Cinética de degradação da matéria orgânica e variação do pH do solo sob diferentes temperaturas

Nos solos onde fontes de carbono orgânico são incorporadas geralmente ocorre diminuição da acidez, sendo os mecanismos envolvidos nesta alteração ainda pouco esclarecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a cinética de degradação de materiais orgânicos com as alterações na acidez do solo. Amostras da camada de 0-20 cm de um Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico foram incubadas com cinco fontes de matéria orgânica: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), esterco bovino, vinhaça, biossólido e turfa, nas temperaturas de 20 e 30 ºC. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Durante a incubação em frascos fechados, foram realizadas medidas da produção de CO2 por condutimetria e coletadas amostras do solo para determinações do pH em CaCl2. De maneira geral, a incubação dos tratamentos a 30 ºC promoveu a liberação de maior quantidade de CO2. A vinhaça foi o material que apresentou maiores valores de carbono mineralizado aliados a uma elevada velocidade de degradação. Apenas para este material foi obtida uma boa correlação entre as quantidades acumuladas de CO2 desprendido e o aumento do pH do solo. A rápida mineralização do carbono orgânico da vinhaça pode criar um ambiente redutor responsável pela diminuição da acidez. Pode-se concluir que a redução da acidez do solo foi influenciada pela atividade microbiana apenas no tratamento com vinhaça.

A pilot assessment of alpha-stat vs pH-stat arterial blood gas analysis after cardiac arrest.

PURPOSE: Resuscitated cardiac arrest (CA) patients typically receive therapeutic hypothermia, but arterial blood gases (ABGs) are often assessed after adjustment to 37°C (alpha-stat) instead of actual body temperature (pH-stat). We sought to compare alpha-stat and pH-stat assessment of Pao2 and Paco2 in such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using ABG data obtained during the first 24 hours of intensive care unit admission, we determined the impact of measured alpha vs calculated pH-stat on Pao2 and Paco2 on patient classification and outcomes for CA patients. RESULTS: We assessed 1013 ABGs from 120 CA patients with a median age of patients 66 years (interquartile range, 50-76). Median alpha-stat Pao2 changed from 122 (95-156) to 107 (82-143) mm Hg with pH-stat and median Paco2 from 39 (34-46) to 35 (30-41) mm Hg (both P < .001). Using the categories of hyperoxemia, normoxemia, and hypoxemia, pH-stat estimation of Pao2 reclassified approximately 20% of patients. Using the categories of hypercapnia, normocapnia, and hypocapnia, pH stat estimation of Paco2 reclassified approximately 40% of patients. The mortality of patients in different Pao2 and Paco2 categories was similar for pH-stat and alpha-stat. CONCLUSIONS: Using the pH-stat method, fewer resuscitated CA patients admitted to intensive care unit were classified as hyperoxemic or hypercapnic compared with alpha-stat. These findings suggest an impact of ABG assessment methodology on Pao2, Paco2, and patient classification but not on associated outcomes.

Comparação da fertilidade de solos em Rondônia com diferentes tempos de conversão de floresta em pastagem

Neste trabalho, foram comparadas as características dos solos de áreas de floresta e áreas de pastagens, considerando quatro diferentes idades de instalação, em três sítios, no estado de Rondônia. Os sítios foram escolhidos com o auxílio de imagens do sensor TM/Landsat, obtidas entre 1987 e 1997, sendo dois em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA) e um em Luvissolo Crômico (TC). Amostras de solo foram colhidas na camada de solo a 20 cm e submetidas à análise de fertilidade e granulométrica, obtendo-se os dados de pH, bases trocáveis, fósforo disponível, saturação por alumínio e por bases e carbono orgânico. Para o solo distrófico e de baixa fertilidade natural (PVA), a adição de cinza proveniente da queima da floresta e os restos vegetais nos primeiros anos de implantação de pastagem influenciaram bastante a dinâmica de solo. Para os dois sítios de PVA, o nível de saturação por bases manteve-se superior na área de pastagem, mesmo com mais de 10 anos de uso, ao encontrado na área de floresta. Já o alumínio mostrou baixo nível após a implantação de pastagem em todas as classes de idade estudadas. O fósforo disponível sofreu queda rápida após atingir o valor de pico e, após um período de mais de 10 anos de uso com pastagem, apresentou valor praticamente igual ao original, nos dois tipos de solo estudados. No caso do solo eutrófico (TC), o efeito da cinza, em geral, foi de menor intensidade em relação ao do solo distrófico (PVA), mostrando alta perda de nutrientes no tempo, decorrente de fatores associados ao baixo teor de argila do solo e ao relevo local mais acentuado.

Estimativa da acidez potencial pelo método do pH SMP em solos da formação Caiuá: noroeste do estado do Paraná

A utilização do pH SMP na estimativa da acidez potencial tem vantagens em relação ao método do acetato de cálcio 0,5 mol L-1, pH 7, mas requer regionalização edafológica prévia para estimar, com segurança, os valores de H + Al. Na região noroeste do Paraná, encontram-se solos originários de uma rocha sedimentar arenosa da Formação Caiuá, denominada Arenito Caiuá, do período Cretáceo. Esses solos são caracterizados pelos baixos teores de argila, matéria orgânica e baixo tamponamento, diferindo da maioria dos solos existentes no estado. Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar os métodos do pH SMP e o do acetato de cálcio 0,5 mol L-1, pH 7, visando estabelecer uma equação que estime a acidez potencial dos solos dessa área, por meio da obtenção do pH de equilíbrio da suspensão com a solução SMP. Cento e cinqüenta amostras de solos daquela área foram submetidas a análises de regressão, utilizando três modelos que foram avaliados, quanto à qualidade das estimativas, pelas estatísticas dos seus coeficientes e pelo comportamento dos seus resíduos (medido-estimado). A equação linear H + Al = 20,1925 - 2,6484 pH SMP (R² = 0,9051) foi a que melhor estimou a acidez potencial dos solos pertencentes à Formação Caiuá.

Control of mitochondrial pH by uncoupling protein 4 in astrocytes promotes neuronal survival.

Brain activity is energetically costly and requires a steady and highly regulated flow of energy equivalents between neural cells. It is believed that a substantial share of cerebral glucose, the major source of energy of the brain, will preferentially be metabolized in astrocytes via aerobic glycolysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether uncoupling proteins (UCPs), located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, play a role in setting up the metabolic response pattern of astrocytes. UCPs are believed to mediate the transmembrane transfer of protons, resulting in the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production. UCPs are therefore potentially important regulators of energy fluxes. The main UCP isoforms expressed in the brain are UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5. We examined in particular the role of UCP4 in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling and measured a range of functional metabolic parameters including mitochondrial electrical potential and pH, reactive oxygen species production, NAD/NADH ratio, ATP/ADP ratio, CO2 and lactate production, and oxygen consumption rate. In brief, we found that UCP4 regulates the intramitochondrial pH of astrocytes, which acidifies as a consequence of glutamate uptake, with the main consequence of reducing efficiency of mitochondrial ATP production. The diminished ATP production is effectively compensated by enhancement of glycolysis. This nonoxidative production of energy is not associated with deleterious H2O2 production. We show that astrocytes expressing more UCP4 produced more lactate, which is used as an energy source by neurons, and had the ability to enhance neuronal survival.

Reconeixement de gestos de la mà amb el sensor Kinect

El reconeixement dels gestos de la mà (HGR, Hand Gesture Recognition) és actualment un camp important de recerca degut a la varietat de situacions en les quals és necessari comunicar-se mitjançant signes, com pot ser la comunicació entre persones que utilitzen la llengua de signes i les que no. En aquest projecte es presenta un mètode de reconeixement de gestos de la mà a temps real utilitzant el sensor Kinect per Microsoft Xbox, implementat en un entorn Linux (Ubuntu) amb llenguatge de programació Python i utilitzant la llibreria de visió artifical OpenCV per a processar les dades sobre un ordinador portàtil convencional. Gràcies a la capacitat del sensor Kinect de capturar dades de profunditat d’una escena es poden determinar les posicions i trajectòries dels objectes en 3 dimensions, el que implica poder realitzar una anàlisi complerta a temps real d’una imatge o d’una seqüencia d’imatges. El procediment de reconeixement que es planteja es basa en la segmentació de la imatge per poder treballar únicament amb la mà, en la detecció dels contorns, per després obtenir l’envolupant convexa i els defectes convexos, que finalment han de servir per determinar el nombre de dits i concloure en la interpretació del gest; el resultat final és la transcripció del seu significat en una finestra que serveix d’interfície amb l’interlocutor. L’aplicació permet reconèixer els números del 0 al 5, ja que s’analitza únicament una mà, alguns gestos populars i algunes de les lletres de l’alfabet dactilològic de la llengua de signes catalana. El projecte és doncs, la porta d’entrada al camp del reconeixement de gestos i la base d’un futur sistema de reconeixement de la llengua de signes capaç de transcriure tant els signes dinàmics com l’alfabet dactilològic.

Peanut response to lime and molybdenum application in low pH soils

Liming acid soils is considered to assure the availability of Mo in crops. Additionally, in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) the positive response to liming is associated to a better supply of Ca+2, Mo for the nitrogenase-complex activity, and other non-nitrogen fixing activities of the crop. This study was thus undertaken to assess the effect of lime, Mo, and the lime-Mo interaction on peanut crop, on an acid Ultisol at the Mococa Experimental Station, Instituto Agronômico, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1987 to 1990. A randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, was used in the study. The factors included four lime rates (0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha-1) broadcast and incorporated into the soil, and Mo (0, 100, 200, and 300 g ha-1) as (NH4)2MoO4 applied as seed dressing. Lime was applied once at the beginning of the study while Mo was applied at every planting. Peanut seed cv 'tatu' was used. Significant increase in peanut kernel yield with liming was only evident in the absence of Mo, whereas the peanut response to Mo was observed in two out of the three harvests. A higher yield response (28 % increase) was found when Mo was applied without liming. Soil molybdenum availability, as indicated by plant leaf analysis, increased significantly when lime was applied. Molybdenum fertilization led to higher leaf N content, which in turn increased peanut yield in treatments with smaller lime doses.

Is Less Chemotherapy Detrimental in Adults with Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph)-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treated with High-Dose Imatinib? Results of the Prospective Randomized Graaph-2005 Study

Aim: To compare a less intensive regimen based on high-dose imatinib (IM) to an intensive IM/HyperCVAD regimen in adults with Ph+ ALL, in terms of early response and outcome after stem cell transplantation (SCT). Methods: Patients aged 18-60 years with previously untreated Ph+ ALL not evolving from chronic myeloid leukemia were eligible if no contra-indication to chemotherapy and SCT (ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00327678). After a steroid prephase allowing Ph and/or BCR-ABL diagnosis, cycle 1 differed between randomization arms. In arm A (IM-based), IM was given at 800 mg on day 1-28, combined with vincristine (2 mg, day 1, 8, 15, 22) and dexamethasone (40 mg, day 1-2, 8-9, 15-16, and 22-23) only. In arm B (IM/HyperCVAD), IM was given at 800 mg on day 1-14, combined with adriamycin (50 mg/m2, day 4), cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2/12h, day 1, 2, 3), vincristine (2 mg, day 4 and 11), and dexamethasone (40 mg, day 1-4 and 11-14). All patients received a cycle 2 combining high-dose methotrexate (1 g/m2, day 1) and AraC (3 g/m2/12h, day 2 and 3) with IM at 800 mg on day 1-14, whatever their response. Four intrathecal infusions were given during this induction/consolidation period. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was centrally evaluated by quantitative RQ-PCR after cycle 1 (MRD1) and cycle 2 (MRD2). Major MRD response was defined as BCR-ABL/ABL ratio <0.1%. Then, all patients were to receive allogeneic SCT using related or unrelated matched donor stem cells or autologous SCT if no donor and a major MRD2 response. IM/chemotherapy maintenance was planned after autologous SCT. In the absence of SCT, patients received alternating cycles 1 (as in arm B) and cycles 2 followed by maintenance, like in the published IM/HyperCVAD regimen. The primary objective was non-inferiority of arm A in term of major MRD2 response. Secondary objectives were CR rate, SCT rate, treatment- and transplant-related mortality, relapse-free (RFS), event-free (EFS) and overall (OS) survival. Results: Among the 270 patients randomized between May 2006 and August 2011, 265 patients were evaluable for this analysis (133 arm A, 132 arm B; median age, 47 years; median follow-up, 40 months). Main patient characteristics were well-balanced between both arms. Due to higher induction mortality in arm B (9 versus 1 deaths; P=0.01), CR rate was higher in the less intensive arm A (98% versus 89% after cycle 1 and 98% versus 91% after cycle 2; P= 0.003 and 0.006, respectively). A total of 213 and 205 patients were evaluated for bone marrow MRD1 and MRD2. The rates of patients reaching major MRD response and undetectable MRD were 45% (44% arm A, 46% arm B; P=0.79) and 10% (in both arms) at MRD1 and 66% (68% arm A, 63.5% arm B; P=0.56) and 25% (28% arm A, 22% arm B; P=0.33) at MRD2, respectively. The non-inferiority primary endpoint was thus demonstrated (P= 0.002). Overall, EFS was estimated at 42% (95% CI, 35-49) and OS at 51% (95% CI, 44-57) at 3 years, with no difference between arm A and B (46% versus 38% and 53% versus 49%; P=0.25 and 0.61, respectively). Of the 251 CR patients, 157 (80 arm A, 77 arm B) and 34 (17 in both arms) received allogeneic and autologous SCT in first CR, respectively. Allogeneic transplant-related mortality was similar in both arms (31.5% versus 22% at 3 years; P=0.51). Of the 157 allografted patients, 133 had MRD2 evaluation and 89 had MRD2 <0.1%. In these patients, MRD2 did not significantly influence post-transplant RFS and OS, either when tested with the 0.1% cutoff or as a continuous log covariate. Of the 34 autografted patients, 31 had MRD2 evaluation and, according to the protocol, 28 had MRD2 <0.1%. When restricting the comparison to patients achieving major MRD2 response and with the current follow-up, a trend for better results was observed after autologous as compared to allogeneic SCT (RFS, 63% versus 49.5% and OS, 69% versus 58% at 3 years; P=0.35 and P=0.08, respectively). Conclusions: In adults, the use of TK inhibitors (TKI) has markedly improved the results of Ph+ ALL therapy, now close to those observed in Ph-negative ALL. We demonstrated here that chemotherapy intensity may be safely reduced when associated with high-dose IM. We will further explore this TKI-based strategy using nilotinib prior to SCT in our next GRAAPH-2013 trial. The trend towards a better outcome after autologous compared to allogeneic SCT observed in MRD responders validates MRD as an important early surrogate endpoint for treatment stratification and new drug investigation in this disease.

Efeito do pH na adsorção e dessorção de cádmio em Latossolos brasileiros

Reações de adsorção e dessorção de metais em solos são influenciadas por atributos de superfície dos colóides e pela composição da solução no meio. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do pH sobre a adsorção (Cd ads) e dessorção (Cd des) de Cd em amostras do horizonte A de l7 Latossolos do Brasil. Amostras de cada solo foram suspensas em Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1 (pH ajustado para 4,5; 5,5; e 6,5; relação solo:solução 1:67) e colocadas para reagir com Cd(NO3)2 0,20 mmol L-1 (relação solo:solução final 1:100) por 72 h. Imediatamente após a retirada do sobrenadante para determinação do Cd ads, adicionaram-se, ao resíduo remanescente, 25 mL de Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1 para realização da dessorção do Cd adsorvido nas amostras de solo. Foi verificado um aumento na Cd ads de 1,3; 1,7 e 2,2 vezes decorrente da elevação do pH de 4,5 para 5,5; de 5,5 para 6,5 e de 4,5 para 6,5, respectivamente. Isso corresponde a uma percentagem de Cd adsorvido de 27 % em pH 4,5; 35 % em pH 5,5 e 55 % em pH 6,5. O efeito dos atributos dos solos sobre a adsorção de Cd só foi evidenciado em pH 5,5 e 6,5 por meio das correlações entre o Cd ads e a matéria orgânica, área superficial específica (SE), CTC a pH 7,0 (CTC), teores de caulinita, hematita, Fe2O3 extraído pelo oxalato ácido de amônio e argila, dentre outros atributos. Todavia, apenas a CTC e o conteúdo de argila, em pH 5,5, e a SE, em pH 6,5, foram incluídos no modelo de predição de Cd ads obtidos por meio de análises de regressão múltipla. A adsorção em valores de pH mais elevados não propiciou redução no Cd des, o qual se situou em torno de 20 % para pH 4,5 e 40 % para pH 5,5 e 6,5. A baixa proporção de Cd adsorvido por estes Latossolos, principalmente em menores valores de pH, reforça a necessidade da adoção de critérios adequados quando do uso ou descarte de resíduos que contêm Cd em áreas agrícolas ou próximas a aqüíferos.

Introduction of sensor spectral response into image fusion methods. Application to wavelet-based methods

Usual image fusion methods inject features from a high spatial resolution panchromatic sensor into every low spatial resolution multispectral band trying to preserve spectral signatures and improve spatial resolution to that of the panchromatic sensor. The objective is to obtain the image that would be observed by a sensor with the same spectral response (i.e., spectral sensitivity and quantum efficiency) as the multispectral sensors and the spatial resolution of the panchromatic sensor. But in these methods, features from electromagnetic spectrum regions not covered by multispectral sensors are injected into them, and physical spectral responses of the sensors are not considered during this process. This produces some undesirable effects, such as resolution overinjection images and slightly modified spectral signatures in some features. The authors present a technique which takes into account the physical electromagnetic spectrum responses of sensors during the fusion process, which produces images closer to the image obtained by the ideal sensor than those obtained by usual wavelet-based image fusion methods. This technique is used to define a new wavelet-based image fusion method.

Hidrólise da uréia em latossolos: efeito da concentração de uréia, temperatura, pH, armazenamento e tempo de incubação

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a velocidade de hidrólise da uréia em dois diferentes solos brasileiros (Latossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico) onde foram realizados ensaios sobre o efeito do tempo e condições de armazenamento, concentração do substrato (uréia), temperatura, pH e tempo de incubação sobre a atividade da urease. As melhores condições de armazenamento foram em temperatura ambiente ou 5 ºC, após secagem ao ar, por um período de até 7 dias; para as condições estudadas, o melhor tempo de incubação foi de uma hora a 25-30 ºC, sem a utilização de tampão para acertar o pH, e a concentração de uréia suficiente foi de 3,30 g L-1, para o Latossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico, e de 2,5 g L-1, para o Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico para obter a velocidade máxima da enzima.

Influence of soil pH on inorganic phosphorus sorption and desorption in a humid brazilian Ultisol

Liming is a common practice to raise soil pH and increase phosphorus (P) bioavailability in tropical regions. However, reports on the effect of liming on P sorption and bioavailability are controversial. The process of phosphorus desorption is more important than P sorption for defining P bioavailability. However few studies on the relationship between soil pH and P desorption are available, and even fewer in the tropical soils. The effects of soil pH on P sorption and desorption in an Ultisol from Bahia, Brazil, were investigated in this study. Phosphorus sorption decreased by up to 21 and 34 % with pH increases from 4.7 to 5.9 and 7.0, respectively. Decreasing Langmuir K parameter and decreasing partition coefficients (Kd) with increasing pH supported this trend. Phosphorus desorption was positively affected by increased soil pH by both the total amount of P desorbed and the ratio of desorbed P to initially sorbed P. A decreased K parameter and increased Kd value, particularly at the highest pH value and highest P-addition level, endorsed this phenomenon. Liming the soil had the double effect of reducing P sorption (up to 4.5 kg ha-1 of remaining P in solution) and enhancing P desorption (up to 2.7 kg ha-1 of additionally released P into solution).

Activity of phosphorus of synthetic Fe-K-P compounds in superphosphate fertilizers as affected by pH and ionic strength

The concentration of orthophosphate ions released from Fe-K-P compounds (Fe3KH8(PO4)6 .6H2O and Fe3KH14(PO4)8 .4H2O) present in superphosphates increases with pH, which initially suggests that the agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers containing high amounts of these compounds would also increase with soil pH but studies considering activity, instead of concentration, are necessary. With this purpose, both compounds were synthesized under laboratory conditions, characterized by elemental chemical analysis, optical microscopy, X ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and used in a solubility study. Solutions of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mol L-1 NaCl with pH adjusted to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 were prepared for the solubility study of H8-syn, H14-syn and a phosphate rock (PR) from Brazil. The orthophosphate activity as H2PO4- and HPO4(2-) was calculated in each situation as related to pH and ionic strength using software MINTEQ. The remaining precipitates after equilibrium were chemically analyzed and subjected to X ray, SEM and EDS. Results of chemical analysis and instrumental techniques confirmed the preparation method. The activity of orthophosphate ions of both compounds tended to decrease under increasing pH and/or ionic strength of the solution, which in turn suggests that an increase in the solution pH does not necessarily promote an increase in the P bioavailability for plant uptake. This can be important when evaluating agronomic data of P fertilizers with high contents of these two Fe-K-P compounds.