O papel das emissoras educativas no Brasil em tempo de eleições

The concept of educational radio is present in the Brazilian Code of Broadcasting in 1963, valued by an Interministerial 1999.According to the Ministry of Communications, only 176 stations are considered educational universe of 3,000 existing radios in Brazil. In this context, the study proposes to establish a discussion on the educational experiences obtained from the radio, considering the Brazilian radio culture that favors concessions to trade groups and religious politicians. The challenge will be to move toward a program that combines educational content, entertainment, and thus ensures a common universe of communication skills enabling the adult radio listeners their actual interaction with the world around him. The methodology will work in the literature from texts on the subject, and the result of practical observations collected during visits to the broadcasters, programming and analysis.

Jornalismo audiovisual: da tela da TV para outras telas

This article is based on research which has been developed in partnership with Unesp TV, a university TV broadcast station of the Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Bauru campus/SP. The study aims to identify convergent and divergent aspects in the design of audiovisual journalistic content for TV and other media such as the internet and mobile communication systems. The results presented here are the considerations obtained from the first stage of the research. In this phase, the basic steps which should guide the design of the content to feed broadcasting time are outlined, as well as the online audiovisual news broadcast and business management of a TV station, compared to the model which has been followed by internet TV broadcasters.

A arte nas ondas do rádio: ações e procedimentos para esta prática

This paper proposes an extension of the personal experience of the listener through radio. The radio, because it is a medium of reaching, disseminating and having considerable accessibilities towards the production of its contents, and if exploited, could very well combine functionality with aesthetics in the production and broadcasting of programs, something that makes the radio not only a means for transmission of information. In the production of dramatic art, for example, the use of other elements, such as sound effects, may suggest form and consistency to the object described during the practice of radio utterance. The proper combination of function and aesthetic in music, sound effects and voiceover radio can change the mood of the listener and even promote their creativity.

Contribuições à análise de qualidade do jornalismo na comunicação pública digital

Scientific research has shown remarkable advances in the formulation of criteria for assessing the quality of journalism practiced in the commercial media and public broadcasting, comprising aspects such as management models, business principles, parameters to the assessment of results and exercise of social responsibility. However, there are fewer investigations on the practice of journalism in digital public communication formats explored by government web portals. The contribution of this paper lies in a proposal of elements for the construction of parameters for evaluating the quality of journalism in the digital public communication. The proposal is inspired by criteria for evaluating the quality of commercial media and public broadcasting and suggests means for its application in the journalism practiced in the context of government web portals.

A agenda da regulação da comunicação social no Brasil: da constituinte aos impasses contemporâneos

The paper analyzes the regulatory framework for the Media in Brazil in the Federal Constitution and the nexus between democratization and constitutional process, interpreting relevant actors (government, political parties, civil society) and figured as the themes of communication and institutional political agenda. The obstacles to the regulation of many of the statements remain constitutional (right of communication; seal monopolies / oligopolies; regionalization of cultural production; nationalist character in control of broadcasting; compatibility between segments state, public and commercial; Social Communication Council), that replaces debate on the very principle of the right to communication regulation by analyzing the corresponding decisionmaking processes. This conflictual agenda-setting involves multiple interests, from strictly commercial aspirations of companies operating in this market, going by the increasing share of religious institutions who also want to expand upon practices of proselytizing until the interests of policy makers who also have control over a slice of that business.

Interfaces de notícias táteis em conteúdos gamificados contemporâneos

The construction methods of information lean on in variable models in the contemporary, especially by the diversity of languages and platforms offered. Among the innovations we find a growth of the gamification effect in the representation or reinforcement of the news, seizing the moment entertainment to increase user engagement. This research presents, from a case study published by The New York Times on the information complement referring to the World Cup Brazil 2014, studies of the importance of the interface in the broadcasting of informative contents, especially in a society where the tactile sensation is growing.

Vocal and territorial behavior in the Smith frog (Hypsiboas faber): Relationships with plasma levels of corticosterone and testosterone

The possible trade-off between the roles of glucocorticoids as facilitators of energy substrate mobilization and neural inhibitors of sexual behavior during breeding season is under debate. We studied the relationship between calling and territorial behavior with plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT) and plasma levels of testosterone (T) across the breeding season of Hypsiboas faber, a large and territorial Neotropical treefrog. We investigated these relationships through focal observations of males calling naturally, followed by blood sampling for hormonal radioimmunoassay. We additionally used an experimental approach, which consisted of broadcasting recorded advertisement calls for 10 min to simulate an invasion in the territory of the focal subjects, followed by behavioral observation and blood sampling for hormonal radioimmunoassay. Results showed a pattern of co-variation between CORT and T across the breeding season. Furthermore, individual variation in CORT and T was related to different aspects of behavior: individuals with higher CORT showed higher calling rates, and individuals with higher steroid levels, mainly T, showed higher responsivity to social stimulation by other males in the chorus. Experimental simulation of territorial intrusion by using playback of advertisement calls of this species did not elicit consistent changes in agonistic behavior and CORT, but decreased T in focal males. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Repercussões satíricas dos processos de escolarização do social nas ondas do rádio (1930-1940)

Este artigo analisa repercussões satíricas dos processos de escolarização do social no Brasil, presentes em antigos programas humorísticos de rádio, que, geralmente organizados pelo diálogo entre um professor e seus alunos, foram simultaneamente grandes sucessos em termos de audiência e alvos de uma crítica sistemática por parte daqueles que defendiam a radiodifusão como instrumento de divulgação da "verdadeira" cultura. Por meio do uso de fontes sonoras e impressas, objetiva compreender as razões do sucesso do gênero e, neste percurso, identificar as críticas à escola, à educação e seus sujeitos, que, jocosamente, veicularam, explicitadas em conflitos entre sonoras tradições populares e saberes escolares.

Management and routing algorithms for ad-hoc and sensor networks

Large scale wireless adhoc networks of computers, sensors, PDAs etc. (i.e. nodes) are revolutionizing connectivity and leading to a paradigm shift from centralized systems to highly distributed and dynamic environments. An example of adhoc networks are sensor networks, which are usually composed by small units able to sense and transmit to a sink elementary data which are successively processed by an external machine. Recent improvements in the memory and computational power of sensors, together with the reduction of energy consumptions, are rapidly changing the potential of such systems, moving the attention towards datacentric sensor networks. A plethora of routing and data management algorithms have been proposed for the network path discovery ranging from broadcasting/floodingbased approaches to those using global positioning systems (GPS). We studied WGrid, a novel decentralized infrastructure that organizes wireless devices in an adhoc manner, where each node has one or more virtual coordinates through which both message routing and data management occur without reliance on either flooding/broadcasting operations or GPS. The resulting adhoc network does not suffer from the deadend problem, which happens in geographicbased routing when a node is unable to locate a neighbor closer to the destination than itself. WGrid allow multidimensional data management capability since nodes' virtual coordinates can act as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation or reorganization. Any kind of data (both single and multidimensional) can be distributed, stored and managed. We will show how a location service can be easily implemented so that any search is reduced to a simple query, like for any other data type. WGrid has then been extended by adopting a replication methodology. We called the resulting algorithm WRGrid. Just like WGrid, WRGrid acts as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation nor reorganization and any kind of data can be distributed, stored and managed. We have evaluated the benefits of replication on data management, finding out, from experimental results, that it can halve the average number of hops in the network. The direct consequence of this fact are a significant improvement on energy consumption and a workload balancing among sensors (number of messages routed by each node). Finally, thanks to the replications, whose number can be arbitrarily chosen, the resulting sensor network can face sensors disconnections/connections, due to failures of sensors, without data loss. Another extension to {WGrid} is {W*Grid} which extends it by strongly improving network recovery performance from link and/or device failures that may happen due to crashes or battery exhaustion of devices or to temporary obstacles. W*Grid guarantees, by construction, at least two disjoint paths between each couple of nodes. This implies that the recovery in W*Grid occurs without broadcasting transmissions and guaranteeing robustness while drastically reducing the energy consumption. An extensive number of simulations shows the efficiency, robustness and traffic road of resulting networks under several scenarios of device density and of number of coordinates. Performance analysis have been compared to existent algorithms in order to validate the results.

Enabling Blocks for Integrated CMOS UWB Transceivers

The last decades have seen an unrivaled growth and diffusion of mobile telecommunications. Several standards have been developed to this purposes, from GSM mobile phone communications to WLAN IEEE 802.11, providing different services for the the transmission of signals ranging from voice to high data rate digital communications and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). In this wide research and market field, this thesis focuses on Ultra Wideband (UWB) communications, an emerging technology for providing very high data rate transmissions over very short distances. In particular the presented research deals with the circuit design of enabling blocks for MB-OFDM UWB CMOS single-chip transceivers, namely the frequency synthesizer and the transmission mixer and power amplifier. First we discuss three different models for the simulation of chargepump phase-locked loops, namely the continuous time s-domain and discrete time z-domain approximations and the exact semi-analytical time-domain model. The limitations of the two approximated models are analyzed in terms of error in the computed settling time as a function of loop parameters, deriving practical conditions under which the different models are reliable for fast settling PLLs up to fourth order. Besides, a phase noise analysis method based upon the time-domain model is introduced and compared to the results obtained by means of the s-domain model. We compare the three models over the simulation of a fast switching PLL to be integrated in a frequency synthesizer for WiMedia MB-OFDM UWB systems. In the second part, the theoretical analysis is applied to the design of a 60mW 3.4 to 9.2GHz 12 Bands frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDM UWB based on two wide-band PLLs. The design is presented and discussed up to layout level. A test chip has been implemented in TSMC CMOS 90nm technology, measured data is provided. The functionality of the circuit is proved and specifications are met with state-of-the-art area occupation and power consumption. The last part of the thesis deals with the design of a transmission mixer and a power amplifier for MB-OFDM UWB band group 1. The design has been carried on up to layout level in ST Microlectronics 65nm CMOS technology. Main characteristics of the systems are the wideband behavior (1.6 GHz of bandwidth) and the constant behavior over process parameters, temperature and supply voltage thanks to the design of dedicated adaptive biasing circuits.

Sistemi OFDM: prestazioni di livello fisico

I primi studi su Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sono stati fatti fin dal 1960, ma negli ultimi anni la modulazione OFDM è emersa come una tecnica di modulazione chiave commerciale per i sistemi di comunicazione ad alta velocità. La ragione principale di questo crescente interesse è dovuto alla sua capacità di fornire dati ad alta velocità impiegando sistemi con complessità bassa e contrastando l'interferenza intersimbolo (ISI) e quella intercanale (ICI). Per questo motivo la modulazione OFDM è stata adottata da diversi sistemi digitali wireline e wireless standard, come Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Wireless Local Area Network (IEEE 802.11 a,g,n) oppure per WiMAX e LTE.

Cooperative and reconfigurable telecommunication systems based on FPGA

This work has been realized by the author in his PhD course in Electronics, Computer Science and Telecommunication at the University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering, Italy. The subject of this thesis regards important channel estimation aspects in wideband wireless communication systems, such as echo cancellation in digital video broadcasting systems and pilot aided channel estimation through an innovative pilot design in Multi-Cell Multi-User MIMO-OFDM network. All the documentation here reported is a summary of years of work, under the supervision of Prof. Oreste Andrisano, coordinator of Wireless Communication Laboratory - WiLab, in Bologna. All the instrumentation that has been used for the characterization of the telecommunication systems belongs to CNR (National Research Council), CNIT (Italian Inter-University Center), and DEIS (Dept. of Electronics, Computer Science, and Systems). From November 2009 to May 2010, the author spent his time abroad, working in collaboration with DOCOMO - Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH (DOCOMO Euro-Labs) in Munich, Germany, in the Wireless Technologies Research Group. Some important scientific papers, submitted and/or published on IEEE journals and conferences have been produced by the author.

Die Überarbeitung der Fernsehrichtlinie unter Berücksichtigung der EuGH-Entscheidungen zur bisherigen Fassung

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Überarbeitung der Richtlinie 89/552/EWG des Rates zur Koordinierung bestimmter Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten über die Ausübung der Fernsehtätigkeit, welche aus praktikablen Gründen meist als „(EG-)Fernsehrichtlinie“ bezeichnet wird. Sie bildet den Eckpfeiler der audiovisuellen Politik der EU. Seit Erlass der Fernsehrichtlinie im Jahre 1989 bewirkt der technologische Fortschritt jedoch zunehmend enorme Veränderungen nicht nur im Bereich des klassischen Fernsehens, sondern auch und vor allem im Bereich der neuen Medien. Ausgangspunkt hierfür ist die Verbesserung der Digitaltechnologie, die ihrerseits wiederum technische Konvergenzprozesse begünstigt. Diese Entwicklungen führen nicht nur zu einer Vervielfachung von Übertragungskapazitäten und –techniken, sondern ermöglichen neben neuen Formen audiovisueller Angebote auch die Entstehung neuer Dienste. Unsere Medienlandschaft steht vor „epochalen Umbrüchen“. Im Hinblick auf diese Vorgänge wird seit geraumer Zeit eine Überarbeitung der EG-Fernsehrichtlinie angestrebt, um dem technologischen Fortschritt auch „regulatorisch“ gerecht werden zu können. Diesem Überarbeitungsprozess möchte sich die vorliegende Arbeit widmen, indem sie die Fernsehrichtlinie in einem ersten Teil sowohl inhaltlich wie auch hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte und der zu ihr ergangenen EuGH-Entscheidungen erläutert. Anschließend werden alle Überarbeitungsvorgänge der Fernsehrichtlinie seit 1997 dargestellt, um sodann die aktuellen Reformansätze analysieren und bewerten zu können. Aus zeitlichen Gründen (der neue Richtlinienvorschlag der Kommission vom 13. Dezember 2005 wurde ca. 2 Wochen vor dem Abgabetermin der Arbeit verabschiedet) sind die Ausführungen zum Entwurf der neuen „Richtlinie über audiovisuelle Mediendienste“ allerdings relativ knapp gehalten.

Der Vergleich der deutschen und der schweizerischen Rundfunkordnung unter dem Aspekt des Dualismus

Der Vergleich der deutschen und der schweizerischen Rundfunkordnung unter dem Aspekt des Dualismus 1.Einleitung: Bedeutung und Grundlagen des „Dualismus“ 2.Das „duale System“ in der deutschen Rundfunkordnung 2.1 Die Genese des „dualen Systems“ - Historische und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen 2.2 Die aktuelle Ausgestaltung des „dualen Systems“ 2.3 Das „duale System“ im europäischen Raum – europarechtliche Einflüsse und Vorgaben 3. Das „duale System“ in der schweizerischen Rundfunkordnung 3.1 Die Genese des „dualen Systems“ - Historische und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen 3.2 Die aktuelle Ausgestaltung des „dualen Systems“ 3.3 Vergleichende Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Ausprägungen des „dualen Systems“ im Rahmen der Revision des RTVG 4. Vergleichende Betrachtung der „dualen Systeme“ 4.1 Historische und gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen 4.2 Die spezifischen Besonderheiten des schweizerischen Rundfunkmarktes 4.3 Die einzelnen Elemente der Rundfunkordnung 5. Endergebnis Duale Systeme im Bereich des Rundfunkrechtes bedeuten Koexistenz von privaten und öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkveranstaltern. Die in der Verfassung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland angelegte Rundfunkordnung ist im wesentlichen durch die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts geprägt worden. Das aufgrund dieser Vorgaben gewachsene duale System besteht aus einem starken öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk, dessen Position durch die vorrangige Finanzierung aus Gebühren privilegiert wird. Im Gegenzug wird ihm die zentrale Aufgabe zur Sicherung der Grundversorgung zugewiesen. Daneben bestehen die privaten Rundfunkveranstalter, die sich aus Werbeeinnahmen und Nutzungsentgelten finanzieren und insoweit dem Wettbewerb im Markt in höherem Maße ausgeliefert sind. Im europäischen Bereich fällt der Schutz von Pluralismus und Meinungsvielfalt in erster Linie in den Zuständigkeitsbereich der Mitgliedstaaten. Die Medienlandschaften der Mitgliedstaaten sind durch vielfältige Eigenheiten und Traditionen geprägt, die gerade erhalten bleiben sollen. Die Ausgestaltung des dualen Systems im europäischen Rahmen wirft mithin Bedenken allein im Hinblick auf die Finanzierung der öffentlich-rechtlichen Veranstalter aus öffentlichen Ressourcen und die darauf basierende Wettbewerbsverzerrung auf. Mit dem Radio- und Fernsehgesetz von 1991 wurde in der Schweiz ein duales Rundfunksystem eingeführt. Das Treuhandmodell wurde ergänzt durch das Marktmodell. Allerdings galt das duale System für Rundfunk und Fernsehen in der Schweiz nur in der abgeschwächten Form eines staatlich geordneten Wettbewerbs. Es bestand ein Drei-Ebenen-Modell, das eine direkte Konkurrenz zwischen der nationalen Dachorganisation SRG (Schweizerische Rundfunkgesellschaft) und privaten Unternehmen weitestgehend vermied. Die Hauptverpflichtung des Service public oblag der SRG, die auch die Gebühren erhielt. Daneben wurden allerdings alle Veranstalter zu Service-public-Leistungen verpflichtet. Im Gegenzug dazu sah der Gesetzgeber in marktschwachen Regionen ein Gebührensplitting vor. Mit dem neuen RTVG soll dem Service Public eine Bestands- und Entwicklungsgarantie zugesichert werden. Anstelle einer scharfen Trennung zwischen gebühren- und werbefinanzierten Anbietern mit entsprechend unterschiedlichen Funktionen im Mediensystem sollen allerdings die elektronischen Medien in der Schweiz großflächig subventioniert und vermehrt mit Leistungsaufträgen gesteuert werden. Gerade auf lokaler Ebene wird eine Ausweitung des Gebührensplittings vorgesehen. Nicht nur einer, sondern eine Vielzahl von Veranstaltern soll künftig mit der Grundversorgung beauftragt werden. Insbesondere der Service public régional soll von privaten Anbietern und der SRG erbracht werden. Eine Inpflichtnahme sämtlicher privater Rundfunkveranstalter wird indes nicht vorgesehen. Anhand dieser Masterarbeit sollen weiterhin die Unterschiede herausgearbeitet werden, die einzelne nationale Rundfunksysteme aufweisen können und damit auch die rundfunkpolitischen Modelle trotz des gleich bleibenden Grundgedankens, hier des Dualismus. Die Modelle sind stets in ihrem spezifischen politischen und kulturellen Kontext zu sehen, woraus sie historisch gewachsen sind. Durch den Vergleich sollen auf der einen Seite die Probleme der Rundfunkmodelle dargelegt werden, die diesen unabhängig von ihrer Ausgestaltung in mehr oder minder ausgeprägter Form generell innewohnen (Definition der Grundversorgung - des Service public/ Ressourcenknappheit/ Krisen des dualen Systems). Andererseits sollen die spezifischen Probleme der Schweiz aufgrund ihrer mehrsprachigen, kleinstaatlichen Struktur verdeutlicht werden (Hoher Marktanteil an ausländischen, überwiegend deutschsprachigen Programmen an der Fernsehnutzung; Mehrsprachigkeit; Kleinräumigkeit von Zuschauer- und Zuhörermärkten sowie der Werbemärkte).

Tradurre il genere documentario : Due proposte di sottotitolaggio del documentario Little Land a confronto

The aim of this thesis is to discuss the main translation issues encountered while performing a double version of the subtitles of the documentary “Little Land” from English into Italian. The main motivation behind my choice is a personal interest in the subtitling field applied to the documentary filmic genre. This project is divided into two parts. The first part constitutes the theoretical basis of the thesis and is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the documentary “Little Land” and analyses its main features and characteristics. The second chapter is devoted to documentary studies and theory of documentary, including the historical overview of the changes of this filmic genre and an overview of its market potential in order to meet both the audience and the director’s requirements. The third chapter deals with audiovisual translation as a discipline, and analyses the main translation techniques adopted for the documentary genre: dubbing, voice-over and subtitling. The subtitling section is particularly rich, and a discussion of the use of double and pivot subtitles and the possibilities of subtitling for accessibility issues is included. The second part constitutes the practical development of the theories introduced and dealt with in the first part. Chapter four provides an overview of the history of the Cineteca di Bologna, for whom I worked as a subtitler, and explains the guide lines and equipment required in order to perform the manual launch of the subtitles during their festival Human Rights Nights. The fifth and final chapter provides an analysis of the second version of the subtitles, meant for TV broadcasting, and highlights the main issues encountered during the translation process, both from a structural and a lexical point of view. A discussion of the different translation strategies adopted is provided, in a constant comparison with the first version of the subtitles. The function of self-reflection and self-observation in translation is also examined. Appendix A and B contain the interviews with “Little Land”’s director and protagonist respectively, Appendix C contains the subtitles table.