909 resultados para Nitrogênio - Fixação


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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different carbohydrate sources associated with sunflower oil on intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance in diets of lambs. Twenty lambs were used, assigned in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two sources of neutral detergent soluble carbohydrate, starch and neutral detergent soluble fiber, with and without the inclusion of 4.2% sunflower oil. The dry matter intake was not affected by carbohydrate sources and the inclusion of oil. Diets with a high percentage of starch provided higher digestibility of dry matter, starch and ether extract. The different sources of carbohydrates had no interference on digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent soluble fiber, nonfiber carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. The addition of oil in the diets increased the digestibility of ether extract. The combination of 4.2% oil in the diet high in soluble neutral detergent fiber had no influence on the nutrient digestibility, otherwise, the addition of oil at high starch diet caused a significant reduction in the digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and nonfiber carbohydrates. The quantities of nitrogen intake, absorbed and retained, did not differ as sources of carbohydrates and oil inclusion in the diet. The association of 4.2 % sunflower oil to the different sources of carbohydrates in the diet does not affect consumption and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. The addition of 4.2 % oil in the diet with high starch (28% of DM diet) promotes reduction in digestibility of organic matter, of fibrous and nonfibrous carbohydrate in the diet.

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The crop demand by nitrogen varies from one crop to other as well as the amount and application time, and this nutrient can be lost by leaching, volatilization and erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate doses, sources and times of nitrogen application in rice of high lands cropped in no till system. The work was conducted in Selviria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in a soil originally under Cerrado vegetation. A randomized blocks design, with the treatments disposed in a factorial scheme 5x3x2 was used. The treatments were constituted by five nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha(-1)), three nitrogen sources (urea; ammonium sulfonitrate plus nitrification inhitor and ammonium sulfate) and two application times (at sowing or at flower bud differentiation), with four repetitions. The sources of nitrogen, as well as the application times had similar effects for most of evaluations. The N doses influenced linearly or with quadratic adjustment the plant height, N leaf content and grains yield, in the two growing seasons. The chlorophyll content and the number of ears m(-2) were affected only, in the first year. The highest yield in the growing season of 2007/08 was obtained with the dose of 149 kg ha(-1) of N. In 2008/09 growing season the increase of N doses provided increment in the grains rice yield, until the maximum dose evaluated (200 kg ha(-1) of N).

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Crops used to cover the ground may also release nitrogen into the soil during mineralization. However, it is necessary to identify species that combine fast nutrient release and longer permanence of the straw on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to investigate straw degradation and nitrogen release from cover crops under no-tillage cropping systems. The field trial was performed during two growing seasons in summer (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) in the Cerrado region of Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial arrangement. Treatments were the combination of five plants (four cover crops species, 1 - Panicum maximum, 2- Brachiaria ruziziensis, 3. Brachiaria brizantha and 4. Pennisetum glaucum [millet], and fallow as a control) with six sampling times (first six weeks after application of glyphosate on the cover crops). Pennisetum glaucum and fallow showed faster straw degradation and nitrogen release. The cover crops Panicum maximum, Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria ruziziensis stood out in biomass production and in the amount of nitrogen in their shoots but had the lowest coefficients of degradation and persisted longer on the soil surface than Pennisetum glaucum and fallow.

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A disponibilidade de nutrientes é um dos fatores que controla a produção primária dos ecossistemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de nitrato (N-NO3) no crescimento da macrófita aquática flutuante Pistia stratiotes. Um experimento com delineamento totalmente casualisado foi realizado em laboratório, consistindo de três réplicas e cinco tratamentos: (1) sem adição de nitrato; (2)196μg.L-1, (3) 490μg.L-1, (4) 980μg.L-1 e (5) 1960μg.L-1. Em intervalos de sete dias, durante 70 dias, foi obtida a massa fresca de P. stratiotes. A massa fresca foi transformada em massa seca, e a esses valores aplicou-se o modelo de crescimento logístico. Também foram analisados o diâmetro de roseta, o número de indivíduos, o volume de raiz, a absorção de N-NO3 e P-PO4 por P. stratiotes e os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e clorofila a e b da biomassa. Os valores médios de capacidade suporte (K) encontrados foram: (1) 220,9 gMS.m-2; (2) 262,8 gMS.m-2; (3) 288,3 gMS.m-2; (4) 356,9 gMS.m-2; e (5) 394,6 gMS.m-2. Os resultados indicam que a relação entre concentração de nitrato e K é uma hipérbole que apresenta K como valor assintótico. Conclui-se que o aumento da disponibilidade de nitrato promove o aumento no crescimento desta espécie. Conclui-se também que P. stratiotes apresenta consumo de luxúria de nitrogênio e que a maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio promove o aumento do número de indivíduos e do diâmetro da roseta e a diminuição da relação volume de raiz/biomassa do indivíduo.

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Whereas the assembly torque calculation has great importance on efficiency and life of bolts, the objective of this study was to analyze the combined stresses during assembly, the friction coefficient, compare the rupture torque results with the indicated torques by standards and to present a new torque method without the stress combination (shear stress and normal stresses). For this study were carried eighteen tests with different diameters and materials, this bolts were undergoing five ranges torque until the breaking torque. With the experimental rupture torque values for each test and with the bolt quality certificate was possible to calculate the friction coefficient so compared with the theory. Another comparison was the experimental rupture torque with assembly torque indicated by NBR-8800 and ASME-PCC. The main conclusion are related to combined stress, because for this factor can fail at the assembly time, so for in some cases must use the tensioning method, because in this method won't be present torsional stresses

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Os cupins são conhecidos também como térmitas ou térmites, formam um grupo extenso e diverso e, atualmente, há mais de 2.800 espécies descritas que se distribuem em sete famílias. Pertencentes à ordem Isoptera, os térmitas são insetos eussociais que apresentam uma organização social altamente desenvolvida e vivem em ninhos denominados de cupinzeiros, geralmente, construídos no solo. Os cupinzeiros podem ser bem resistentes e estruturalmente complexos, e neles são encontrados indivíduos morfologicamente distintos adaptados a determinadas funções que constituem as diferentes castas (reprodutores, operários e soldados), além de indivíduos imaturos (“ninfas” e “larvas”) e ovos. A presença dos cupins nos ecossistemas é de extrema importância em diversos e diferentes processos. Em linhas gerais, os cupins são bastante importantes como decompositores de matéria orgânica fragmentando os detritos orgânicos, são mediadores da humificação, participam da ligação e formação de agregados e complexos minerais argilosos, e também atuam na fixação do nitrogênio, pois seus simbiontes têm a capacidade de fixar o gás nitrogênio da atmosfera, contribuindo, dessa forma, com a fertilidade do solo. Contudo, os cupins são bem conhecidos porque causam prejuízos enormes, ou seja, pelo potencial como pragas, danificando diversos tipos de materiais celulósicos e não celulósicos, além de edificações, monumentos, plantações, etc. Os cupins subterrâneos são os que causam maiores problemas, pois possuem grande capacidade de dispersão e são animais, que devido aos hábitos crípticos, têm o estudo e o controle dificultado. Além disso, estão entre os insetos mais abundantes, sendo a maioria pertencente à família Rhinotermitidae. O controle de cupins subterrâneos é um controle diferenciado, já que possuem o ninho sob o solo e com um grande número de indivíduos. A eliminação de uma parte da colônia muitas...

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The volume of liquid effluent generated in cattle slaughterhouses is quite high and cannot be released untreated in water bodies due to its high pollution load of predominantly organic origin. To minimize the environmental impacts of its industrial wastewater and meet the local environmental legislation, abattoirs shall make the treatment of these effluents. The present work aims to develop the study of a reactor by sequential batch pilot scale, in order to optimize their performance in treating wastewater from a cattle slaughterhouse. The treatment system used was developed and installed in the Laboratory of Wastewater Treatment, in Faculty of Science and Technology UNESP, Presidente Prudente campus. The procedure used followed the operation of sequential batch reactors, in which all processes and treatment operations occurring sequentially in a single unit, by establishing specific operating cycles, which comprise the following separated phases: aerobic reaction, anoxic reaction, sedimentation and emptying. Aiming to improve the quality of treatment was planned the addition of coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in the reactor, by determining their optimal dosage by Jar-test trials. Were prepared four steps with specific operating cycles: step one or acclimatization (10 hour of aeration, one hour and 30 minutes of sedimentation and 30 minutes for exchanging the effluent); step 2 (6 hours of aeration or aerobic phase, 4 hours and 45 minutes of stirring or anoxic phase and 1 hour and 15 minutes for sedimentation and exchange effluent); step 3 (2 hours and 30 minutes of aeration, 8 hours and 15 minutes of stirring and 1 hour and 15 minutes for sedimentation and exchange) and step 4 (2 hours of aeration, 8 hours and 45 minutes of stirring and 1 hour and 15 minutes for sedimentation and exchange)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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This work aims to study the structural characteristics of silica gels obtained from the acid hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in water solutions with different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The structural characteristics were studied in stages ranging from the wet gel to the dry stages of the gels (aerogels and xerogels). Aerogels were obtained by ambient pressure drying (APD) after silylation process using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) as silylating agent. Xerogels were obtained by conventional evaporating the liquid phase from non silylated gels. The samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The structure of the wet gels and of the aerogels prepared with the surfactant exhibited characteristics of mass-fractal structures with fractal dimension D in the range 2.1-2.2 for the wet gels and 2.3-2.4 for the aerogels. The characteristic size  of the fractal domain reduces while the size a0 of the primary silica particle composing the fractal structure increases with the drying of the gels, in a process in which share of the porosity is eliminated. Aerogels exhibited typical values for the specific surface of 900 m2g-1 and of 3.5 cm3.g-1 for the total pore volume. These values are correspondingly comparable to those of the aerogels prepared by supercritical drying, since the silylation process replaces hydrophilic –OH groups by hydrophobic –Si-R3 ones, inhibiting the porosity elimination on drying. The silica particle size also increases lightly with the silylation because the attachment of the –Si-R3 groups on the silica surface. The pore size distribution curves of the aerogels are similar for all samples exhibiting a maximum in around 40 nm, independent the concentration of surfactant. This suggests that the characteristic size of 40 nm is due to the association of surfactant micelles... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Along the Earth globe we can find many types of psychoactive plants. Among them is the Ipomoea violacea, popularly known as Morning Glory. There are ergotalkaloids producer associated-fungus in its leaves and seeds. One of these alkaloids that can be found is the ergine (or LSA), a homologous substance of the lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). There are many discussions around the world about the inclusion of LSA in the list of controlled substances. In Brazil, this was recently prohibited. One of the most important point of view in the study of isotopic composition of 13C and 15N of this plant is the fact that there is a total alkaloid variation in function of its geographic origin like was verified in 1960’s, besides to aggregate knowledge about it. This work was made to verify if the isotopic ratio can be used as a tool in tracing this illegal Brazilian plant. We could conclude that this plant presents a C3 photosynthetic pathway, its parts has different isotopic carbon and nitrogen composition and that stable isotope analysis can be successfully used as a tool to detect its geographic origin

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as possíveis diferenças no teor de nitrogênio e fósforo na biomassa de Pistia stratiotes, que coloniza um rio com caracterísicas naturais (Aguapeú) e outro, que recebe grande carga de efluentes domésticos (rio do Poço). Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de água e indivíduos de P.stratiotes (cinco réplicas) nesses rios. Paralelamente foram feitas medidas diretas de variáveis físico-químicas na água (pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, salinidade e turbidez). Em laboratório, foram determinados os teores de oxigênio dissolvido e a alcalinidade das amostras de água, bem como as concentrações de nitrogênio orgânico total, nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido, N-amoniacal N-nitrito, N-nitrato, fósforo total, fósforo dissolvido e P-ortofosfato. Os indivíduos de P. stratiotes coletados tiveram o número de folhas, diâmetro da roseta, altura da parte aérea e, o comprimento e volume da raiz medidos logo após a coleta. Esse material vegetal foi separado em biomassa aérea e submersa, seco e moído para a determinação da biomassa e dos teores de nitrogênio e fósforo totais. Observou-se que o rio Poço apresentou anoxia e as maiores concentrações de nutrientes na água. Pistia stratiotes apresentou maior biomassa e teores de nitrogênio e fósforo totais no rio Poço, provavelmente, devido às maiores concentrações de nutrientes deste rio. Por outro lado, a anoxia não foi limitante para o crescimento da espécie nesse rio. A maior proliferação de P stratiotes se deu no rio Poço, em relação ao rio Aguapeú, devido às condições de eutrofização em que se encontra esse ambiente, ocasionada pelo lançamento freqüente de efluentes domésticos, ricos em nutrientes, em seu curso d’água.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV