The history of co-operation in Scotland: its inception and its leaders.

Mode of access: Internet.

Operation and control of sewage treatment plants.

Mode of access: Internet.

Need for improved operation and maintenance of municipal waste treatment plants, report to the Congress

"Federal Water Quality Administration. Department of the Interior. B-166506."

BuDocks technical digest, construction, maintenance & operation of the Navy's shore establishments

Mode of access: Internet.

Aircraft and the law : a survey of the rights, duties and liabilities of all persons concerned with aircraft operation, and the interest of the general public in connection therewith /

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of therapeutic ultrasound equipments performance

The therapeutic ultrasound (US) is one of the resources mostly used by physiotherapists; however the use of uncalibrated equipments results in inefficient or even harmful therapies to the patient. In this direction, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the procedures of utilization and maintenance of US in use in clinics and Physical-therapy offices. A questionnaire with questions related to the procedures applied in service during the use of therapeutic ultrasound was applied to physiotherapists. The performance of 31 equipments of 6 different brands and 13 different models was evaluated according to the IEC 61689 norm. The parameters measured were: acoustic power; effective radiating area (AER); non-uniformity ratio of the beam (RBN); maximum effective intensity; acoustic frequency of operation, modulation factor and wave form on pulsate mode. As for the questionnaires, it was evident that the professionals are not concerned about the calibration of the equipment. The results demonstrated that only 32.3% of the equipments were in accordance with the norms for the variables power and effective radiation area. The frequency analysis indicated that 20% of the 3 MHz transducers and 12.5% of the 1 MHz contemplated the norms. In the pulsate mode, 12.7% presented relation rest/duration inside allowed limits. A great variation of the ultrasonic field was observed on the obtained images, which presented beams not centered, sometimes with bifurcation of its apex. The results allow concluding that, although used in therapeutic sessions with the population, none of the equipments presents all the analyzed variables inside technical norms. (C) 2010 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Determination of eutectic solidification mode in Sr-modified hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys by EBSD

The effect of eutectic modification by strontium on nucleation and growth of the eutectic in hypoeutectic Al-Si foundry alloys has been investigated by electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) mapping. Specimens were prepared from three hypoeutectic AlSi base alloys with 5, 7 and 10 mass%Si and with different strontium contents up to 740 ppm for modification of eutectic silicon. By comparing the orientation of the aluminium in the eutectic to that of the surrounding primary aluminium dendrites? the growth mode of the eutectic could be determined. The mapping results indicate that the eutectic grew from the primary phase in unmodified alloys. When the eutectic was modified by strontium, eutectic grains nucleated separately from the primary dendrites. However, in alloys with high strontium levels, the eutectic again grew from the primary phase. These observed effects of strontium additions on the eutectic solidification mode are independent of silicon content in the range between 5 and 10 mass%Si.

Dual mode cooling house in the warm humid tropics

Passive techniques as an alternative to artificial cooling can bring important energy, environmental, financial, operational and qualitative benefits. However, regions such as the wet tropics can reach high levels of thermal stress in which passive means alone are unable to provide appropriate thermal comfort standards for some parts of the year. Despite a great accumulation of empirical information on the passive performance of houses for either free-running or conditioned modes, very little work has been done on the thermal performance of buildings that can operate with a mixed-running strategy in warm-humid climates. Buildings with such design features are able to balance the needs for comfort, privacy, and energy efficiency during different periods of the year. As free-running and conditioned modes are believed by many to be 'opposite' approaches, and have been presented as separate strategies, this paper demonstrates that not all parameters are directly opposite and a possible dual-mode integrated operation can be used for warm-humid locations for maximum comfort and minimum energy requirements. For this purpose, simulation runs using ESP-R (University of Strathclyde, ESRU, UK) were based on the climate data of Darwin (Australia) and on the ventilation styles of the house: free running and conditioned. Design features applicable to both, i.e. for a dual mode operation could be identified and the differences between conditioned and free running were demonstrated and proved not to be totally conflicting and therefore suitable for a dual mode operation. Different daily usage profiles (five use patterns were defined), and zoning of sleeping and living areas are presented. The dual mode use patterns compared to the base case house, for all the user possibilities, had improved performances of 17-52%, when compared to the free-running mode and 66-98% when compared to the conditioned mode. Simulation runs using other warm-humid climates (Miami, USA; Sao Luis, Brazil; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) were also conducted and compared to the results found for Darwin. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Switching mode power amplifier for bluetooth applications

Modern fully integrated transceivers architectures, require circuits with low area, low cost, low power, and high efficiency. A key block in modern transceivers is the power amplifier, which is deeply studied in this thesis. First, we study the implementation of a classical Class-A amplifier, describing the basic operation of an RF power amplifier, and analysing the influence of the real models of the reactive components in its operation. Secondly, the Class-E amplifier is deeply studied. The different types of implementations are reviewed and theoretical equations are derived and compared with simulations. There were selected four modes of operation for the Class-E amplifier, in order to perform the implementation of the output stage, and the subsequent comparison of results. This led to the selection of the mode with the best trade-off between efficiency and harmonics distortion, lower power consumption and higher output power. The optimal choice was a parallel circuit containing an inductor with a finite value. To complete the implementation of the PA in switching mode, a driver was implemented. The final block (output stage together with the driver) got 20 % total efficiency (PAE) transmitting 8 dBm output power to a 50 W load with a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3 % and a total consumption of 28 mW. All implementations are designed using standard 130 nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency is 2.4 GHz and it was considered an 1.2 V DC power supply. The proposed circuit is intended to be used in a Bluetooth transmitter, however, it has a wider range of applications.

Fontan Operation and the Cavopulmonary Technique: Immediate and Late Results According to the Presence of Atrial Fenestration

OBJECTIVE: To compare immediate and late results in patients with or without fenestration who underwent cavopulmonary anastomosis so that we could assess the efficiency of the technique. METHODS: Sixty-two patients underwent surgery between 1988 and 1999, 41 with fenestration (group I -G I) and 21 without fenestration (group II -G II). Tricuspid atresia was prevalent in group I (23-56%) and single ventricle was prevalent in group II (14-66%). Mean ages at the time of operation were 7.3 years in group I and 7.6 in group II. At late follow-up, mean ages were 10.6 years in group I and 12.8 years in group II. RESULTS: Immediate and late mortality were 7.3% in G-I and 4.7% in G-II. Significant pleural effusion occurred in 41.4% of G-I patients and in 23.8% of G-II patients. Significant pericardial effusion occurred in 29.2% and 14.2%, respectively, in groups I and II. Central venous pressure was greater in G-II, 17.7 cm in H2O, as opposed to 15 cm in G-I. Hospital stay was similar between the groups, 26.3 and 21.8 days, respectively. Cyanosis and arterial insaturation occurred in 5 patients, and 4 patients were in functional class II, all from G-I. At late follow-up, 58 (93.5%) were in functional class I. Sinus rhythm was present in 94%, and pulmonary perfusion was similar in both groups. Eleven patients who underwent spirometry had good tolerance to physical effort. CONCLUSION: Atrial fenestration did not improve the immediate or late follow-up of patients who underwent cavopulmonary anastomosis, and is, therefore, dispensable.

A new approach in the treatment of high flow native AV fistula: the open-pore external scaffolding prosthesis

Objective: The vascular access steal syndrome is a complication occurring in 1-6% after native arterio-venous (AV) fistulas, often due to huge diameter of the vein. This results in very high flow, which could also be responsible for cardiac overload. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a new approach in the treatment of this pathology using open-pore external scaffolding prosthesis.Methods: This a retrospective review of all patients presenting symptomatic high flow after native AV fistula between January 2007 and December 2009 in 3 vascular centers. Pre-operative duplex exam confirmed the diagnosis of high flow. The operation consisted in preparation of the whole fistula, measurement of the flow and section on the venous side. The vein was wrapped with this 6 to 8 mm open-pore external scaffolding prosthesis (ProVena, BBraun, Germany) according to its diameter and to the flow and then sutured. Measurement of the flow was repeated. Patients were followed by duplex exam at 1 week and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Procedural success was defined as complete implantation of the prosthesis and reduction of the flow. Primary outcomes were reduction of the flow and recovery of the symptoms and secondary endpoint was patency of the fistula.Results: During the study period, 14 patients, with a mean age of 65・8 years old, have been operated with this technique.There were 2 native forearmfistulas and 12 on the armwith a mean pre-operative flow of 2600 ml/min (1800-3800). The mode of presentation was pain in 6 patients, neurological disorders in 10 and necrosis in 4. Moreover, 3 patients had cardiac insufficiency due to high flow in the fistula. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of cases. Re-intervention was necessary in 2 patients due to hematoma. Recovery of the initial symptoms occurred in 13 patients (93%). The mean flow reduction was 1200 ml/min (600-2000). In 1 patient, a persistent steal syndrome despite flow reduction to 1400 ml/min resulted in fistula closure 2 months later. At a mean follow-up of 22 months (4-35), all remaining patients (13/14) presented a patent fistula without recurrence.Conclusion: This new approach seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of symptomatic high flow native AV fistulas by significantly reducing the flow and avoiding closure of the vascular access. Longer follow-up with more patients are necessary to evaluate the risk of recurrence.

Bistability of mitochondrial respiration underlies paradoxical reactive oxygen species generation induced by anoxia

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria underlies major systemic diseases, and this clinical problem stimulates a great scientific interest in the mechanism of ROS generation. However, the mechanism of hypoxia-induced change in ROS production is not fully understood. To mathematically analyze this mechanism in details, taking into consideration all the possible redox states formed in the process of electron transport, even for respiratory complex III, a system of hundreds of differential equations must be constructed. Aimed to facilitate such tasks, we developed a new methodology of modeling, which resides in the automated construction of large sets of differential equations. The detailed modeling of electron transport in mitochondria allowed for the identification of two steady state modes of operation (bistability) of respiratory complex III at the same microenvironmental conditions. Various perturbations could induce the transition of respiratory chain from one steady state to another. While normally complex III is in a low ROS producing mode, temporal anoxia could switch it to a high ROS producing state, which persists after the return to normal oxygen supply. This prediction, which we qualitatively validated experimentally, explains the mechanism of anoxia-induced cell damage. Recognition of bistability of complex III operation may enable novel therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress and our method of modeling could be widely used in systems biology studies.

Is the function of the serratus anterior muscle disturbed following division during a standard thoracotomy?

In a prospective study the functional results after dissection or preservation of the serratus anterior muscle in the postero-lateral standard thoracotomy were evaluated. In 14 patients of our clinic with dissection and suture and in 14 patients with preservation of the serratus muscle the muscle function was assessed and compared preoperatively, within the first two post-operative weeks, and three months after the operation by the same physiotherapists. The two groups were blinded in regard to age, original disease, and mode of intervention. We compared the wing position of the scapula in the sitting position and the positioning of the scapula at fixation of the shoulder joint in the sitting and in the supine position. Using a four-grade function assessment scheme, both groups obtained the same functional results. There was no seroma in either group. After 2.8 (2.5 to 3.0) years all the surviving patients described symmetric functional conditions. We therefore conclude that in order to achieve a better view of the operative field the serratus muscle may be dissected close to the origin if it is then readapted.

The Effect of Load Follow Operation on Fuel Behaviour in Loviisa NPP

Työn tarkoituksena oli analysoida polttoainesauvojen käyttäytymistä Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen tehonsäätöajossa. Sähkömarkkinoiden vapautuminen Pohjoismaissa sekä tämän seurauksena vaihteleva sähkön markkinahinta ovat ajaneet sähkötuottajat tilanteeseen, jossa tuotanto aiempaa enemmän mukautuu markkinatilanteeseen. Näin ollen myös Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen osallistuminen sähkön tuotannon säätelyyn saattaa tulevaisuudessa olla ajankohtaista. Ennen kuin reaktorin tehonsäätöajoa voidaan alkaa toteuttaa, tulee varmistua siitä, että polttoainesauvassa tehonsäätöjen seurauksena tapahtuvat muutokset eivät aiheuta epäsuotuisia käyttäytymisilmiöitä. Työssä tarkastellaan kahden Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen polttoainetoimittajan, British Nuclear Fuels plc:n ja venäläisen TVEL:n ensinippujen polttoainesauvan käyttäytymistä tehonsäätötapauksissa. Työssä tarkastellut tehonsäätötapaukset on pyritty valitsemaan niin, että ne kuvaisivat tulevaisuudessa mahdollisesti toteutettavia tehonsäätöjä. Laskentatapauksien sauvatehohistoriat on generoitu HEXBU-3D sydänsimulaattoriohjelmalla lasketun nelivuotisen perustehohistorian pohjalta lisäämällä säätösauvan aiheuttama reaktoritehon muutos, säätösauvan viereisen polttoainenipun aksiaalitehon muutos sekä säätösauvan rakenteen aiheuttama paikallinen tehopiikki säätösauvan vieressä. Työssä tarkastellaan tehonsäätöjen toteuttamista eri tehotasoille ja vaihtelevilla määrillä tehonsäätösyklejä. Työssä käsitellyt laskentatapaukset on jaoteltu reaktorin ajotavan mukaan seuraavasti: peruskuorma-ajo, viikonloppusäätö ja päiväsäätö. Laskenta suoritettiin ydinpolttoaineen käyttäytymistä kuvaavaa ENIGMA-B 7.3.0 ohjelmaa apuna käyttäen. Laskelmien tulokset osoittavat, että molempien polttoainetoimittajien ensinippujen sauvat kestävät reaktorin tehonsäätöajoa rajoituksetta tarkastelluissa laskentatapauksissa. ENIGMA-ohjelman sisältämät mallit, jotka ennustavat polttoainesauvan suojakuoren vaurioitumistodennäköisyyden jännityskorroosion tai väsymismurtuman kautta, eivät näytä mitään merkkejä vaurioitumisesta. BNFL:n polttoainesauva saavuttaa kuitenkin suurempia väsymismurtumatodennäköisyyden arvoja. Tämä johtuu siitä, että polttoainepelletin ja suojakuoren välinen mekaaninen vuorovaikutus syntyy BNFL:n sauvassa aikaisemmin, joka taas johtaa suurempaan määrään sauvaa rasittavia muodonmuutoksia tehonnostotilanteissa. TVEL:n Zr1%Nb -materiaalista valmistetun suojakuoren käyttäytymistä ei voida kuitenkaan suoraan näiden laskujen perusteella arvioida, sillä ENIGMA-ohjelman mallit perustuvat Zircaloy-suojakuorimateriaaleilla suoritettuihin kokeisiin.

The internal wave field in Sau reservoir : Observation and modeling of a third vertical mode

Water withdrawal from Mediterranean reservoirs in summer is usually very high. Because of this, stratification is often continuous and far from the typical two-layered structure, favoring the excitation of higher vertical modes. The analysis of wind, temperature, and current data from Sau reservoir (Spain) shows that the third vertical mode of the internal seiche (baroclinic mode) dominated the internal wave field at the beginning of September 2003. We used a continuous stratification two-dimensional model to calculate the period and velocity distribution of the various modes of the internal seiche, and we calculated that the period of the third vertical mode is ;24 h, which coincides with the period of the dominating winds. As a result of the resonance between the third mode and the wind, the other oscillation modes were not excited during this period