Recombinant DNA immunotherapy ameliorate established airway allergy in a IL-10 dependent pathway

Background Previous studies have established that mycobacterial infections ameliorate allergic inflammation. However, a non-infectious approach that controls allergic responses might represent a safer and more promising strategy. The 60-65 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp) family is endowed with anti-inflammatory properties, but it is still unclear whether and how single mycobacterial Hsp control allergic disorders. Objective Therefore, in this study we determined whether the administration of Mycobacterial leprae Hsp65 expressed by recombinant a DNA plasmid could attenuate a previously established allergic response. Methods We used an experimental model of airway allergic inflammation to test the effects of immunotherapy with DNA encoding Hsp65. Allergic mice, previously sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin, were treated with tree intramuscular doses of recombinant DNA encoding Hsp65. After treatment, mice received a second allergen challenge and the allergic response was measured. Results We found that immunotherapy attenuated eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation, Th2 cytokine and mucus production. Moreover, we showed that the inhibition of allergic response is dependent on IL-10 production. Both Hsp65 and allergen-specific IL-10-producing cells contributed to this effect. Cells transferred from DNA-immunized mice to allergic mice migrated to allergic sites and down-modulated the Th2 response. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Our findings clearly show that immunotherapy with DNA encoding Hsp65 can attenuate an established Th2 allergic inflammation through an IL-10-dependent mechanism; moreover, the migration of allergen-and Hsp65-specific cells to the allergic sites exerts a fundamental role. This work represents a novel contribution to the understanding of immune regulation by Hsp65 in allergic diseases.

Review of experimental models for inducing hepatic cirrhosis by bile duct ligation and carbon tetrachloride injection

PURPOSE: To present a review about a comparative study of bile duct ligation versus carbon tetrachloride Injection for inducing experimental liver cirrhosis. METHODS: This research was made through Medline/PubMed and SciELO web sites looking for papers on the content "induction of liver cirrhosis in rats". We have found 107 articles but only 30 were selected from 2004 to 2011. RESULTS: The most common methods used for inducing liver cirrhosis in the rat were administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligation (BDL). CCl4 has induced cirrhosis from 36 hours to 18 weeks after injection and BDL from seven days to four weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: For a safer inducing cirrhosis method BDL is better than CCl4 because of the absence of toxicity for researches and shorter time for achieving it.

Acellular and "low" pertussis vaccines: adverse events and the role of mutations

Objective: to discuss the current PAHO recommendation that does not support the substitution of traditional cellular DTP vaccine by acellular DTP, and the role of mutations, in humans, as the main cause of rare adverse events, such as epileptic-like convulsions, triggered by pertussis vaccine. Data review: the main components related to toxic effects of cellular pertussis vaccines are the lipopolysaccharide of bacterial cell wall and pertussis toxin. The removal of part of lipopolysaccharide layer has allowed the creation of a safer cellular pertussis vaccine, with costs comparable to the traditional cellular vaccine, and which may be a substitute for the acellular vaccine. Conclusion: The new methodology introduced by Instituto Butantan allows for the development of a new safer pertussis vaccine with low LPS content (Plow), and the use of the lipopolysaccharide obtained in the process in the production of monophosphoryl lipid A. This component has shown potent adjuvant effect when administered together with influenza inactivated vaccine, making possible to reduce the antigen dose, enhancing the production capacity and lowering costs.

Resultados da cirurgia bari��trica e metab��lica: gastrectomia vertical versus gastroplastia vertical com deriva����o em Y-de-Roux. Ensaio cl��nico prospectivo

Objetivos: Avaliar a equival��ncia da opera����o gastrectomia vertical com anel (GVA), em rela����o �� opera����o gastroplastia vertical com anel e deriva����o g��strica em Y-de-Roux (DGA), na indu����o de perda ponderal e modifica����o da composi����o corporal em obesas m��rbidas. Verificar os impactos laboratoriais e cl��nicos da GVA sobre as principais doen��as associadas �� obesidade m��rbida, e a ocorr��ncia de complica����es, em compara����o �� DGA. M��todos: Ensaio cl��nico prospectivo n��o-randomizado, incluindo 65 mulheres obesas m��rbidas, distribu��das em dois grupos, GVA (n = 33) e DGA (n = 32). Operadas consecutivamente, pelo mesmo cirurgi��o, por via laparot��mica. Os par��metros avaliados foram antropom��tricos; composi����o corporal, por meio de bioimped��ncia el��trica; laboratoriais; efeitos sobre as doen��as pr��-existentes e complica����es. Resultados: Ocorreu perda de peso expressiva (p = 0,0000), redu����o do ��ndice de massa corporal - IMC (p = 0,0000) e cintura abdominal (p = 0,0000) em ambos grupos. O ��ndice cintura/quadril diminuiu (p = 0,0000) ap��s ambas interven����es. A perda do excesso de IMC foi de 86,05% �� 14,2 no grupo GVA e 85,91 �� 15,71 no grupo DGA. A varia����o da gordura corporal foi de -35,84% �� 8,66 no grupo GVA e de -37,64% �� 9,62 no grupo DGA. A redu����o dos n��veis de triglicer��dios (p = 0,0222) foi mais expressiva no grupo DGA. O grupo DGA atingiu os alvos terap��uticos para o colesterol-LDL com maior freq����ncia (p = 0,0005), que o grupo GVA. Intoler��ncia �� glicose, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertens��o arterial sist��mica, esteatose hep��tica e s��ndrome metab��lica, foram controladas de forma semelhante entre as t��cnicas. Anemia foi mais prevalente no grupo DGA (p=0,0033) e a esofagite erosiva, no grupo GVA (p = 0,0032). N��o houve diferen��a na forma����o de c��lculos biliares entre os grupos. Conclus��es: A GVA �� t��o efetiva quanto a DGA em induzir perda ponderal e modifica����o favor��vel da composi����o corporal. A GVA �� menos efetiva no controle da dislipidemia, em rela����o �� DGA. GVA acarreta anemia em menor freq����ncia e, esofagite erosiva de maneira mais freq��ente, que a DGA. GVA n��o �� mais segura que a DGA, mas deve ser considerada interven����o bari��trica efetiva como segunda op����o.

Development of quantitative methods for sustainability assessment in process industry

The increasing aversion to technological risks of the society requires the development of inherently safer and environmentally friendlier processes, besides assuring the economic competitiveness of the industrial activities. The different forms of impact (e.g. environmental, economic and societal) are frequently characterized by conflicting reduction strategies and must be holistically taken into account in order to identify the optimal solutions in process design. Though the literature reports an extensive discussion of strategies and specific principles, quantitative assessment tools are required to identify the marginal improvements in alternative design options, to allow the trade-off among contradictory aspects and to prevent the ���risk shift���. In the present work a set of integrated quantitative tools for design assessment (i.e. design support system) was developed. The tools were specifically dedicated to the implementation of sustainability and inherent safety in process and plant design activities, with respect to chemical and industrial processes in which substances dangerous for humans and environment are used or stored. The tools were mainly devoted to the application in the stages of ���conceptual��� and ���basic design���, when the project is still open to changes (due to the large number of degrees of freedom) which may comprise of strategies to improve sustainability and inherent safety. The set of developed tools includes different phases of the design activities, all through the lifecycle of a project (inventories, process flow diagrams, preliminary plant lay-out plans). The development of such tools gives a substantial contribution to fill the present gap in the availability of sound supports for implementing safety and sustainability in early phases of process design. The proposed decision support system was based on the development of a set of leading key performance indicators (KPIs), which ensure the assessment of economic, societal and environmental impacts of a process (i.e. sustainability profile). The KPIs were based on impact models (also complex), but are easy and swift in the practical application. Their full evaluation is possible also starting from the limited data available during early process design. Innovative reference criteria were developed to compare and aggregate the KPIs on the basis of the actual sitespecific impact burden and the sustainability policy. Particular attention was devoted to the development of reliable criteria and tools for the assessment of inherent safety in different stages of the project lifecycle. The assessment follows an innovative approach in the analysis of inherent safety, based on both the calculation of the expected consequences of potential accidents and the evaluation of the hazards related to equipment. The methodology overrides several problems present in the previous methods proposed for quantitative inherent safety assessment (use of arbitrary indexes, subjective judgement, build-in assumptions, etc.). A specific procedure was defined for the assessment of the hazards related to the formations of undesired substances in chemical systems undergoing ���out of control��� conditions. In the assessment of layout plans, ���ad hoc��� tools were developed to account for the hazard of domino escalations and the safety economics. The effectiveness and value of the tools were demonstrated by the application to a large number of case studies concerning different kinds of design activities (choice of materials, design of the process, of the plant, of the layout) and different types of processes/plants (chemical industry, storage facilities, waste disposal). An experimental survey (analysis of the thermal stability of isomers of nitrobenzaldehyde) provided the input data necessary to demonstrate the method for inherent safety assessment of materials.

Studio della maturazione di formaggi pecorino stagionati in stabilimento e in grotta

Aims: Ripening evaluation of two different Pecorino cheese varieties ripened according either to a traditional method in plant and in cave. Different ripening features have been analyzed in order to evaluate the cave as possible ripening environment with the aim of obtaining a peculiar product which could also establish an added value to the cultural heritage of the local place in which it has been originally manufactured. Methods and Results: Chemical-physical features of Pecorino cheese have been initially analyzed into two different ripening environments and experimentations, among which: pH, weight reduction and subsequent water activity. Furthermore, the microbial composition has been characterized in relationship with the two different ripening environments, undertaking a variety of microbial groups, such as: lactic bacteria, staphylococci, yeasts, lactococci, enterobacteria, enterococci. Besides, an additional analysis for the in-cave adaptability evaluation has been the identification of biogenic amines inside the Pecorino cheese (2-phenilethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, hystidine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine). Further analysis were undertaken in order to track the lipid profile evolution, reporting the concentration of the cheese free fatty acids in object, in relation with ripening time, environment and production. In order to analyse the flavour compounds present in Pecorino cheese, the SPME-GC-MS technique has been widely employed. As a result, it is confirmed the trend showed by the short-chain free fatty acids, that is to say the fatty acids which are mostly involved in conveying a stronger flavor to the cheese. With the purpose of assessing the protheolytic patterns of the above-mentioned Pecorino cheese in the two different ripening environments and testing methods, the technique SDS-PAGE has been employed into the cheese insoluble fraction, whereas the SDS-PAGE technique has been carried out into the cheese soluble portion. Furthermore, different isolated belonging to various microbial groups have been genotypically characterized though the ITS-PCR technique with the aim to identify the membership species. With reference to lactic bacillus the characterized species are: Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus paraplantarum. With reference to lactococci the predominant species is Lactococcus lactis, coming from the employed starter used in the cheese manufacturing. With reference to enterococcus, the predominant species are Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Moreover, Streptococcus termophilus and Streptococcus macedonicus have been identified too. For staphylococci the identified species are Staphyilococcus equorum, Staphylococcus saprophyfiticus and Staphylococcus xylosus. Finally, a sensorial analysis has been undertaken through on one side a consumer test made by inexperienced consumers, and on the other side through a panel test achieved by expert consumers. From such test Pecorino cheese ripened in cave were found to be more pleasant in comparison with Pecorino cheese ripened in plant. Conclusions: The proposed approach and the undertaken analysis showed the cave as preferential ripening environment for Pecorino cheese and for the development of a more palatable product and safer for consumers��� health.

Use of solvents and environmental friendly materials for applications in Green Chemistry

The present Thesis studies three alternative solvent groups as sustainable replacement of traditional organic solvents. Some aspects of fluorinated solvents, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids, have been analysed with a critical approach and their effective ���greenness��� has been evaluated from the points of view of the synthesis, the properties and the applications. In particular, the attention has been put on the environmental and human health issues, evaluating the eco-toxicity, the toxicity and the persistence, to underline that applicability and sustainability are subjects with equal importance. The ���green��� features of fluorous solvents and supercritical fluids are almost well-established; in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is probably the ���greenest��� solvent among the alternative solvent systems developed in the last years, enabling to combine numerous advantages both from the point of view of industrial/technological applications and eco-compatibility. In the Thesis the analysis of these two classes of alternative solvents has been mainly focused on their applicability, rather than the evaluation of their environmental impact. Specifically they have been evaluated as alternative media for non-aqueous biocatalysis. For this purpose, the hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP), which allows solubilising enzymes in apolar solvents by an ion pairing between the protein and a surfactant, has been investigated as effective enzymatic derivatisation technique to improve the catalytic activity under homogeneous conditions in non conventional media. The results showed that the complex enzyme-surfactant was much more active both in fluorous solvents and in supercritical carbon dioxide than the native form of the enzyme. Ionic liquids, especially imidazolium salts, have been proposed some years ago as ���fully green��� alternative solvents; however this epithet does not take into account several ���brown��� aspects such as their synthesis from petro-chemical starting materials, their considerable eco-toxicity, toxicity and resistance to biodegradation, and the difficulty of clearly outline applications in which ionic liquids are really more advantageous than traditional solvents. For all of these reasons in this Thesis a critical analysis of ionic liquids has been focused on three main topics: i) alternative synthesis by introducing structural moieties which could reduce the toxicity of the most known liquid salts, and by using starting materials from renewable resources; ii) on the evaluation of their environmental impact through eco-toxicological tests (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests, and algal growth inhibition), toxicity tests (MTT test, AChE inhibition and LDH release tests) and fate and rate of aerobic biodegradation in soil and water; iii) and on the demonstration of their effectiveness as reaction media in organo-catalysis and as extractive solvents in the recovery of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass. The results about eco-toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and algae, and toxicity assay using cultured cell lines, clearly indicate that the difference in toxicity between alkyl and oxygenated cations relies in differences of polarity, according to the general trend of decreasing toxicity by decreasing the lipophilicity. Independently by the biological approach in fact, all the results are in agreement, showing a lower toxicity for compounds with oxygenated lateral chains than for those having purely alkyl lateral chains. These findings indicate that an appropriate choice of cation and anion structures is important not only to design the IL with improved and suitable chemico-physical properties but also to obtain safer and eco-friendly ILs. Moreover there is a clear indication that the composition of the abiotic environment has to be taken into account when the toxicity of ILs in various biological test systems is analysed, because, for example, the data reported in the Thesis indicate a significant influence of salinity variations on algal toxicity. Aerobic biodegradation of four imidazolium ionic liquids, two alkylated and two oxygenated, in soil was evaluated for the first time. Alkyl ionic liquids were shown to be biodegradable over the 6 months test period, and in contrast no significant mineralisation was observed with oxygenated derivatives. A different result was observed in the aerobic biodegradation of alkylated and oxygenated pyridinium ionic liquids in water because all the ionic liquids were almost completely degraded after 10 days, independently by the number of oxygen in the lateral chain of the cation. The synthesis of new ionic liquids by using renewable feedstock as starting materials, has been developed through the synthesis of furan-based ion pairs from furfural. The new ammonium salts were synthesised in very good yields, good purity of the products and wide versatility, combining low melting points with high decomposition temperatures and reduced viscosities. Regarding the possible applications as surfactants and biocides, furan-based salts could be a valuable alternative to benzyltributylammonium salts and benzalkonium chloride that are produced from non-renewable resources. A new procedure for the allylation of ketones and aldehydes with tetraallyltin in ionic liquids was developed. The reaction afforded high yields both in sulfonate-containing ILs and in ILs without sulfonate upon addition of a small amount of sulfonic acid. The checked reaction resulted in peculiar chemoselectivity favouring aliphatic substrates towards aromatic ketones and good stereoselectivity in the allylation of levoglucosenone. Finally ILs-based systems could be easily and successfully recycled, making the described procedure environmentally benign. The potential role of switchable polarity solvents as a green technology for the extraction of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass has been investigated. The extraction efficiency of terrestrial biomass rich in triacylglycerols, as soy bean flakes and sunflower seeds, was comparable to those of traditional organic solvents, being the yield of vegetable oils recovery very similar. Switchable polarity solvents as been also exploited for the first time in the extraction of hydrocarbons from the microalga Botryococcus braunii, demonstrating the efficiency of the process for the extraction of both dried microalgal biomass and directly of the aqueous growth medium. The switchable polarity solvents exhibited better extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, both with dried and liquid samples. This is an important issue considering that the harvest and the dewatering of algal biomass have a large impact on overall costs and energy balance.

Impatto degli interventi antropici di difesa costiera sulla struttura e distribuzione della popolazione di Lentidium mediterraneum (Mollusca bivalvia)

Il presente elaborato si inserisce all���interno del progetto THESEUS (Innovative Technologies for safer European coasts in a changing climate), nella sezione denominata ���work package 3���. I principali obiettivi di questo studio sono: 1) valutare l���impatto delle differenti strategie di difesa di zone intertidale dell���ecosistema spiaggia lungo il litorale dell���Emilia-Romagna; 2) analizzare nel dettaglio la struttura e la distribuzione del microbivalve Lentidium mediterraneum, tipico do questa zona, per valutarne un eventuale utilizzo nei progetti di monitoraggio e analisi degli impatti antropici legati alle variazioni morfodinamiche. Sono state scelte tre spiagge: Cesenatico, in cui da molti anni sono presenti strutture di difesa rigide della spiaggia, e dove ogni anno, al termine della stagione estiva, vengono costruite delle dune artificiali, rimosse a fine primavera, per proteggere gli stabilimenti balneari dalle mareggiate invernali; Cervia, in cui sono presenti solo le dune artificiali stagionali; Lido di Dante, considerato naturale per l���assenza di strutture di protezione. Il campionamento �� stato effettuato in 3 tempi per ciascun sito. 2 tempi senza le dune artificiali, e uno con. Per ciascun sito e ciascun tempo sono stati replicati 3 transetti, random, per ogni livello di marea. Sono stati prelevati campioni per un totale di 14879 individui e identificati 40 taxa. Da questi sono stati estratti gli esemplari di Lentidium mediterraneum da analizzare. Le analisi uni e multivariate effettuate sull���intera comunit�� hanno messo in evidenza differenze fra le spiagge, fra i tempi di campionamento e i livelli di marea. Si ��, inoltre evidenziato come tali differenze fossero in parte dovute alle densit�� di Lentidium mediterraneum. Oltre alle analisi classiche nel presente lavoro di tesi �� stato proposto un modello concettuale di trasporto del Lentidium mediterraneum che se validato confermerebbe la possibilit�� di utilizzare il microbivalve come ���proxy biologico���.

Advanced lithium and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for automotive applications

The worldwide demand for a clean and low-fuel-consuming transport promotes the development of safe, high energy and power electrochemical storage and conversion systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered today the best technology for this application as demonstrated by the recent interest of automotive industry in hybrid (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV) based on LIBs. This thesis work, starting from the synthesis and characterization of electrode materials and the use of non-conventional electrolytes, demonstrates that LIBs with novel and safe electrolytes and electrode materials meet the targets of specific energy and power established by U.S.A. Department of Energy (DOE) for automotive application in HEV and EV. In chapter 2 is reported the origin of all chemicals used, the description of the instruments used for synthesis and chemical-physical characterizations, the electrodes preparation, the batteries configuration and the electrochemical characterization procedure of electrodes and batteries. Since the electrolyte is the main critical point of a battery, in particular in large- format modules, in chapter 3 we focused on the characterization of innovative and safe electrolytes based on ionic liquids (characterized by high boiling/decomposition points, thermal and electrochemical stability and appreciable conductivity) and mixtures of ionic liquid with conventional electrolyte. In chapter 4 is discussed the microwave accelerated sol���gel synthesis of the carbon- coated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 -C), an excellent cathode material for LIBs thanks to its intrinsic safety and tolerance to abusive conditions, which showed excellent electrochemical performance in terms of speci���c capacity and stability. In chapter 5 are presented the chemical-physical and electrochemical characterizations of graphite and titanium-based anode materials in different electrolytes. We also characterized a new anodic material, amorphous SnCo alloy, synthetized with a nanowire morphology that showed to strongly enhance the electrochemical stability of the material during galvanostatic full charge/discharge cycling. Finally, in chapter 6, are reported different types of batteries, assembled using the LiFePO 4 -C cathode material, different anode materials and electrolytes, characterized by deep galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at different C-rates and by test procedures of the DOE protocol for evaluating pulse power capability and available energy. First, we tested a battery with the innovative cathode material LiFePO 4 -C and conventional graphite anode and carbonate-based electrolyte (EC DMC LiPF 6 1M) that demonstrated to surpass easily the target for power-assist HEV application. Given that the big concern of conventional lithium-ion batteries is the flammability of highly volatile organic carbonate- based electrolytes, we made safe batteries with electrolytes based on ionic liquid (IL). In order to use graphite anode in IL electrolyte we added to the IL 10% w/w of vinylene carbonate (VC) that produces a stable SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) and prevents the graphite exfoliation phenomenon. Then we assembled batteries with LiFePO 4 -C cathode, graphite anode and PYR 14 TFSI 0.4m LiTFSI with 10% w/w of VC that overcame the DOE targets for HEV application and were stable for over 275 cycles. We also assembled and characterized ���high safety��� batteries with electrolytes based on pure IL, PYR 14 TFSI with 0.4m LiTFSI as lithium salt, and on mixture of this IL and standard electrolyte (PYR 14 TFSI 50% w/w and EC DMC LiPF 6 50% w/w), using titanium-based anodes (TiO 2 and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) that are commonly considered safer than graphite in abusive conditions. The batteries bearing the pure ionic liquid did not satisfy the targets for HEV application, but the batteries with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode and 50-50 mixture electrolyte were able to surpass the targets. We also assembled and characterized a lithium battery (with lithium metal anode) with a polymeric electrolyte based on poly-ethilenoxide (PEO 20 ��� LiCF 3 SO 3 +10%ZrO 2 ), which satisfied the targets for EV application and showed a very impressive cycling stability. In conclusion, we developed three lithium-ion batteries of different chemistries that demonstrated to be suitable for application in power-assist hybrid vehicles: graphite/EC DMC LiPF 6 /LiFePO 4 -C, graphite/PYR 14 TFSI 0.4m LiTFSI with 10% VC/LiFePO 4 -C and Li 4 T i5 O 12 /PYR 14 TFSI 50%-EC DMC LiPF 6 50%/LiFePO 4 -C. We also demonstrated that an all solid-state polymer lithium battery as Li/PEO 20 ���LiCF 3 SO 3 +10%ZrO 2 /LiFePO 4 -C is suitable for application on electric vehicles. Furthermore we developed a promising anodic material alternative to the graphite, based on SnCo amorphous alloy.

Previsioni di stati ecosistemici dell'intertidale sabbioso del Nord Adriatico in risposta ad eventi meteorologici estremi

Il presente elaborato di tesi si inserisce nell���ambito del progetto europeo THESEUS (Innovative technologies for safer European coasts in a changing climate) fra i cui principali obiettivi c����� quello di fornire un���adeguata metodologia integrata per la pianificazione di strategie di difesa costiera sostenibili. Le zone costiere sono sempre pi�� soggette agli impatti antropici, legati all���intensificazione dell���urbanizzazione, e agli effetti del global climate change, ed in particolare al conseguente sea level rise. Diventa quindi importante, in un���ottica di preservazione e di gestione, capire come gli ecosistemi costieri e i beni e servizi che essi forniscono risponderanno a questi cambiamenti ambientali. Fra questi, preponderanti sono quelli rappresentati dalle spiagge sabbiose. Al fine di valutare come differenti strategie di gestione possono influenzare il sistema spiaggia, �� stata analizzata la riposta del comparto bentonico della zona intertidale di due differenti spiagge lungo la costa emiliano-romagnola. Lido di Spina �� fortemente antropizzato e caratterizzato dalla presenza di infrastrutture balneari-turistiche permanenti. E��� soggetto, inoltre, a interventi di ripascimento annuali e di pulizia della spiaggia. Bellocchio, invece, �� un sito naturale che presenta una spiaggia caratterizzata dall���arretramento della linea di costa causata dell���erosione, e non �� soggetta a interventi di gestione finalizzati alla sua mitigazione. In questo studio �� stata utilizzata la componente meiobentonica, generalmente trascurata, come indicatore chiave della vulnerabilit�� ecologica, mentre la zona intertidale sabbiosa �� stata indagata in quanto reputata uno dei primi habitat costieri ���recettore��� degli eventi di flooding e degli interventi di gestione. Globalmente �� stato possibile evidenziare differenze di struttura di comunit�� fra i due siti indagati, sottolineando come, anche questa componente sia in grado di far emergere i cambiamenti dovuti a differenti approcci di gestione delle coste sabbiose. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, invece, �� stato testato un approccio metodologico innovativo, denominato ���Fuzzy Bayes Ecological Model��� (FBEM), sviluppato nell���ambito del progetto THESEUS. L���applicazione del FBEM in THESEUS �� finalizzata alla simulazione delle risposte ecosistemiche ad eventi di flooding costiero ed al fenomeno del sea level rise. In questo elaborato, il modello �� stato adottato al fine di descrivere eventuali cambiamenti dei popolamenti meiobentonici. Nello specifico, l���utilizzo del modello �� servito per poter confrontare la situazione attuale relativa, quindi, allo scenario di sea level rise pari a zero, con quella ipotizzata dall���IPCC per il 2080 di sea level rise pari a 0,22 m, prendendo in considerazione otto tempi di ritorno di eventi simulati di flooding a intensit�� crescente. Dalle simulazioni emerge come il driver del danno ecologico sia l���onda frangente il cui effetto risulta, per��, mitigato dal sea level rise. I popolamenti meiobentonici sono risultati dei buoni indicatori per la valutazione dei rischi connessi al flooding e al sea level rise, dimostrando cos�� il loro possibile utilizzo come descrittori dei cambiamenti ecologici delle zone costiere. Per questo, lo studio ed il monitoraggio della dinamica e della struttura dei popolamenti meiobentonici pu�� diventare un mezzo fondamentale per la comprensione delle funzionalit�� ecosistemiche delle spiagge sabbiose. E��� inoltre in grado di produrre alcune delle informazioni necessarie allo sviluppo dei piani di gestione integrata della fascia costiera in un ottica di conservazione di questi habitat costieri e dei servizi e beni da essi forniti.

Struttura dei popolamenti meiobentonici nella zona intertidale dell'Alto Adriatico a differenti gradi di antropizzazione

The present work is part of the European project THESEUS (Innovative technologies for safer Europeans coasts in a changing climate). The main goals are to provide adequate integrated methodologies for strategic planning of sustainable coastal defence. The present study investigates the structure and composition of meiobenthonic populations of the intertidal zone in four beaches along the Northern Adriatic coast of Emilia Romagna: Lido di Spina, Bellocchio, Lido di Dante e Cervia. The four sites are different for the level of human impacts and for the different management interventions against coastal erosion. The analysis of biotic and abiotic variables revealed different responses due mainly to site-specific characteristics of the investigated sites, in particular as regards the site of Bellocchio. The growing interest in ecosystems of sandy beaches has recently highlighted the importance of the ecological role of meiofauna, emphasizing the need to develop studies aimed to conservation as well as to the use of these organisms as descriptors of the environmental status. The present study showed that the response of the organisms of meiofauna was highly sensitive to the specific environmental conditions of the four sites considered. Therefore it appears to be possible to consider the response of meiofauna to environmental and anthropogenic stressors as supplementary information to the responses of macrobenthic communities, which have been, until now, widely recognized and used as syncretic indicators of the ecosystem status.

Combinazioni androgeno-progestiniche per la contraccezione maschile

La contraccezione �� un diritto fondamentale dell���uomo per il suo ruolo sulla salute, sulla qualit�� della vita e sul benessere della persona. La pianificazione familiare �� uno dei principali strumenti che d�� la possibilita��� a uomini e donne di condividere le proprie responsabilit�� sulla scelta contraccettiva e di decidere nella stessa misura della propria vita riproduttiva. Sin dall���introduzione della contraccezione femminile, la responsabilita��� della pianificazione familiare �� ricaduta unicamente sulla donna. Attualmente infatti vi sono pochissimi metodi contraccettivi a disposizione degli uomini anche se vi e��� un rinnovato interesse da parte di questi ultimi nel sostenere le proprie partner nella scelta contraccettiva. Questo lavoro riassume i principali studi effettuati negli ultimi 10 allo scopo di sviluppare un contraccettivo che sia sicuro, efficace, reversibile e accettabile per l���uomo.

Fresh Produce Safety and Good Agricultural Practices: Stakeholders' Perception and Consumers' Choice in Thailand

Concerns of Thai consumers on food safety have been recently increasing, especially in urban areas and for fresh produce because food safety scandals, such as chemical residues on fresh produce (e.g., cabbage) still frequently occur. The Thai government tried to meet consumer needs by imposing in the domestic market a stronger regulation aimed at increasing the baseline level of food safety assurance and by introducing a voluntary standard (based on Good Agricultural Practices or GAPs and known as Q-GAP) and the related food safety label (i.e., Q mark). However, since standards and regulations are weakly implemented in the domestic market compared to exported products, there is still a lack of Thai consumers��� confidence in the safety of local food products. In this work the current situation of GAPs adoption in Thai fresh produce production is analysed. Furthermore, it is studied whether Thai consumers place value on food safety labels available on the market, to know whether consumer demand could drive the market of certified safer products. This study contains three essays: 1) a review of the literature, 2) a qualitative study on stakeholders' perception toward GAPs adoption and 3) a quantitative study, aimed at analysing consumers' preferences and willingness-to-pay for food safety labels on fresh produce using a discrete choice experiment. This dissertation contributes to the economics of quality assurance and labelling, specifically addressing GAPs and food safety label in the fresh produce supply chain. Results show that Q-GAP could be effectively used to improve food safety in Thai domestic market, but its credibility should be improved. Stakeholder���s awareness toward food safety issues and the delivery of reliable and sound information are crucial. Thai consumers are willing to pay a premium price for food safety labelled produce over unlabelled ones. Implications for both government and business decision-makers are discussed.

The secret life of software applications

One of the most undervalued problems by smartphone users is the security of data on their mobile devices. Today smartphones and tablets are used to send messages and photos and especially to stay connected with social networks, forums and other platforms. These devices contain a lot of private information like passwords, phone numbers, private photos, emails, etc. and an attacker may choose to steal or destroy this information. The main topic of this thesis is the security of the applications present on the most popular stores (App Store for iOS and Play Store for Android) and of their mechanisms for the management of security. The analysis is focused on how the architecture of the two systems protects users from threats and highlights the real presence of malware and spyware in their respective application stores. The work described in subsequent chapters explains the study of the behavior of 50 Android applications and 50 iOS applications performed using network analysis software. Furthermore, this thesis presents some statistics about malware and spyware present on the respective stores and the permissions they require. At the end the reader will be able to understand how to recognize malicious applications and which of the two systems is more suitable for him. This is how this thesis is structured. The first chapter introduces the security mechanisms of the Android and iOS platform architectures and the security mechanisms of their respective application stores. The Second chapter explains the work done, what, why and how we have chosen the tools needed to complete our analysis. The third chapter discusses about the execution of tests, the protocol followed and the approach to assess the ���level of danger��� of each application that has been checked. The fourth chapter explains the results of the tests and introduces some statistics on the presence of malicious applications on Play Store and App Store. The fifth chapter is devoted to the study of the users, what they think about and how they might avoid malicious applications. The sixth chapter seeks to establish, following our methodology, what application store is safer. In the end, the seventh chapter concludes the thesis.

New and More Sustainable Processes for the Synthesis of Phenolics: 2-phenoxyethanol and hydroxytyrosol

The research work has dealt with the study of new catalytic processes for the synthesis of fine chemicals belonging to the class of phenolics, namely 2-phenoxyethanol and hydroxytyrosol. The two synthetic procedures investigated have the advantages of being much closer to the Green Chemistry principles than those currently used industrially. In both cases, the challenge was that of finding catalysts and methods which led to the production of less waste, and used less hazardous chemicals, safer solvents, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts. In the case of 2-phenoxyethanol, the process investigated involves the use of ethylene carbonate (EC) as the reactant for phenol O-hydroxyethylation, in place of ethylene oxide. Besides being a safer reactant, the major advantage of using EC in the new synthesis is the better selectivity to the desired product achieved. Moreover, the solid catalyst based on Na-mordenite was fully recyclable. The reaction mechanism and the effect of the Si/Al ratio in the mordenite were investigated. In the case of hydroxytyrosol, which is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, a new synthetic procedure was investigated; in fact, the method currently employed, the hydrolysis of oleuropein, an ester extracted from the waste water processing of the olive, makes use of large amounts of organic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate), and involves several expensive steps of purification. The synthesis procedure set up involves first the reaction between catechol and 2,2-dimethoxyacetaldehyde, followed by the one-pot reduction of the intermediate to give the desired product. Both steps were optimized, in terms of catalyst used, and of reaction conditions, that allowed to reach ca 70% yield in each step. The reaction mechanism was investigated and elucidated. During a 3-month period spent at the University of Valencia (with Prof. A. Corma���s group), a process for the production of diesel additives (2,5-bis(propoxymethyl)furan) from fructose has been investigated.