontactarà amb els participants fumadors i exfumadors per omplir un qüestionari sobre la dependència a la nicotina i al tabac previ a la utilització d'aquests dispositius i actual. A la segona fase, es realitzaran entrevistes en profunditat i es crearà un diari de camp per conèixer els motius pels que utilitzen aquests dispositius i la percepció que tenen sobre ells i el seu ús.

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The metal-catalyzed autooxidation of S(IV) has been studied for more than a century without a consensus being obtained as to reaction rates, rate laws or mechanisms. The main objective in this work was to explore the reaction between Cu(II) and SO2 in the presence of M(II), paying special attention to the formation of double sulfites like Cu2SO3.M(II)SO3.2H 2O. The two principal aspects studied were: i) a new way to prepare double sulfites with high purity degree and the selectivity in the M(II) incorporation during the salt formation.

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A simple laboratory technique is described for the synthesis of cyclopentadienylthallium and methylcyclopentadienylthallium and their use in the preparation of air sensitive metallocenes in solution. It does not use manifold, drybox or any other special glassware and was applied to the synthesis of cobaltocene, nickelocene and their methyl substituted analogs.

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This work describes the selective hydrolysis of carboxyamide groups of asparagine and glutamine of collagen matrices for the preparation of negatively charged collagen biomaterials. The reaction was performed in the presence of chloride and sulfate salts of alkaline and alkaline earth metals in aqueous dimethylsulfoxide solution and, selectively hydrolysis of carboxyamide groups of collagen matrices was promoted without cleavage of the peptide bond. The result is a new collagen material with controlled increase in negative charge content. Although triple helix secondary structure of tropocollagen was preserved, significative changes in thermal stabilities were observed in association with a new pattern of tropocollagen macromolecular association, particularly in respect microfibril assembly, thus providing at physiological pH a new type of collagen structure for biomaterial preparation, characterized by different charge and structural contents .

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A new method for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (1) and 2-chloro-4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (2), are reported. The modifications introduced in the synthetic route improved the yield and facilitated the control of reaction, but the synthesis require longer reaction time. The compounds were characterized by ¹H, 13C{¹H} and31P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy. Due to the complexity of the spin system AA'BB'X (A, A', B, B' = ¹H; X = 31P) of 2, a simulation of the ¹H NMR spectra was done and it's in agreement with the bibliography.

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It is commonly acknowledged that the earliest recipe to prepare mineral acids dates from the XIIIth century, since it can be found in a text attributed to Geber. This paper intends to discuss this belief, taking into account recent studies on the Geberian corpus and also considering some ancient references to saltpeter.

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The Baylis-Hillman reaction has significantly advanced in the last ten years as demonstrated by a number of applications described in the literature. In this report we show some aspects of this reaction, including scope, limitations and perspectives.

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In this work, samples of chitosan obtained in different conditions were characterized by molecular weight distribution, using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), in two different solvents. It was observed that the increase in the number of deacetylation steps promotes a increase in the degree of deacetylation followed by a decrease in the average of molecular weight and polydispersion. The GPC curves obtained for chitosan samples in the two solvents used (CH3COOH 0.30 mol/dm³ - CH3CONa 0.20 mol/dm³ and CH3COOH 0.10 mol/dm³ - NaCl 0.20 mol/dm³) showed small difference in elution volume, but significant changes in the average molecular weight (Mn and Mw) and polydispersion that, in agree with the values of Huggins constant, present evidences of chitosan aggregates formation in the second solvent.